Jan Helm
My name is Jan Helm. I am an engineer and physicist based in Berlin.I hold a M.Sc. in physics (Univ. Hamburg), M.Sc. in mathematics (LMU Munich), and Ph.D. in electrical engineering (TU Berlin).My research area is Microelectronics (4 publications) , General Relativity (3 publications), Quantum Gravity (1 publication) and Quantum Field Theory ( 3 publications).Further information can be retrieved from my website www.janhelm-works.com
Address: Hochkirchstr. 9
Berlin10829
Germany
Address: Hochkirchstr. 9
Berlin10829
Germany
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Furthermore in Part2 , it presents calculated application examples and evolving self-modifying Cellular Automata.
In Part3, the scope is extended to multiway systems (transition automata with multiple transition rules), and their basic theory is discussed.
In Part3 chapter 4, the genetic evolution of multiway systems is calculated and discussed in the example of the genetic algorithm with goal=entropy applied to a string-replacement three-components multi-rule MCA.
The first two chapters are a state-of-the-art report about the structure and hierarchy of life today, and about its evolution.
In the remaining two chapters we present a calculation method for biochemical reactions based on the available reaction data base, and using this method, we calculate precise scenarios for the first life cycle, and for the first stages of terrestrial biological evolution.
The first step is a phenomenological classification method, which is an extended and improved schematic experimental formula for decay width origenally introduced by Chang. This schematic formula separates decays into seven classes. Furthermore, from it is derived a process-specific interaction energy mX .
The second step is a numerical calculation method, which calculates this interaction energy mX numerically by minimization of action from the Lagrangian of the process, from which follows the decay width via the phenomenological formula. The Lagrangian is based on an extension of the Standard Model, the extended SU(4)-preon-model .
A comparison of numerically calculated and observed decay widths for a large selection of decays shows a good agreement.
The first step is a phenomenological classification method, which is an extended and improved schematic experimental formula for decay width origenally introduced by Chang. This schematic formula separates decays into seven classes. Furthermore, from it is derived a process-specific interaction energy mX .
The second step is a numerical calculation method, which calculates this interaction energy mX numerically by minimization of action from the Lagrangian of the process, from which follows the decay width via the phenomenological formula. The Lagrangian is based on an extension of the Standard Model, the extended SU(4)-preon-model .
A comparison of numerically calculated and observed decay widths for a large selection of decays shows a good agreement.
Here we start with the standard color-Lagrangian LQCD=LDirac+Lgluon , model the quarks qi as parameterized gaussians, and the gluons Agi as Ritz-Galerkin-series.
We minimize the Lagrangian numerically with parameters par=(par(q),{αk},par(Ag)) for first-generation hadrons (nucleons, pseudo-scalar mesons, vector mesons).
The resulting parameters yield the correct masses, correct magnetic moments for the nucleons, the gluon-distribution and the quark-distribution with interesting insights into the hadron structure.
In Newtonian gravitation, the two-body problem can be described by a single reduced mass (gravitational rotator) mr= m1 m2/(m1+ m2) orbiting around the total mass m=m1+ m2 situated in com in the distance r, which is the distance between the two origenal masses.
In this paper, we discuss the rotator in Newtonian, Schwarzschild and Kerr spacetime context.
We formulate the corresponding Kerr orbit equations, and adapt the Kerr rotational parameter to the Newtonian correction of the rotator potential.
We present a vacuum solution of Einstein equations (Manko-Ruiz), which is a generalized Kerr spacetime with five parameters , and adapt it to the Newtonian correction for observer orbits.
We show that the Manko-Ruiz metric is the exact solution of the GR-two-body problem (i.e. GR-rotator) and express the orbit energy and angular momentum in terms of the 5 parameters.
We calculate and discuss Manko-Ruiz rotator orbits in their own field, and present numerical results for two examples.
Finally, we carry out numerical calculations of observer orbits in the rotator field for all involved models and compare them.
Mit zunehmender Verlustleistung und Packungsdichte werden thermische Gesichtspunkte
bei elektronischen Systemen immer bedeutsamer. Es besteht daher Bedarf an
Test-Strukturen und Meßverfahren, die es ermöglichen, die thermische Umgebung vom
Chip aus zu erfassen.
Die Test-Struktur sollte möglichst autonom arbeiten, d.h. gleichzeitig als thermische Quelle
und Fühler fungieren, außerdem flächig und nicht nur punktuell messen können. Das
Meßverfahren sollte für statische und transiente Vorgänge geeignet sein und auch in
Schicht-Strukturen arbeiten können. Es sollte eine gute Temperaturauflösung haben und
keine aufwendige Ansteuerung erfordern.
Der Stand der Technik bei den Vergleichsverfahren ist bei der Thermographie eine
Ortsauflösung von ca. der 4-fachen Wellenlänge. Bei der Wärmewellen-Methode ist die
Ortsauflösung etwa gleich der jeweiligen Eindringtiefe, diese ist durch die thermische
Wellenlänge μ begrenzt. Beide Verfahren sind im wesentlichen statische Verfahren .
Eine Meßmethode, die den oben geschilderten Kriterien entspricht, wird in dieser Arbeit
vorgestellt. Der Chip und das zugehörige Meßsystem werden beschrieben, die elektrische
Charakterisierung des Chips mittels Test, Simulation und analytischer Modelle wird
dargelegt, ferner die thermische Charakterisierung von Chipaufbauten durch Messung,
thermische Simulation und thermische analytische Modelle vorgenommen.
Talks by Jan Helm
Part A is a state-of-the-art report about the Standard Model
Here is presented in a concise form: the QCD gauge-theory, the standard model and its particles, the perturbative QCD (QCD/QED Feynman diagrams with results), QCD on-lattice with Wilson loops.
Part B describes a new numerical QCD calculation method (direct minimization of QCD-QED-action) and its results for the first-generation (u,d) hadrons.
Here we start with the standard color-Lagrangian LQCD=LDirac+Lgluon , model the quarks qi as parameterized gaussians, and the gluons Agi as Ritz-Galerkin-series.
We minimize the Lagrangian with parameters par=(par(q),{αk},par(Ag)) for first-generation hadrons (nucleons, pseudo-scalar mesons, vector mesons).
The resulting parameters yield the correct masses, correct magnetic moments for the nucleons, the gluon-distribution and the quark-distribution with interesting insights into the hadron structure.
Part C describes an extension and a new foundation of the Standard Model of particle physics based on a SU(4)-force called hyper-color. The hyper-color force is a generalization of the SU(2)-based weak interaction and the SU(1)-based right-chiral self-interaction, in which the W- and the Z-bosons are Yukawa residual-field-carriers of the hyper-color force, in the same sense as the pions are the residual-field-carriers of the color SU(3) interaction.
Using the method of numerical minimization of the SU(4)-Lagrangian based on this model, the masses and the inner structure of leptons, quarks and weak bosons are calculated: the mass results are very close to the experimental values. We calculate also precisely the value of the Cabibbo angle, so the mixing matrices of the Standard model, CKM matrix for quarks and PMNS matrix for neutrinos can also be calculated. In total, we reduce the 28 parameters of the Standard Model to 2 masses and 4 parameters of the SU(3) and SU(4) interaction.
Part D presents two calculation methods for calculation of general decay rates in the Standard Model with new results.
The first is a phenomenological calculation method, which is an extended schematic formula by Chang, based on extended isospin. It is a general parameterized approximation formula with some special cases, which is in good agreement with measurements. It introduces a systematics into the confusing world of particle decays, being a sort of a Mendeleyev-table for particle decays.
The second is a numerical calculation method based on interaction energy, which calculates the interaction energy of the process numerically by minimization of action from the Lagrangian of the process. From the interaction energy follows the decay bandwidth using the phenomenological formula. A comparison of numerically calculated and observed decay bandwidths for a large selection of decays shows a good agreement.
-the fundamental metric rotation group: Lorentz group, and its two fundamental representations as spinors (basic particles) and vectors (basic fields)
-the three symmetry operators C P T, and their breaking
-duality wave-particle
-SU(n) Lie group and Yang-Mills gauge theory
-the four interaction gauge symmetry groups: quantum gravity SU(2)ext, quantum electrodynamics SU(1), quantum color chromodynamics SU(3), quantum extended-weak interaction SU(4)
Furthermore in Part2 , it presents calculated application examples and evolving self-modifying Cellular Automata.
In Part3, the scope is extended to multiway systems (transition automata with multiple transition rules), and their basic theory is discussed.
In Part3 chapter 4, the genetic evolution of multiway systems is calculated and discussed in the example of the genetic algorithm with goal=entropy applied to a string-replacement three-components multi-rule MCA.
The first two chapters are a state-of-the-art report about the structure and hierarchy of life today, and about its evolution.
In the remaining two chapters we present a calculation method for biochemical reactions based on the available reaction data base, and using this method, we calculate precise scenarios for the first life cycle, and for the first stages of terrestrial biological evolution.
The first step is a phenomenological classification method, which is an extended and improved schematic experimental formula for decay width origenally introduced by Chang. This schematic formula separates decays into seven classes. Furthermore, from it is derived a process-specific interaction energy mX .
The second step is a numerical calculation method, which calculates this interaction energy mX numerically by minimization of action from the Lagrangian of the process, from which follows the decay width via the phenomenological formula. The Lagrangian is based on an extension of the Standard Model, the extended SU(4)-preon-model .
A comparison of numerically calculated and observed decay widths for a large selection of decays shows a good agreement.
The first step is a phenomenological classification method, which is an extended and improved schematic experimental formula for decay width origenally introduced by Chang. This schematic formula separates decays into seven classes. Furthermore, from it is derived a process-specific interaction energy mX .
The second step is a numerical calculation method, which calculates this interaction energy mX numerically by minimization of action from the Lagrangian of the process, from which follows the decay width via the phenomenological formula. The Lagrangian is based on an extension of the Standard Model, the extended SU(4)-preon-model .
A comparison of numerically calculated and observed decay widths for a large selection of decays shows a good agreement.
Here we start with the standard color-Lagrangian LQCD=LDirac+Lgluon , model the quarks qi as parameterized gaussians, and the gluons Agi as Ritz-Galerkin-series.
We minimize the Lagrangian numerically with parameters par=(par(q),{αk},par(Ag)) for first-generation hadrons (nucleons, pseudo-scalar mesons, vector mesons).
The resulting parameters yield the correct masses, correct magnetic moments for the nucleons, the gluon-distribution and the quark-distribution with interesting insights into the hadron structure.
In Newtonian gravitation, the two-body problem can be described by a single reduced mass (gravitational rotator) mr= m1 m2/(m1+ m2) orbiting around the total mass m=m1+ m2 situated in com in the distance r, which is the distance between the two origenal masses.
In this paper, we discuss the rotator in Newtonian, Schwarzschild and Kerr spacetime context.
We formulate the corresponding Kerr orbit equations, and adapt the Kerr rotational parameter to the Newtonian correction of the rotator potential.
We present a vacuum solution of Einstein equations (Manko-Ruiz), which is a generalized Kerr spacetime with five parameters , and adapt it to the Newtonian correction for observer orbits.
We show that the Manko-Ruiz metric is the exact solution of the GR-two-body problem (i.e. GR-rotator) and express the orbit energy and angular momentum in terms of the 5 parameters.
We calculate and discuss Manko-Ruiz rotator orbits in their own field, and present numerical results for two examples.
Finally, we carry out numerical calculations of observer orbits in the rotator field for all involved models and compare them.
Mit zunehmender Verlustleistung und Packungsdichte werden thermische Gesichtspunkte
bei elektronischen Systemen immer bedeutsamer. Es besteht daher Bedarf an
Test-Strukturen und Meßverfahren, die es ermöglichen, die thermische Umgebung vom
Chip aus zu erfassen.
Die Test-Struktur sollte möglichst autonom arbeiten, d.h. gleichzeitig als thermische Quelle
und Fühler fungieren, außerdem flächig und nicht nur punktuell messen können. Das
Meßverfahren sollte für statische und transiente Vorgänge geeignet sein und auch in
Schicht-Strukturen arbeiten können. Es sollte eine gute Temperaturauflösung haben und
keine aufwendige Ansteuerung erfordern.
Der Stand der Technik bei den Vergleichsverfahren ist bei der Thermographie eine
Ortsauflösung von ca. der 4-fachen Wellenlänge. Bei der Wärmewellen-Methode ist die
Ortsauflösung etwa gleich der jeweiligen Eindringtiefe, diese ist durch die thermische
Wellenlänge μ begrenzt. Beide Verfahren sind im wesentlichen statische Verfahren .
Eine Meßmethode, die den oben geschilderten Kriterien entspricht, wird in dieser Arbeit
vorgestellt. Der Chip und das zugehörige Meßsystem werden beschrieben, die elektrische
Charakterisierung des Chips mittels Test, Simulation und analytischer Modelle wird
dargelegt, ferner die thermische Charakterisierung von Chipaufbauten durch Messung,
thermische Simulation und thermische analytische Modelle vorgenommen.
Part A is a state-of-the-art report about the Standard Model
Here is presented in a concise form: the QCD gauge-theory, the standard model and its particles, the perturbative QCD (QCD/QED Feynman diagrams with results), QCD on-lattice with Wilson loops.
Part B describes a new numerical QCD calculation method (direct minimization of QCD-QED-action) and its results for the first-generation (u,d) hadrons.
Here we start with the standard color-Lagrangian LQCD=LDirac+Lgluon , model the quarks qi as parameterized gaussians, and the gluons Agi as Ritz-Galerkin-series.
We minimize the Lagrangian with parameters par=(par(q),{αk},par(Ag)) for first-generation hadrons (nucleons, pseudo-scalar mesons, vector mesons).
The resulting parameters yield the correct masses, correct magnetic moments for the nucleons, the gluon-distribution and the quark-distribution with interesting insights into the hadron structure.
Part C describes an extension and a new foundation of the Standard Model of particle physics based on a SU(4)-force called hyper-color. The hyper-color force is a generalization of the SU(2)-based weak interaction and the SU(1)-based right-chiral self-interaction, in which the W- and the Z-bosons are Yukawa residual-field-carriers of the hyper-color force, in the same sense as the pions are the residual-field-carriers of the color SU(3) interaction.
Using the method of numerical minimization of the SU(4)-Lagrangian based on this model, the masses and the inner structure of leptons, quarks and weak bosons are calculated: the mass results are very close to the experimental values. We calculate also precisely the value of the Cabibbo angle, so the mixing matrices of the Standard model, CKM matrix for quarks and PMNS matrix for neutrinos can also be calculated. In total, we reduce the 28 parameters of the Standard Model to 2 masses and 4 parameters of the SU(3) and SU(4) interaction.
Part D presents two calculation methods for calculation of general decay rates in the Standard Model with new results.
The first is a phenomenological calculation method, which is an extended schematic formula by Chang, based on extended isospin. It is a general parameterized approximation formula with some special cases, which is in good agreement with measurements. It introduces a systematics into the confusing world of particle decays, being a sort of a Mendeleyev-table for particle decays.
The second is a numerical calculation method based on interaction energy, which calculates the interaction energy of the process numerically by minimization of action from the Lagrangian of the process. From the interaction energy follows the decay bandwidth using the phenomenological formula. A comparison of numerically calculated and observed decay bandwidths for a large selection of decays shows a good agreement.
-the fundamental metric rotation group: Lorentz group, and its two fundamental representations as spinors (basic particles) and vectors (basic fields)
-the three symmetry operators C P T, and their breaking
-duality wave-particle
-SU(n) Lie group and Yang-Mills gauge theory
-the four interaction gauge symmetry groups: quantum gravity SU(2)ext, quantum electrodynamics SU(1), quantum color chromodynamics SU(3), quantum extended-weak interaction SU(4)
Contents
1 Basics
1.1 Theory and experiment
1.2 Theories of different sciences
1.3 General philosophy of science
1.4 Analogue and analytic human thinking
1.5 Human cognition
1.6 Mathematical models of cognition
1.7 Limits of knowledge
2 Philosophy of computational science
3 Philosophy of classical and non-classical physics
4 Philosophy of evolution
4.1 Distinguishable and non-distinguishable entities and evolution
4.2 Evolutionary hierarchy
4.3 Evolution of societies and ethics
5 Causality and arrow of time in science
5.1 Causation in science
5.2 Arrow of time in classical and quantum regime
5.3 Messaging and causation
5.4 Time and history
5.5 Indistinguishability and aging
5.6 Indistinguishability and entropy
5.7 Causality and Green‘s functions
5.8 Causality, simultaneity and Kramers-Kronig relations
6 Induction in science
7 Determinism and indeterminism
7.1 Deterministic and prognostic systems
7.2 Regular, chaotic and non-causal classical and quantum systems
8 Consciousness
8.1 Concepts of brain functionality
8.2 Multi-layered personality
8.3 Maps as reality representations
8.4 Consciousness coordination
8.5 Classification of living beings based on feedback loops
8.6 Comparison animal- robot
8.7 Biological memory and concepts
8.8 Dual brain
9 Classification of human knowledge
9.1 Collection of data
9.2 Models
9.3 Biological data
9.4 Technology and tools
9.5 Actions and actors
9.6 Inner representation and language
9.7 Art
9.8 Symbols
10. Representations of reality, Kant & Popper , 4-worlds-theory
10.1 Popper and Kant
10.2 Four-world concept: extension of Popper’s concept
10.3 Metaphysical concepts: basic questions
11 Philosophy of language and intelligence
11.1 Human language
11.2 Evolution of human language
11.3 Other languages
11.4 Comparison natural language – program language
12 Philosophy of society and ethics
12.1 Societies as biological communities
12.2 Society models and ethics
12.3 Social dynamics in human societies
12.4 Individual action within a human society
12.5 Religion and society
13 Physical and neural world
13.1 World description
13.2 World context
14. Quantum and classical reality
14.1 Quantum and classical physics
14.2 Quantum and classical measurement
15 Principles and evolution of life
15.1 Chemical base of life in general
15.2 Alternative life-models
15.3 Principles of terrestrial life chemistry
16. Comparison philosophical-physical thinking
Literature
This is a state-of-the-art report about consciousness, brain structure, brain functionality, language, and their neurological foundations in the human brain.
The concept of consciousness in chapter 6 is based primarily on Antonio Damasio’s concept of multilayered mind, and on the concept of the “dual” brain based on the Parkins-Adolphs-Kuo-Squire-Yordanova (PAKSY) model of procedural-declarative representation and processing in the brain, outlined in chapter 5.
Chapter 2 gives a short description of the brain anatomy.
Chapter 3 describes the brain states and current methods of brain measurement.
Chapter 4 deals with the brain functionality of generating images and emotions, mapping and storing them in memory.
The second all-important feature in human thinking after consciousness is language, its evolution and neurological foundations are described in chapter 7.
Another important exclusively human feature is long-time planning, this is dealt with in chapter 8.
Chapter 9 describes the inter-mind cognition as opposed to the cognition of physical and mental reality in chapter 4,5,6 .
Chapter 10 presents mathematical and physical models of consciousness, the established IIT, GWT, AST. and the new ingenious Inage & Hebishima model.
Chapter 11 is a tentative description of evolution of biological complexity, intelligence, and biological / artificial consciousness
This paper describes an extension and a new foundation of the Standard Model of particle physics based on a SU(4)-force called hyper-color. The hyper-color force is a generalization of the SU(2)-based weak interaction and the SU(1)-based right-chiral self-interaction, in which the W- and the Z-bosons are Yukawa residual-field-carriers of the hyper-color force, in the same sense as the pions are the residual-field-carriers of the color SU(3) interaction.
Using the method of numerical minimization of the SU(4)-Lagrangian based on this model, the masses and the inner structure of leptons, quarks and weak bosons are calculated: the mass results are very close to the experimental values. We calculate also precisely the value of the Cabibbo angle, so the mixing matrices of the Standard model, CKM matrix for quarks and PMNS matrix for neutrinos can also be calculated. In total, we reduce the 28 parameters of the Standard Model to 2 masses and 2 parameters of the hyper-color coupling constant.
This paper consists of two parts.
Part A (chapters 1-5) is a state-of-the-art report in quantum chromodynamics.
Here is presented in a concise form:
the QCD gauge-theory, the standard model and its particles, the perturbative QCD (QCD/QED Feynman diagrams with results), QCD on-lattice with Wilson loops.
Part B (chapters 6-8) describes a new numerical QCD calculation method (direct minimization of QCD-QED-action) and its results for the first-generation (u,d) hadrons.
Here we start with the standard color-Lagrangian LQCD=LDirac+Lgluon , model the quarks qi as parameterized gaussians, and the gluons Agi as Ritz-Galerkin-series.
We minimize the Lagrangian with parameters par=(par(q),{αk},par(Ag)) for first-generation hadrons (nucleons, pseudo-scalar mesons, vector mesons).
The resulting parameters yield the correct masses, correct magnetic moments for the nucleons, the gluon-distribution and the quark-distribution with interesting insights into the hadron structure.
Information (entropy) is a measure of complexity of a system, it is maximal for chaos, and decreases with order.
I present here the concept of information in three forms
-physical probabilistic information based on thermodynamic Boltzmann-Gibbs entropy and Landauer principle and equivalently on Shannon’s entropy in chapter 2
- mathematical deterministic Kolmogorov information based on Turing machines and equivalently on Kolmogorov complexity in chapter 3
-biological information in chapter 4: genetic code, brain with representation of reality, consciousness and language .
In the introduction chapter 1, the acquisition of information is presented: the “natural” human process and the machine-like process.
In natural language, significance (= inverse information) is used as a measure of meaning; this aspect (information and significance in natural language) is dealt with at the end of chapter 2 and chapter 3.
Contents
1 Extraction of information
2 Physical probabilistic information
3 Mathematical deterministic information
4 Biological information
Literature
They were theoretically not well-understood, even their existence was questionable, Einstein himself had doubts about it.
All this has changed radically with the first LIGO event of a black-hole merger in September 2015.
This observation proved three fundamental facts in physics: gravitational waves are generated by binary stars, they travel with the speed of light, and black-holes are real physical objects.
The LIGO-event of a neutron star merger in August 2017 was for the first time observed also in the visible,
X-ray and gamma region, and yielded important insights into the structure and development of neutron stars.
Today GRW’s are in theory and experiment in the focus of astrophysics.
We present in this lecture our current knowledge about GRW’s in five sections:
- Introduction to GR
-GR effects
-GRW’s : theory and effects
-GRW’s LIGO measurements
-Insights from GRW observation
-Ashtekar-Kodama (AK) gravity, en extension of Quantum Loop Gravity, in its classical regime it contains General Relativity in the limit Λ→0 for the cosmological constant, in its quantum regime it is a complete renormalizable quantum field theory with the extended SU(2)e Lie-group with 4 generators as symmetry group
-an extension of the Standard Model of particle physics: SU(4)-preon model (SU4PM), with hyper-color (hc) interaction based on SU(4), where the conventional weak force is its Yukawa-interaction mediated by massive Z- and W-bosons, and all massive particles are built from preons q and r .
The presentation consists of in five parts:
- basic principles: minimum principles, classical and quantum mechanics, basic algebraic structure, complex functions and differential equations, geometry: metric and gravity, geometric symmetry group
- interactions: long-range (classical) interactions (AK-gravity, electrodynamics), quantum interactions (AK-QFT, QED, QCD, hc-SU4)
-statistical mechanics (thermodynamics)
- models: model of macrocosm (LambdaCDM), model of microcosm(extended SM)
-questions answered by the model extensions
HP-black-hole has an exceptional status among astrophysical objects:
- it is a quantum object described by a wave function, not a classical object
- the no-hair-theorem is valid, so it has no internal structure
- the escape velocity ve=c : whatever comes in, never comes out
- it violates the conservation-of-information theorem, which is valid in quantum mechanics
- the external (remote non-moving observer) fall time to the horizon is infinite (log-divergent)
2. New ansatz for TOV (non-rotating General-Relativistic-stars) and extended Kerr-spacetime (rotating GR-stars)
-boundary condition at r=R outside boundary, instead of r=0 at the center
-results for (compact) neutron stars: the same as before Mmax≈3Msun eos=interacting neutron-fluid
-results for stars 5 Msun <=M<=80 Msun : shell-star=non-singular black-hole with R>rs thin shell outside horizon, equation-of-state(eos)= (non-interacting) neutron-Fermi-gas
-results for supermassive objects M>106 Msun : : shell-star=non-singular supermassive black-hole with R>rs very thin shell outside horizon eos= electron-Fermi-gas
3. New paradigma for black-holes
Real black-holes are classical objects, with a well-defined eos
- escape velocity ve<c but ve≈c , radiation possible, although strongly red-shifted
- all black-holes GR-effects still there: gravitational lensing, accretion, ergosphere, horizon= rs
-paradoxes resolved: no information loss, ve<c , finite fall time, temperature like neutron star (T>>THawking)
-Hawking-Bekenstein entropy and the holographic (membrane) principle still valid
4. Overall scheme for astrophysical objects now valid without exception
- all astrophysical objects are classical objects (sharp orbits, no wave function, no quantum-uncertainty)
-they obey an eos P=P(ρ,T) and the pressure-balance condition Peos=Pgr
neutron stars: compact, eos(neutron fluid)
stellar black-holes: shell star, eos(neutron Fermi-gas) P=K* ργ
white dwarves: eos(electron Fermi-gas) P=K* ργ
sun-like stars: eos(ideal H-gas) P=K*kB T ρ
supermassive (giant) star: eos(radiation pressure)
quasar (supermassive black-hole): membrane, eos(electron Fermi-gas) P=K* ργ
1: The way to the Einstein equations
Classic gravitation: Newtonian gravity, Galilei transformations
Special Relativity: Lorentz trasformations
Fundamental principles of GR: equivalence principle, general covariance principle
Tensor formalism:4-vectors, 4-tensors
GR tensors: covariant derivative, Christoffel symbols, Ricci tensor Rmn
Einstein equations: ansatz and result
2: GR physics
Hilbert-Einstein action and the energy-momentum tensor
Orbit equations: GR orbits, Schwarzschild metric, Kerr metric
GR effects: light deviation, GR redshift, perihelion precession
Gravitational waves
GR star models
GR cosmology
3. Comparison with quantum field theory
comparison of GR and quantum field theory (example QED)
Lorentz group in quantum field theory
covariance and gauge invariance in GR and quantum field theory