Content-Length: 311357 | pFad | https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/BF00913863

86400 Theories for the interaction of electromagnetic and oceanic waves — A review | Boundary-Layer Meteorology Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Theories for the interaction of electromagnetic and oceanic waves — A review

  • Published:
Boundary-Layer Meteorology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper reviews analytical methods in electromagnetic scattering theory (i.e., geometrical and physical optics, perturbation, iteration, and integral-equation) which are applicable to the problems of remote sensing of the ocean. In dealing with Earth's surface (in this case, the weakly non-linear ocean), it is not possible to have a complete and exact description of its spatial and temporal statistics. Only the first few moments are generally available; and in the linear approximation the statistics are assumed homogeneous, stationary and Gaussian. For this case, the high-frequency methods (geometrical and physical optics) and perturbation (Rayleigh-Rice), or a combination of them, provide tractable analytical results (i.e., the specular-point, the slightly-rough Bragg scattering and the composite-surface models). The applicability and limitations of these models are discussed. At grazing incidence and for higher frequencies, other scattering mechanisms become significant; and shadowing, diffraction and trapping must be considered.

The more exact methods (integral-equation and Green's function) have not been as successful in yielding tractable analytical solutions, although they have the potential to provide improved theoretical scattering results in the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Andreasen, M. G.: 1965, ‘Scattering from Bodies of Revolution’,IEEE Trans. AP-13, 303–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrick, D. E.: 1968, ‘Rough Surface Scattering Based on the Specular Point Theory’,IEEE Trans. AP-16, 449–454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrick, D. E.: 1970 ‘Comments on backscattering of Waves by Composite Rough Surfaces’,IEEE Trans. AP-18, 718–719.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrick, E. E.: 1971, ‘Theory of HF/VHF Propagation across the Rough Sea’,Radio Sci. 6, 517–533.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrick, D. E.: 1972a, ‘First-Order Theory and Analysis of MF/HF/VHF Scatter from the Sea’,IEEE Trans. AP-20, 2–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrick, D. E.: 1972b, ‘Remote Sensing of Sea State by Radar’, Chapter 12 in V. E. Derr (ed.),Remote Sensing of the Troposphere, Washington, D.C.

  • Barrick, D. E.: 1974, ‘Wind Dependence of Quasi-Specular Microwave Sea Scatter’,IEEE Trans. AP-22, 135–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrick, D. E. and Peake, W, H.: 1968, ‘A Review of Scattering from Surfaces with Different Roughness Scales’,Radio Sci. 3, 865–868.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass, F. G., Fuks, I. M., Kalmykov, A. E., Ostrovsky, I. E., and Rosenberg, A. D.: 1968, ‘Very High Frequency Radiowave Scattering by a Disturbed Sea Surface’,IEEE Trans. AP-16, 554–568.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beckmann, P. and Spizzichino, A.: 1963,The Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from Rough Surfaces, Macmillan Co., New York, N.Y., 503 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, T.: 1972, ‘Satellite Altimetry Using Ocean Backscatter’,IEEE Trans. AP-20, 295–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braude, S. Ya.: 1962,Radio-Oceanographic Studies of Ocean Waves, Ukranian Academy of Sciences Press.

  • Brekhovskikh, L. M.: 1952, ‘The Diffraction of Waves by a Rough Surface’,Zh. Eksper. i Teor. Fiz. 23, 275–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brekhovskikh, L. M.: 1960,Waves in Layered Media, Academic Press, New York, N.Y., 460 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, C. and Munk, W.: 1954, ‘Measurement of the Roughness of the Sea Surface from Photographs of the Sun's Glitter’,J. Opt. Soc. Am. 44, 838–850.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crombie, D. D.: 1955, ‘Doppler Spectrum of Sea Echo at 13.56 Mc/s’,Nature 175, 681–682.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daley, J. C.: 1973, ‘An Empirical Sea Clutter Model, Memorandum Report No. 2668’, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., 32 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daley, J. C., Ransone, J. T., Burkett, J. A., and Duncan, J. R.: 1968, ‘Sea-Clutter Measurements on Four Frequencies’, Report No. 6806, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., 42 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daley, J. C., Davis, W. T., and Mills, N. R.: 1970, ‘Radar Sea Return in High Sea States’, Report No. 7142, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., 46 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daley, J. C., Ransone, J. T., and Burkett, J. A.: 1971, ‘Radar Sea Return — JOSS I’, Report No. 7268, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., 49 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daley, J. C., Ransone, J. T., and Davis, W. T.: 1973, ‘Radar Sea Return — JOSS II’, Report No. 7534, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., 15 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeRosa, J. K.: 1972, ‘The Characterization of Multipath and Doppler Fading in Earth Scatter Communication, Navigation, and Radar Links’, Ph.D. Thesis, Northeastern Univ., Boston, Mass.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeSanto, J. A.: 1974, ‘Green's Function for Electromagnetic Scattering from a Random Surface’,J. Math. Phys. 15, 283–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, J. R., Keller, W. C., and Wright, J. W.: 1974, ‘Fetch and Wind Speed Dependence of Doppler Spectra’,Radio Sci. 9, 809–819.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, A. K. and Chan, H.: 1969, ‘Backscattering of Waves by Composite Rough Surfaces’,IEEE Trans. AP-17, 590–597.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guinard, N. W. and Daley, J. C.: 1970, ‘An Experimental Study of a Sea Clutter Model’,Proc. IEEE 58, 543–550.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guinard, N. W., Ransone, J. T., and Daley, J. C.: 1971, ‘Variation of the NRCS of the Sea with Increasing Roughness’,J. Geophys. Res. 76, 1525–1538.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagfors, T.: 1964, ‘Backscattering from an Undulating Surface with Applications to Radar Returns from the Moon’,J. Geophys. Res. 69, 3779–3784.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasselmann, K.: 1962, ‘On the Non-linear Energy Transfer in a Gravity-Wave Spectrum’,J. Fluid Mech. 12, 481–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasselmann, K.: 1968, ‘Weak-Interaction Theory of Ocean Waves’, in M. Holt (ed.),Basic Developments in Fluid Dynamics, Academic Press, New York, pp. 117–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasselmann, K.: 1971, ‘Determination of Ocean Spectra from Doppler Radio Return from Sea Surface’,Nature 229, 16–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasselmann, K.: 1972, ‘The Energy Balance of Wind Waves and the Remote Sensing Problem’, in Proc. Sea Surface Topography from Space, Nat. Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin. tech. Rep. ERL-228, Boulder, Col.

  • Hasselmann, K. and Schieler, M.: 1970, ‘Doppler Spectra of Electromagnetic Backscatter from the Sea Surface at Centimeter-Decimeter and Decameter Wavelengths’, Proc. VIIIth Naval Hydrodyn. Symp. pp. 361–388.

  • Hasselmann, K.et XV al.: 1973, ‘Measurements of Wind-Wave Growth and Swell Decay during the Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP)’,Deutsche Hydrogr. Z., Suppl. A (8ℴ), No. 12.

  • Kalmykov, A. I. and Pustovoytenko, V. V.: 1976, ‘On Polarization Features of Radio Signals Scattered from the Sea Surface at Small Grazing Angles’,J. Geophys. Res. 81, 1960–1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, W. C. and Wright, J. W.: 1975, ‘Microwave Scattering and the Straining of Wind-Generated Waves’,Radio Sci. 10, 139–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, W. C., Larson, T. R., and Wright, J. W.: 1974, ‘Mean Speeds of Wind Waves at Short Fetch’,Radio Sci. 9, 1091–1100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kodis, R.: 1966, ‘A Note on the Scattering from an Irregular Surface’,IEEE Trans. AP-14, 77–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson, T. R. and Wright, J. W.: 1975, ‘Wind-Generated Gravity-Capillary Waves: Laboratory Measurements of Temporal Growth Rates using Microwave Backscatter’,J. Fluid Mech. 70, 417–436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, M. W.: 1974, ‘On a Two-Scatterer Theory of Sea Echo’,IEEE Trans. AP-22, 667–672.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, A. E. and Trizna, D. B.: 1973, ‘Mapping of Northern Atlantic Winds by HF Radar Sea Backscatter Interpretation’,IEEE Trans. AP-21, 680–685.

    Google Scholar 

  • Longuet-Higgins, M. S.: 1963, ‘The Effect of Non-Linearities on Statistical Distributions in the Theory of Sea Waves’,J. Fluid Mech. 17, 459–480.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, P. J. and Wagner, R. J.: 1970, ‘Rough-Surface Scattering: Shadowing, Multiple Scatter and Energy Conservation’,J. Math. Phys. 11, 3032–3042.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maue, A. W.: 1949, ‘Zur Formulierung eines allgemeinen Beugungsproblems durch eine Integralgleichung’,Z. Physik. 126, 601–618.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millar, R. F.: 1973, ‘The Rayleigh Hypothesis and a Related Least-Squares Solution to Scattering Problems for Periodic Surfaces and Other Scatters’,Radio Sci. 8, 785–796.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitzner, K. M.: 1964, ‘Effect of Small Irregularities on Electromagnetic Scattering from an Interface of Arbitrary Shape’,J. Math. Phys. 5, 1776–1786.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitzner, K. M.: 1967, ‘An Integral Equation Approach to Scattering from a Body of Finite Conductivity’,Radio Sci. 2, 1459–1470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, C.: 1957,Grundprobleme der Mathematischen Theorie Elektromagnetischer Schwingungen, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 344 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peake, W. H.: 1959, ‘Theory of Radar Return from Terrain’,IRE National Convention Record 7, 27–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, O. M.: 1966,The Dynamics of the Upper Ocean, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 261 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pidgeon, V. W.: 1968, ‘Doppler Dependence of Radar Sea Return’,J. Geophys. Res. 73, 1333–1341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice, S. O.: 1951, ‘Reflection of Electromagnetic Waves from Slightly Rough Surfaces’,Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 4, 351–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rouse, J. W., Jr.: 1972, ‘The Effect of Subsurface on Depolarization of Rough Surface Backscatter’,Radio Sci. 7, 889–895.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruck, G. T., Barrick, D. E., Stewart, W. D., and Kirshbaum, C. K.: 1970,Radar Cross-Section Handbook, Plenum Press, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saxton, J. A. and Lane, J. A.: 1952, ‘Electrical Properties of Sea Water’,Wireless Eng. 291, 269–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schooley, A. H.: 1958, ‘Profiles of Wind-Created Water Waves in the Capillary-Gravity Transition Region’,J. Marine Res. 16, 100–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seltzer, J. E.: 1972, ‘Spatial Densities for Specular Points on a Gaussian Surface’,IEEE Trans. AP-20, 723–731.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seltzer, J. E.: 1974, ‘A Third-Order Specular-Point Theory for Radar Backscatter’, in Electromagnetic Wave propagation Involving Irregular Surfaces and Inhomogeneous Media, AGARD Conf. Proc. 144, The Hague, Netherlands, Ref. No. 2, 16 pp.

  • Semyonov, B.: 1966, ‘Approximate Computation of Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves by Rough Surface Contours’,Radio Eng. and Electron. Phys. 8, 1179–1187 (Translation).

    Google Scholar 

  • Senior, T. B. A.: 1961, ‘Impedance Boundary Conditions for Imperfectly Conductive Surfaces’,Appl. Sci. Res. B8, 418–462.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shemdin, O. H.: 1972, ‘Wind-Generated Current and Phase Speed of Wind Waves’,J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2, 411–419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shmelev, A. B.: 1972, ‘Wave Scattering by Statistically Uneven Surfaces’,Usp. Fiz. Nauk 106, 459–480.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, K. M.: 1958, ‘Far Field Scattering from Bodies of Revolution’,Appl. Sci. Research B7, 293–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. G.: 1967, ‘Geometrical Shadowing of a Random Rough Surface’,IEEE Trans. AP-15, 668–671.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stogryn, A.: 1967, ‘The Apparent Temperature of the Sea at Microwave Frequencies’,IEEE Trans. AP-15, 278–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stratton, J. A.: 1941,Electromagnetic Theory, McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y., 615 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strutt, J. W. (Lord Rayleigh): 1894,The Theory of Sound, Macmillan, London, 480 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, G. L., Teague, C. C., Stewart, R. H., Peterson, A. M., Munk, W. H., and Joy, J. W.: 1974, ‘Wave Directional Spectra from Synthetic Aperture Observations of Radio Scatter’,Deep-Sea Res. 21, 989–1016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valenzuela, G. R.: 1967, ‘Depolarization of E.M. Waves by Slightly Rough Surfaces’,IEEE Trans. AP-15, 552–557.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valenzuela, G. R.: 1968, ‘Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from a Tilted Slightly Rough Surface’,Radio Sci. 3, 1057–1066.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valenzuela, G. R.: 1970, ‘The Effective Reflection Coefficients in Forward Scatter from a Dielectric Slightly Rough Surface’,Proc. IEEE 58, 1279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valenzuela, G. R.: 1974, ‘The Effect of Capillarity and Resonant Interactions on the Second-Order Doppler Spectrum of Radar Sea Echo’,J. Geophys. Res. 79, 5031–5037.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valenzuela, G. R.: 1976, ‘The Growth of Gravity-Capillary Waves in a Coupled-Shear Flow’,J. Fluid Mech. 76, 229–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valenzuela, G. R. and Laing, M. B.: 1970, ‘Study of Doppler Spectra of Radar Sea Echo’,J. Geophys. Res. 75, 551–563.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valenzuela, G. R. and Laing, M. B.: 1972, ‘Nonlinear Energy Transfer in Gravity-Capillary Wave Spectra, with Applications’,J. Fluid Mech. 54, 507–520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valenzuela, G. R. and Wright, J. W.: 1976, ‘The Growth of Waves by Modulated Wind Stress’,J. Geophys. Res. 81, 5795–5796.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valenzuela, G. R., Laing, M. B., and Daley, J. C.: 1971, ‘Ocean Spectra for the High Frequency Waves as Determined from Airborne Radar Measurements’,J. Marine Res. 29, 69–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, R. J.: 1967, ‘Shadowing of Randomly Rough Surfaces’,J. Accoust. Soc. Amer. 41, 138–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, E. J.: 1974, ‘Analysis of Experimental NRL Radar Altimeter Data’,Radio Sci. 9, 711–722.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, J. F.: 1969, ‘Power Spectra from Ocean Movements Measured Remotely by Ionospheric Radio Backscatter’,Nature 223, 1325–1330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wentz, F. J.: 1975, ‘A Two-Scale Scattering Model for Foam-Free Sea Microwave Brightness Temperatures’,J. Geophys. Res. 80, 3441–3446.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, J. W.: 1966, ‘Backscattering from Capillary Waves with Application to Sea Clutter’,IEEE Trans. AP-14, 749–754.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, J. W.: 1968, ‘A New Model for Sea Clutter’,IEEE Trans. AP-16, 217–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, J. W. and Keller, W. C.: 1971, ‘Doppler Spectra in Microwave Scattering from Wind Waves’,Phys. Fluids 14, 466–474.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, S. T. and Fung, A. K.: 1972, ‘A Noncoherent Model for Microwave Emissions and Backscattering from the Sea Surface’,J. Geophys. Res. 77, 5917–5929.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaplee, B. S., Shapiro, A., Hammond, B. D., and Uliana, E. A.: 1971, ‘Nanosecond Radar Observations of the Ocean Surface from a Stable Platform’,IEEE Trans. GE-9, 170–174.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ocean Sciences Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., USA

    Gaspar R. Valenzuela

Authors
  1. Gaspar R. Valenzuela
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Valenzuela, G.R. Theories for the interaction of electromagnetic and oceanic waves — A review. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 13, 61–85 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00913863

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00913863

Keywords

Search

Navigation









 ApplySandwichStrip

pFad - (p)hone/(F)rame/(a)nonymizer/(d)eclutterfier!      Saves Data!


--- a PPN by Garber Painting Akron. With Image Size Reduction included!

Fetched URL: https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/BF00913863

Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy