James D. Watson

James Watson

ForMemRS KBE
James Watson; ForMemRS KBE
	James Watson
Kelahiran	James Dewey Watson; 6 April 1928 (umur 96); Chicago, Illinois, Amerika Syarikat
Warganegara	Amerika Syarikat
Pusat pendidikan	University of Chicago (B.S., 1947); Indiana University (Ph.D., 1950);
Terkenal kerana	Struktur DNA; Biologi molekular;
Pasangan	Elizabeth Watson (née Lewis) (k. 1968)
Anugerah	Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research (1960); Hadiah Nobel (1962); John J. Carty Award (1971); ForMemRS (1981); EMBO Membership (1985); Pingat Copley (1993); Pingat Emas Lomonosov (1994);
	Kerjaya saintifik
Bidang	Genetik
Institusi	Indiana University; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Laboratory of Molecular Biology; Harvard University; University of Cambridge; National Institutes of Health;
Tesis	The Biological Properties of X-Ray Inactivated Bacteriophage (1951)
Penasihat kedoktoran	Salvador Luria
Pelajar kedoktoran	Mario Capecchi; Bob Horvitz; Peter B. Moore; Joan Steitz;
Pelajar lain yang terkenal	Ewan Birney; Ronald W. Davis (postdoc); Phillip Allen Sharp (postdoc); Richard J. Roberts (postdoc); John Tooze (postdoc);
Tandatangan

James Dewey Watson (lahir 6 April 1928) ialah seorang ahli biologi molekuler, genetik dan zoologi dari Amerika Syarikat yang terbaik dikenali sebagai salah satu penemu bersama struktur DNA pada tahun 1953 dengan Francis Crick dan Rosalind Franklin. Watson, Crick, dan Maurice Wilkins telah dianugerai Hadiah Nobel dalam Fisiologi atau Perubatan "untuk penemuan mereka berkaitan dengan struktur molekul asid nukleik dan kepentingannya terhadap pemindahan maklumat dalam bahan hidup".

Beliau turut terlibat mengasas Projek Genom Manusia bersama Institut-Institut Kesihatan Negara Amerika Syarikat antara tahun 1988 hingga 1992.

Anugerah dan kehormatan

Watson telah memenangi banyak anugerah termasuk:

Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research, 1960^[11]
Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences (2001)^[12]
Charles A. Dana Award, 1994
Copley Medal of the Royal Society, 1993^[2]
CSHL Double Helix Medal Honoree, 2008
Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry, 1960
EMBO Membership in 1985^[3]
Fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences
Gairdner Foundation International Award, 2002
Heald Award
Honorary Fellow, the Hastings Center, an independent bioethics research institution^[13]
Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE), 2002^[14]
Hope Funds for Cancer Research: James D. Watson Award of Excellence for Scientific Achievement (2014)
Irish America Hall of Fame, inducted March 2011^[15]
John Collins Warren Prize of the Massachusetts General Hospital
John J. Carty Award in molecular biology from the National Academy of Sciences^[16]
Kaul Foundation Award for Excellence
Pingat Liberty, 2000^[17]
Pingat Emas Lomonosov, 1994
Lotos Club Medal of Merit, 2004
Mendel Medal, 2008
National Biotechnology Venture Award
National Medal of Science, 1997^[18]
New York Academy of Medicine Award, 1999
Hadiah Nobel dalam Fisiologi atau Perubatan, 1962^[19]
Pingat Emas Othmer (2005)^[20]^[21]
Pingat Kebebasan Presiden, 1977^[22]
Research Corporation Prize
Pingat Alumni Universiti Chicago 1998^[23]
Hadiah Kolej Universiti London 2000
University Medal at SUNY Stony Brook

Ijazah kehormat yang diterima

DSc, University of Chicago, A.S, 1961
DSc, Indiana University, A.S, 1963
LLD, University of Notre Dame, A.S, 1965
DSc, Long Island University (CW Post), A.S, 1970
DSc, Adelphi University, A.S, 1972
DSc, Brandeis University, A.S, 1973
DSc, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, A.S, 1974
DSc, Hofstra University, A.S, 1976
DSc, Harvard University, A.S, 1978
DSc, Rockefeller University, A.S, 1980
DSc, Clarkson College of Technology, A.S, 1981
DSc, SUNY at Farmingdale, A.S, 1983
MD, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1986
DSc, Rutgers University, A.S, 1988
DSc, Bard College, A.S, 1991
DSc, University of Stellenbosch, Afrika Selatan, 1993
DSc, Fairfield University, A.S, 1993
DSc, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1993
DrHC, Charles University in Prague, Republik Czech, 1998
ScD, University of Dublin, Ireland, 2001^[24]

Rujukan

^ Templat:Who's Who (langganan diperlukan)
^ ^a ^b ^c Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama formemrs
^ ^a ^b Anon (1985). "James Watson EMBO profile". people.embo.org. Heidelberg: European Molecular Biology Organization.
^ "Copley Medal". Royal Society website. The Royal Society. Dicapai pada April 19, 2013.
^ Capecchi, Mario (1967). On the Mechanism of Suppression and Polypeptide Chain Initiation (Tesis). Harvard University.
^ Steitz, J (2011). "Joan Steitz: RNA is a many-splendored thing. Interview by Caitlin Sedwick". The Journal of Cell Biology. 192 (5): 708–9. doi:10.1083/jcb.1925pi. PMC 3051824. PMID 21383073.
^ Hopkin, Karen (June 2005). "Bring Me Your Genomes: The Ewan Birney Story". The Scientist. 19 (11): 60.
^ Anon (1993). "Richard J. Roberts - Biographical". nobelprize.org. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 4 Mac 2016. Dicapai pada 28 February 2016.
^ Ferry, Georgina (2014). EMBO in perspective: a half-century in the life sciences (PDF). Heidelberg: European Molecular Biology Organization. m/s. 145. ISBN 978-3-00-046271-9. OCLC 892947326. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada August 24, 2016.
^ Ferry, Georgina (2014). "History: Fifty years of EMBO". Nature. London. 511 (7508): 150–151. doi:10.1038/511150a.
^ The Lasker Foundation.1960 Winners Diarkibkan Julai 21, 2009, di Wayback Machine. Retrieved on November 4, 2007.
^ "Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences Recipients". American Philosophical Society. Dicapai pada November 27, 2011.
^ The Hastings Center Hastings Center Fellows. Accessed November 6, 2010
^ Nobility News: Honorary Knights 2007
^ O'Dowd, Niall. "He Helped Map the Structure of DNA. Up Next is a Cure For Cancer", Irish America magazine, March 10, 2011. Accessed March 22, 2011. "James Watson helped unravel the structure of DNA, a feat so stunning that it is considered the greatest scientific achievement of the 20th century. "
^ "John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science". National Academy of Sciences. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada December 29, 2010. Dicapai pada February 15, 2011. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (bantuan)
^ National Constitution Center.2000 Liberty Medal Recipients. Retrieved on November 4, 2007.
^ The National Science Foundation.The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details. February 14, 2006. Retrieved on November 4, 2007.
^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama The Nobel Foundation
^ "Othmer Gold Medal". Science History Institute. Dicapai pada 22 March 2018.
^ "James D. Watson to receive 2005 Othmer Gold Medal". Psych Central. February 23, 2005. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada February 6, 2015. Dicapai pada June 12, 2014. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (bantuan)
^ Presidential Medal of Freedom, 2007. Retrieved on November 4, 2007.
^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama chicago medal
^ "University of Dublin, Trinity College".

Bacaan lanjut

Chadarevian, S. (2002) Designs For Life: Molecular Biology After World War II. Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-57078-60-521-57078-6
Chargaff, E. (1978) Heraclitean Fire. New York: Rockefeller Press.
Chomet, S., ed., (1994) D.N.A.: Genesis of a Discovery London: Newman-Hemisphere Press.
Collins, Francis. (2004) Coming to Peace With Science: Bridging the Worlds Between Faith and Biology. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-2742-8978-0-8308-2742-8
Collins, Francis. (2007) The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief Free Press. ISBN 978-1-4165-4274-2978-1-4165-4274-2
Crick, F. H. C. (1988) What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery (Basic Books reprint edition, 1990) ISBN 0-465-09138-50-465-09138-5
John Finch; 'A Nobel Fellow On Every Floor', Medical Research Council 2008, 381 pp, ISBN 978-1-84046-940-0978-1-84046-940-0; this book is all about the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge.
Friedberg, E.C.; "Sydney Brenner: A Biography", CSHL Press October 2010, ISBN 0-87969-947-70-87969-947-7.
Friedburg, E. C. (2005) "The Writing Life of James D. Watson". "Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press" ISBN 0-87969-700-80-87969-700-8
Hunter, G. (2004) Light Is A Messenger: the life and science of William Lawrence Bragg. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-852921-X0-19-852921-X
Inglis, J., Sambrook, J. & Witkowski, J. A. (eds.) Inspiring Science: Jim Watson and the Age of DNA. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-87969-698-6978-0-87969-698-6.
Judson, H. F. (1996). The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology, Expanded edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ISBN 0-87969-478-50-87969-478-5
Maddox, B. (2003). Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA. Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-06-098508-90-06-098508-9
McEleheny, Victor K. (2003) Watson and DNA: Making a scientific revolution, Perseus. ISBN 0-7382-0341-60-7382-0341-6
Robert Olby; 1974 The Path to The Double Helix: Discovery of DNA. London: MacMillan. ISBN 0-486-68117-30-486-68117-3; Definitive DNA textbook, with foreword by Francis Crick, revised in 1994 with a 9-page postscript.
Robert Olby; (2003) "Quiet debut for the double helix" Nature 421 (January 23): 402-405.
Robert Olby; "Francis Crick: Hunter of Life's Secrets", Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, ISBN 978-0-87969-798-3978-0-87969-798-3, August 2009.
Ridley, M. (2006) Francis Crick: Discoverer of the Genetic Code (Eminent Lives) New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-082333-X0-06-082333-X.
James D. Watson, "The Annotated and Illustrated Double Helix, edited by Alexander Gann and Jan Witkowski" (2012) Simon & Schuster, ISBN 978-1-4767-1549-0978-1-4767-1549-0.
Wilkins, M. (2003) The Third Man of the Double Helix: The Autobiography of Maurice Wilkins. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860665-60-19-860665-6.
The History of the University of Cambridge: Volume 4 (1870 to 1990), Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Pautan luar

James D. Watson Collection at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Library
DNA – The Double Helix Game from Nobelprize.org
MSN Encarta biography( Diarkibkan 2009-10-28 di Wayback Machine 2009-10-31)
DNA Interactive – This site from the Dolan DNA Learning Center (part of CSHL) commemorates the discovery of the structure of DNA and includes dozens of animations, as well as interviews with James Watson and others.
DNA from the Beginning – another DNA Learning Center site on the basics of DNA, genes, and heredity, from Mendel to the Human Genome Project.
Penampilan jamesdwatson di C-SPANC-SPAN
James D. Watson di Charlie RoseCharlie Rose
James D. Watson di TEDTEDJames D. Watson di TED
James D. Watson di Pangkalan Data Filem Internet (IMDb)
Templat:WorldCat id
Templat:NYT topic
- A Revolution at 50, February 25, 2003

[watsonswho-1] Templat:Who's Who (langganan diperlukan)

[formemrs-2] Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama formemrs

[membo-3] Anon (1985). "James Watson EMBO profile". people.embo.org. Heidelberg: European Molecular Biology Organization.

[Copley-4] "Copley Medal". Royal Society website. The Royal Society. Dicapai pada April 19, 2013.

[capecchiphd-5] Capecchi, Mario (1967). On the Mechanism of Suppression and Polypeptide Chain Initiation (Tesis). Harvard University.

[steitz-6] Steitz, J (2011). "Joan Steitz: RNA is a many-splendored thing. Interview by Caitlin Sedwick". The Journal of Cell Biology. 192 (5): 708–9. doi:10.1083/jcb.1925pi. PMC 3051824. PMID 21383073.

[thescientist-7] Hopkin, Karen (June 2005). "Bring Me Your Genomes: The Ewan Birney Story". The Scientist. 19 (11): 60.

[richardrobertys-8] Anon (1993). "Richard J. Roberts - Biographical". nobelprize.org. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 4 Mac 2016. Dicapai pada 28 February 2016.

[embook-9] Ferry, Georgina (2014). EMBO in perspective: a half-century in the life sciences (PDF). Heidelberg: European Molecular Biology Organization. m/s. 145. ISBN 978-3-00-046271-9. OCLC 892947326. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada August 24, 2016.

[Ferry2014-10] Ferry, Georgina (2014). "History: Fifty years of EMBO". Nature. London. 511 (7508): 150–151. doi:10.1038/511150a.

[Lasker_Award-11] The Lasker Foundation.1960 Winners Diarkibkan Julai 21, 2009, di Wayback Machine. Retrieved on November 4, 2007.

[franklinscience_recipients-12] "Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences Recipients". American Philosophical Society. Dicapai pada November 27, 2011.

[13] The Hastings Center Hastings Center Fellows. Accessed November 6, 2010

[14] Nobility News: Honorary Knights 2007

[WAT-15] O'Dowd, Niall. "He Helped Map the Structure of DNA. Up Next is a Cure For Cancer", Irish America magazine, March 10, 2011. Accessed March 22, 2011. "James Watson helped unravel the structure of DNA, a feat so stunning that it is considered the greatest scientific achievement of the 20th century. "

[Carty-16] "John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science". National Academy of Sciences. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada December 29, 2010. Dicapai pada February 15, 2011. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (bantuan)

[The_Liberty_Medal-17] National Constitution Center.2000 Liberty Medal Recipients. Retrieved on November 4, 2007.

[The_President's_National_Medal_of_Science:_Recipient_Details-18] The National Science Foundation.The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details. February 14, 2006. Retrieved on November 4, 2007.

[The_Nobel_Foundation-19] Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama The Nobel Foundation

[OthmerMedal-20] "Othmer Gold Medal". Science History Institute. Dicapai pada 22 March 2018.

[2005PS-21] "James D. Watson to receive 2005 Othmer Gold Medal". Psych Central. February 23, 2005. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada February 6, 2015. Dicapai pada June 12, 2014. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (bantuan)

[1977_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_Recipients-22] Presidential Medal of Freedom, 2007. Retrieved on November 4, 2007.

[chicago_medal-23] Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama chicago medal

[24] "University of Dublin, Trinity College".

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l b s Penerima Hadiah Nobel dalam Fisiologi atau Perubatan
1901–1925	1901 Emil Behring 1902 Ronald Ross 1903 Niels Finsen 1904 Ivan Pavlov 1905 Robert Koch 1906 Camillo Golgi / Santiago Ramón y Cajal 1907 Alphonse Laveran 1908 Élie Metchnikoff / Paul Ehrlich 1909 Emil Kocher 1910 Albrecht Kossel 1911 Allvar Gullstrand 1912 Alexis Carrel 1913 Charles Richet 1914 Róbert Bárány 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Jules Bordet 1920 August Krogh 1921 1922 Archibald Hill / Otto Meyerhof 1923 Frederick Banting / John Macleod 1924 Willem Einthoven 1925
1926–1950	1926 Johannes Fibiger 1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg 1928 Charles Nicolle 1929 Christiaan Eijkman / Frederick Gowland Hopkins 1930 Karl Landsteiner 1931 Otto Warburg 1932 Charles Scott Sherrington / Edgar Adrian 1933 Thomas Morgan 1934 George Whipple / George Minot / William Murphy 1935 Hans Spemann 1936 Henry Dale / Otto Loewi 1937 Albert Szent-Györgyi 1938 Corneille Heymans 1939 Gerhard Domagk 1940 1941 1942 1943 Henrik Dam / Edward Doisy 1944 Joseph Erlanger / Herbert Gasser 1945 Alexander Fleming / Ernst Chain / Howard Florey 1946 Hermann Muller 1947 Carl Cori / Gerty Cori / Bernardo Houssay 1948 Paul Müller 1949 Walter Hess / António Egas Moniz 1950 Edward Kendall / Tadeusz Reichstein / Philip Hench
1951–1975	1951 Max Theiler 1952 Selman Waksman 1953 Hans Krebs / Fritz Lipmann 1954 John Enders / Thomas Weller / Frederick Robbins 1955 Hugo Theorell 1956 André Cournand / Werner Forssmann / Dickinson W. Richards 1957 Daniel Bovet 1958 George Beadle / Edward Tatum / Joshua Lederberg 1959 Severo Ochoa / Arthur Kornberg 1960 Frank Burnet / Peter Medawar 1961 Georg von Békésy 1962 Francis Crick / James Watson / Maurice Wilkins 1963 John Eccles / Alan Hodgkin / Andrew Huxley 1964 Konrad Bloch / Feodor Lynen 1965 François Jacob / André Lwoff / Jacques Monod 1966 Francis Rous / Charles B. Huggins 1967 Ragnar Granit / Haldan Hartline / George Wald 1968 Robert W. Holley / Har Khorana / Marshall Nirenberg 1969 Max Delbrück / Alfred Hershey / Salvador Luria 1970 Bernard Katz / Ulf von Euler / Julius Axelrod 1971 Earl Sutherland Jr. 1972 Gerald Edelman / Rodney Porter 1973 Karl von Frisch / Konrad Lorenz / Nikolaas Tinbergen 1974 Albert Claude / Christian de Duve / George Palade 1975 David Baltimore / Renato Dulbecco / Howard Temin
1976–2000	1976 Baruch Blumberg / Daniel Gajdusek 1977 Roger Guillemin / Andrew Schally / Rosalyn Yalow 1978 Werner Arber / Daniel Nathans / Hamilton O. Smith 1979 Allan Cormack / Godfrey Hounsfield 1980 Baruj Benacerraf / Jean Dausset / George Snell 1981 Roger Sperry / David H. Hubel / Torsten Wiesel 1982 Sune Bergström / Bengt I. Samuelsson / John Vane 1983 Barbara McClintock 1984 Niels Jerne / Georges Köhler / César Milstein 1985 Michael Brown / Joseph L. Goldstein 1986 Stanley Cohen / Rita Levi-Montalcini 1987 Susumu Tonegawa 1988 James W. Black / Gertrude B. Elion / George H. Hitchings 1989 J. Michael Bishop / Harold E. Varmus 1990 Joseph Murray / E. Donnall Thomas 1991 Erwin Neher / Bert Sakmann 1992 Edmond Fischer / Edwin G. Krebs 1993 Richard J. Roberts / Phillip Sharp 1994 Alfred G. Gilman / Martin Rodbell 1995 Edward B. Lewis / Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard / Eric F. Wieschaus 1996 Peter C. Doherty / Rolf M. Zinkernagel 1997 Stanley B. Prusiner 1998 Robert F. Furchgott / Louis Ignarro / Ferid Murad 1999 Günter Blobel 2000 Arvid Carlsson / Paul Greengard / Eric Kandel
2001–kini	2001 Leland H. Hartwell / Tim Hunt / Paul Nurse 2002 Sydney Brenner / H. Robert Horvitz / John E. Sulston 2003 Paul Lauterbur / Peter Mansfield 2004 Richard Axel / Linda B. Buck 2005 Barry Marshall / Robin Warren 2006 Andrew Fire / Craig Mello 2007 Mario Capecchi / Martin Evans / Oliver Smithies 2008 Harald zur Hausen / Luc Montagnier / Françoise Barré-Sinoussi 2009 Elizabeth Blackburn / Carol W. Greider / Jack W. Szostak 2010 Robert G. Edwards 2011 Bruce Beutler / Jules A. Hoffmann / Ralph M. Steinman (anumerta) 2012 John B. Gurdon / Shinya Yamanaka 2013 James Rothman / Randy Schekman / Thomas C. Südhof 2014 John O'Keefe / May-Britt Moser / Edvard Moser 2015 William C. Campbell / Satoshi Ōmura / Tu Youyou 2016 Yoshinori Ohsumi 2017 Jeffrey C. Hall / Michael Rosbash / Michael W. Young 2018 James P. Allison / Tasuku Honjo 2019 Gregg L. Semenza / Peter J. Ratcliffe / William Kaelin Jr. 2020 Harvey J. Alter / Michael Houghton / Charles M. Rice 2021 David Julius / Ardem Patapoutian 2022 Svante Pääbo 2023 Katalin Karikó / Drew Weissman

Anugerah dan kehormatan

Ijazah kehormat yang diterima

Rujukan

Bacaan lanjut

Pautan luar

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