Papers by Chander Kumar Singh
Editorial Board, Jan 1, 2009
Hydrological Processes
Intense agricultural and industrial activities in any area are likely to make groundwater vulnera... more Intense agricultural and industrial activities in any area are likely to make groundwater vulnerable with respect to its quality. In one such area which is a part of Sabarmati river basin of Gujarat, factors influencing the groundwater hydrochemistry in pre-and post-monsoon season were evaluated. Groundwater samples were collected from 5 km  5 km grids on the basis of spectral signature of vegetation and soil, observed on satellite image. Integration of Conventional graphical plots, Piper plot, saturation index values (estimated using PHREEQC) and GIS was helpful not only to create the database for analysis of spatial variation in respective water quality parameters but also to decipher the hydrogeochemical process occurring in such a large area. USSL diagram and % sodium were used to characterise the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. It was observed that leaching of wastes disposed from anthropogenic activities and agrichemicals is the major factor influencing the groundwater quality, in addition to the natural processes such as weathering, dissolution and ion exchange. Sea water relics are also impacting the groundwater quality. Control of indiscriminate and unplanned exploitation of groundwater, application of fertilizers and disposal of industrial wastes in the affected areas can possibly ensure groundwater protection from further pollution and depletion. À in pre-monsoon (b) Spatial variation of HCO 3 À post-monsoon Figure 4. (a) Spatial variation of Cl À in pre-monsoon (b) Spatial variation of Cl À post-monsoon CHARACTERIZATION GOVERNING GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN SABARMATI BASIN Figure 8. (a) Spatial variation of Na + in pre-monsoon (b) Spatial variation of Na + post-monsoon Figure 9. (a) Piper plot for pre-monsoon season. (b) Piper plot for post-monsoon season
Hydrological …
The groundwater is the only source of drinking water in the Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan, Indi... more The groundwater is the only source of drinking water in the Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan, India. The study area is a part of the Thar Desert. It has low and scattered population and no industries; hence, the possibility of anthropogenic input of fluoride is almost negligible. Thus, the enrichment of fluoride is only possible due to geochemical processes taking place in the groundwater of the region. A total of 100 groundwater samples, 34 samples from Jaisalmer and 66 samples from the Pokharan administrative blocks, were collected. It was observed that the concentration of fluoride ranged from 0.08 mg/l to 4.56 mg/l in the groundwater of Jaisalmer and from 0.56 mg/l to 6.60 mg/l in the samples of the Pokharan block. The alkaline condition (average pH, 7.7 AE 0.22 and 8.01 AE 0.25 in Jaisalmer and the Pokharan administrative block, respectively) in the region favours fluorite dissolution. Ion exchange, dissolution of calcite, semi-arid climate, alkaline conditions and weathering are responsible for fluoride enrichment in the groundwater of the study area.
Arabian Journal of …, Jan 1, 2012
Groundwater exploitation in Punjab has increased in last few decades due to rapid increase in ind... more Groundwater exploitation in Punjab has increased in last few decades due to rapid increase in industrialization, population, crop production, and erratic monsoon. In the present study, groundwater samples from 29 locations were collected and analyzed for almost all major anions, cations, and heavy metals. The analyzed parameters formed the attribute database for statistical analysis. The study approach included multivariate statistical analysis of hydro-chemical data to identify hydro-geochemical processes occurring in the study area and its relation to groundwater quality. The principal component analysis produced seven significant factors that explained nearly 77 % of the cumulative variance. Factor 1 explained nearly 22.05 % of dataset with variables loading indicating mineralization of geological component of soil. Trilinear plot and other graphical methods were also used to identify chemical facies of groundwater and geochemical processes occurring in study area. The water type in the study area is of Na/K-Mg-HCO 3 type. It was found that the general hydro-geochemistry of groundwater in the study area dominated is by the processes such as carbonate/silicate weathering, ion-exchange, and dissolution. Thus, statistical methods can prove to be an effective tool understanding hydro-geochemistry of a region along with conventional graphical methods.
cgwb.gov.in
Multi-sensor satellite data integrated with Global Positioning System enabled geophysical and geo... more Multi-sensor satellite data integrated with Global Positioning System enabled geophysical and geochemical information has the potential to infer the availability and quality of groundwater in metamorphic Aravali formation of National Capital Region. Surface manifestation of satellite data has the potential to infer subsurface geology as well as soil moisture in weathered aquifer material. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index computed from the vegetation above the inferred lineament has the potential to infer groundwater quality. Electrical resistivity, X-Ray diffraction (XRD)
… Assembly 2010, held …, Jan 1, 2010
Abstract Changes in groundwater as well as surface water resources have been mainly attributed as... more Abstract Changes in groundwater as well as surface water resources have been mainly attributed as anthropogenic in origen (particularly in case of depleting groundwater levels) but focus still exists on underlying natural processes (such as tectonic activity) that play a ...
Water Resources Management, Jan 1, 2012
Groundwater plays an important role for socioeconomic development of Comoro watershed in Timor Le... more Groundwater plays an important role for socioeconomic development of Comoro watershed in Timor Leste. Despite the significance of groundwater for sustainable development, it has not always been properly managed in the watershed. Therefore, this study seeks to identify groundwater potential zones in the Comoro watershed, using geographical information systems and remote sensing and analytic hierarchy process technique. The groundwater potential zones thus obtained were divided into five classes and validated with the recorded bore well yield data. It was found that the alluvial plain in the northwest along the Comoro River has very high groundwater potential zone which covers about 5.4 % (13.5 km 2 ) area of the watershed. The high groundwater potential zone was found in the eastern part and along the foothills and covers about 4.8 % (12 km 2 ) of the area; moderate zone covers about 2.0 % (5 km 2 ) of the area and found in the higher elevation of the alluvial plain. The poor and very poor groundwater potential zone covers about 87.8 % (219.5 km 2 ) of the watershed. The hilly terrain located in the southern and central parts of the study area has a poor groundwater potential zone due to higher degree of slope and low permeability of conglomerate soil type. The demarcation of groundwater potential zones in the Comoro watershed will be helpful for future planning, development and management of the groundwater resources.
Environmental Earth Sciences, Jan 1, 2011
The groundwater resource is a multidimensional concept; it is defined by its location, its occurr... more The groundwater resource is a multidimensional concept; it is defined by its location, its occurrence over time, its size, properties, conditions of accessibility, the effort required to mobilize it and therefore, all of which are to be considered in the context of demand. Groundwater, a renewable and finite natural resource, vital for man’s life, social and economic development and a valuable component of the ecosystem, is vulnerable to natural and human impacts. There is a great need for the assessment and monitoring of quality and quantity of groundwater resource required at local level to develop an exact scenario of watershed. In this study qualitative assessment of groundwater was done and a ground water quality index criterion was used to understand the suitability of groundwater for irrigation and drinking purpose in the study area. A GIS based multicriteria analysis was done by assigning weight to different water quality parameters. The water quality was grouped into six classes from very good to unfit for drinking. It was found that the in most part of the study area the water quality varied from moderate to good except in some areas where it is poor to unfit. An assessment of change in landuse and landcover was done from the year 1989 using Landsat data to year 2006 using LISS III satellite data. The change in LULC was correlated with water quality data and it was found that the areas around which rapid urbanisation as well as industrialisation is taking place showed poor to unfit groundwater in terms of quality.
The dependency of people on groundwater has increased in the past few decades due to tremendous i... more The dependency of people on groundwater has increased in the past few decades due to tremendous increase in crop production, population and industrialization. Groundwater is the main source of irrigation in Shiwaliks of Punjab. In the present study the samples were collected from predetermined location as was located on satellite image on basis of spectral reflectance. Global positioning system was used to collect samples from specific locations. Principal components analysis (PCA) together with other factor analysis procedures consolidate a large number of observed variables into a smaller number of factors that can be more readily interpreted. In the present study, concentrations of different constituents were correlated based on underlying physical and chemical processes such as dissociation, ion exchange, weathering or carbonate equilibrium reactions. The PCA produced six significant components that explained 78% of the cumulative variance. The concentration of the few trace metals was found to be much higher indicating recharge due to precipitation as main transport mechanism of transport of heavy metals in groundwater which is also confirmed by PCA. Piper and other graphical methods were used to identify geochemical facies of groundwater samples and geochemical processes occurring in study area. The water in the study area has temporary hardness and is mainly of Ca–Mg–HCO3 type.
The groundwater is the only major source of drinking water in western part of Rajasthan, India. T... more The groundwater is the only major source of drinking water in western part of Rajasthan, India. The study was carried out to locate and decipher hydrogeochemical reactions responsible for elevated concentration of fluoride. The concentration of fluoride ranged from 0.6 to 4.74 ppm in groundwater of study area. Since the area is a desertic terrain and no industries are present thus possibility of anthropogenic input of fluoride is all most negligible thus the enrichment of fluoride in groundwater is only possible due to rock-water interaction. The highly alkaline conditions indicated fluorite dissolution as major process responsible for high concentration of fluoride in Pokhran.
Water is a fluctuating resource making it difficult to measure in time and in space. To demonstra... more Water is a fluctuating resource making it difficult to measure in time and in space. To demonstrate the efficiency of the geographic information system (GIS) for groundwater studies, information on the parameters controlling groundwater such as lithology, geomorphology and lineament analysis were analyzed. LISS-III and Landsat satellite image of the area was used to infer information on the geologic lineaments and geomorphology. To delineate linear features enhancement and direction, filtering was performed on single bands of Landsat images. Thematic maps for geology, slope, geomorphology and lineament were prepared and integrated in GIS by assigning the weights and ranking to various parameters controlling the occurrence of groundwater to generate the groundwater potential map for the study area. The results indicate that the floodplain of river and its adjoining areas have very good groundwater potential, whereas the steeply sloping area in the northern part having high relief and slope possesses poor groundwater potential.
The use of remote sensing data with other ancillary data in a geographic information system (GIS)... more The use of remote sensing data with other ancillary data in a geographic information system (GIS) environment is useful to delineate groundwater potential zonation map of Ken–Betwa river linking area of Bundelkhand. Various themes of information such as geomorphology, land use/land cover, lineament extracted from digital processing of Landsat (ETM+) satellite data of the year 2005 and drainage map were extracted from survey of India topographic sheets, and elevation, slope data were generated from shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM). These themes were overlaid to generate groundwater potential zonation (GWPZ) map of the area. The final map of the area shows different zones of groundwater prospects, viz., good (5.22% of the area), moderate (65.83% of the area) poor (15.31% of the area) and very poor (13.64% of area).
The monitoring of land use/land covers (LULCs) is an indispensable exercise for all those involve... more The monitoring of land use/land covers (LULCs) is an indispensable exercise for all those involved in executing policies to optimize the use of natural resources and minimize the ill impacts on the environment. The study here aims at analyzing the changes that occurred in LULC over a time span from 1990 to 2005 using multi date data of a part of Punjab. The digital data consisted of two sets of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data and one set of IRS-1C data. Utilizing hybrid classification technique for interpretation and on field validation, it has been found that canal irrigation leads to changes in LULC as there is a change in cropping pattern as well as increase in water logged area.
In this paper, we have studied the comparative hydrogeochemistry of the Ken and Betwa Rivers of B... more In this paper, we have studied the comparative hydrogeochemistry of the Ken and Betwa Rivers of Bundelkhand area, considering the importance of the Ken–Betwa River linking project (KBLP) in India. Factor analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) has been done to identify the highly correlated and interrelated water-quality parameters. All the physico-chemical parameters for both rivers are within the highest desirable or maximum permissible limit set by WHO (World Health Organization) except some anions viz. $\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}$ , Cl−, $\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$ and F− at some sampling points. The Ken River showed a high spatial variability and significant ionic concentration due to the higher geological and pedological watershed richness as well as absence of pollution from anthropogenic point sources. The Betwa River showed a low spatial variability and higher mineralization due to the anthropogenic point sources that exist downstream. This preliminary study shows the spatio-temporal variability of the hydrogeochemical parameters of the Ken–Betwa River basin.
The 231 km long Ken-Betwa River Linking canal will transfer 1,020 hm3 of surplus water from the K... more The 231 km long Ken-Betwa River Linking canal will transfer 1,020 hm3 of surplus water from the Ken River to the deficit Betwa River basin. The landslide susceptibility zonation map of the river link has been assessed using remote sensing data in GIS. Various thematic maps such as geology, land use/land cover, lineament, drainage, slope, aspect, normalized difference vegetation index and soil type were generated from the Landsat Thematic Mapper 5 satellite data of 2005, the Survey of India topographic sheets, Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission Digital Elevation (SRTM-DEM) data and other existing maps. Numerical rating schemes were used for ranking the thematic layers. The results were supported with the rainfall data, groundwater level data and a petrological study of rock thin sections. In addition to providing valuable information for project decision-makers, the results will assist in slope management and land use planning in the area. Le canal de liaison Ken-Betwa, de 231 km de longueur, transférera 1020 hm3 par an d’eau excédentaire du bassin de la rivière Ken vers le bassin de la rivière Betwa. La carte de zonage de la sensibilité aux glissements (LSZ) de la région du canal de liaison a été établie en utilisant des données de télédétection traitées dans un système SIG. De nombreuses cartes thématiques relatives à la géologie, l’occupation des sols, les linéaments, le drainage, les pentes, un indice de végétation normalisé (NDVI) et les types de sols ont été générées à partir d’images Landsat (TM5) de 2005, de cartes de l’Institut géographique national indien, de fichiers numériques de terrain (SRTM-DEM) et d’autres cartes préexistantes. Des procédés de classement numérique ont été mis en œuvre pour organiser les couches thématiques. Les résultats ont été complétés avec les données de pluviométrie, les niveaux d’eau souterraine et des études pétrographiques de lames minces. De plus, afin de produire une information valable pour les décideurs, les résultats apporteront une aide pour l’aménagement des pentes et la planification territoriale de la région.
Human activities have exerted small to large scale changes on the hydrological cycle. The current... more Human activities have exerted small to large scale changes on the hydrological cycle. The current scenario regarding groundwater resources suggests that globally there is a water crisis in terms of quantity (availability) and quality. Therefore there is a great need for the assessment and monitoring of quality and quantity of groundwater resources at local level. This paper presents a case study of the lower Shiwalik hills, in Rupnagar, Punjab, India, to trace land-use and land-cover changes during the past 17 years, with an emphasis on groundwater quality and quantity. This study was performed in alluvial and hilly terrain. The results show that the quantity of groundwater increased with the help of natural and artificial recharge due to change in land-use and land-cover pattern (increased area of fallow land). The quality of groundwater deteriorated due to input of fertilizers for enhancing the short-term soil fertility. Using a Remote Sensing and GIS based approach, we show the final results in map form. In particular we highlight a potential groundwater exploration site, which could be useful for district level planning. Our research shows that the change in land-use and land-cover affects the quantity and quality of groundwater.
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Papers by Chander Kumar Singh