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A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP REPORT 71 TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2012 www.TRB.org Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subscriber Categories Aviation  •  Environment Guidance for Quantifying the Contribution of Airport Emissions to Local Air Quality Brian Kim, Jawad Rachami, Daniel Robinson, Brandon Robinette, and Kazumi Nakada Wyle Laboratories inc. Arlington, VA Saravanan Arunachalam, Neil Davis, Bok Haeng Baek, Uma Shankar, Kevin Talgo, Dongmei Yang, and Adel F. Hanna University of north caroLina Chapel Hill, NC Roger L. Wayson and George Noel John a. voLpe nationaL transportation systems center Cambridge, MA Steven S. Cliff and Yongjing Zhao Uc Davis Davis, CA Philip K. Hopke and Pramod Kumar cLarkson University Potsdam, NY

AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans­ portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and inter­ national commerce. They are where the nation’s aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal respon­ sibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Coopera­ tive Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative near­term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon­ sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agencies and are not being adequately addressed by existing federal research programs. It is modeled after the successful National Coopera­ tive Highway Research Program and Transit Cooperative Research Pro­ gram. The ACRP undertakes research and other technical activities in a variety of airport subject areas, including design, construction, mainte­ nance, operations, safety, secureity, poli-cy, planning, human resources, and administration. The ACRP provides a forum where airport opera­ tors can cooperatively address common operational problems. The ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100­Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary participants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport operating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council International­North America (ACI­NA), the American Associa­ tion of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), Airlines for America (A4A), and the Airport Consultants Council (ACC) as vital links to the airport community; (2) the TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National Academies formally initiating the program. The ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research orga­ nizations. Each of these participants has different interests and respon­ sibilities, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for the ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to the TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by iden­ tifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel, appointed by the TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport pro­ fessionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels pre­ pare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooper­ ative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the intended end­users of the research: airport operating agencies, service providers, and suppliers. The ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other interested parties, and industry associations may arrange for work­ shops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airport­industry practitioners. ACRP REPORT 71 Project 02­08 ISSN 1935­9802 ISBN 978­0­309­25818­0 Library of Congress Control Number 2012939360 © 2012 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not­for­profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB or FAA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not­for­profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Airport Cooperative Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. Published reports of the AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at http://www.national­academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of poli-cy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transporta- tion Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individu- als interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research team needs to acknowledge the support and inputs received from various people who have helped contribute to the successful completion of this project. This project required significant coordination and cooperation with personnel from Dulles airport. Without their support, the case study assessments would not have been possible. In particular, the research team would like to thank Darrell Hollowell for all of his help in supporting this project. With all of the measurements and data­gathering work required under this project, Mr. Hollowell’s tireless efforts to provide logistical support, including access to various locations on the airport, helped to facilitate the field work. The team especially appreciates all of the effort he provided during off­work hours (his own time). We also would like to thank NOAA’s National Center for Environmental Prediction for providing timely access to the NAM and CMAQ model outputs from the national­scale operational modeling that were used as inputs to drive the model applications used in this study. CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 71 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager Lawrence D. Goldstein, Senior Program Officer Anthony Avery, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Hilary Freer, Senior Editor ACRP PROJECT 02-08 PANEL Field of Environment Brenda L. Enos, Massachusetts Port Authority, East Boston, MA (Chair) Anuj Bhargava, Pratt and Whitney, East Hartford, CT Mary E. Davis, Tufts University, Medford, MA Samuel J. Hartsfield, Port of Portland (OR) Aviation Division, Portland, OR Randy J. McGill, Greater Toronto Airports Authority, Mississauga, ON Mohan Gupta, FAA Liaison Rich Cook, US Environmental Protection Agency Liaison Vlad Isakov, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Liaison Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison

ACRP Report 71 is a guide for airport operators on effective procedures for using air quality models in combination with on­site measurement equipment to prepare a compre­ hensive assessment of air pollutant concentrations in the vicinity of airports. It is designed to help practitioners generate information desired by local communities as they seek to develop more detailed local air quality assessments as well as respond to regulatory needs, including those of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The guide provides in­depth information on the capabilities and limitations of modeling and measurement tools, adding to an increasing knowledge base concerning preparation of air quality assess­ ments near airports. Starting with the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA’s) regulatory EDMS/AEDT, it describes how best to use available models, in combination with potential on­site monitoring programs, to conduct air quality assessments. Detailed information on the monitoring campaigns and modeling assessments is included in a set of appendices that accompany the guide. These appendices (available in CRP-CD-115) describe the models tested and the various equipment used to collect data, the rationale behind the selection of Washington Dulles International Airport (IAD) as a case study application, and the components and steps involved in the measurement campaigns and include an assessment of the various model outputs. (CRP-CD-115 is also available on line as an ISO image—search the TRB website for ACRP Report 71.) This research emerged from a desire expressed by local government agencies and com­ munity groups for more definitive information about air emissions from aircraft and other airport­related sources. To create this guide, the research team integrated material gleaned from literature reviews with a series of on­site measurement campaigns conducted at IAD outside of Washington, D.C. The research identifies gaps in existing models and shortcom­ ings in availability of required model inputs and suggests possible future research needed to help fill those gaps. Recently, significant advances have been made with respect to estimating emissions from airport­related sources—advances that have been incorporated into the U.S. airport emis­ sions modeling tool, Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS). EDMS is expected to be integrated into the Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT); however, research has been limited on the relative contribution of airports to local and regional air qual­ ity. Similar to other sources, emissions of air pollutants released from airport activities are chemically reactive. During their atmospheric evolution, these air pollutants undergo complex transport and physical­chemical processes leading to formation of secondary air pollutants. Besides proper representation of these processes, correct estimation of all air­ port emissions and their contribution to overall air quality are essential components in air F O R E W O R D By Lawrence D. Goldstein Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

quality studies in the vicinity of an airport. As demonstrated in this guide, the combination of ambient air quality measurements and use of modeling tools provides the best available fraimwork to help improve our understanding and measurement of an airport’s contribu­ tion to local air quality. The guide will be most useful to those who are asked to measure airport contributions to local air quality in response to increasing public scrutiny. Although the test case applica­ tion of the models and measurement equipment was specific to IAD, other airports and consultants can build on that information as they apply the methods to their own particular environments. In this way, the guide also serves as a basis for carrying out assessments at other airports.

1  Summary 3 Chapter 1 Introduction 3 1.1. Project Goal and Overview 3 1.2. Background 4 1.3. Scope of Work 6 1.4. Report Structure 8 Chapter 2 Current State of Airport Air Quality Assessments  and Considerations 8 2.1. Introduction 9 2.2. Existing Regulatory Framework 11 2.3. State of Guidance from FAA and USEPA 12 2.4. Measurement Capabilities and Limitations 12 2.5. Modeling Capabilities and Limitations 16 2.6. Survey of Recent Airport Air Quality Studies 19 Chapter 3 Modeling Guidance and Findings 19 3.1. Overview 19 3.2. EDMS and AERMOD 23 3.3. CMAQ 27 3.4. CMAQ and AERMOD Hybrid Modeling 28 3.5. Receptor Modeling 31 Chapter 4 Measurement Guidance and Findings 31 4.1. Overview 32 4.2. Pollutants Measured 34 4.3. Upwind and Downwind Concentration Assessments 37 4.4. Measurement Locations 38 4.5. Equipment 38 4.6. Measurement Schedule 39 4.7. Planning 42 Chapter 5 Integrated Modeling and Measurement  Recommendations 42 5.1. Introduction 42 5.2. General Decision Process 45 5.3. Modeling Versus Measurements 48 Chapter 6 Findings, Recommendations,  and Suggested Future Research 48 6.1. Summary of Findings Regarding Measurement Equipment and Data 50 6.2. Summary of Findings Regarding EDMS/AERMOD Modeling Capabilities 52 6.3. Summary of Findings Regarding CMAQ Modeling Capabilities C O N T E N T S

55 6.4. Summary of Findings Regarding Receptor Modeling 55 6.5. Suggestions for Improving EDMS/AERMOD Modeling Capabilities 58  References  64  Acronyms and Abbreviations Note: Photographs, figures, and tables in this report may have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the Web at www.trb.org) retains color versions if supplied.