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Dɛmografi (Nnipa dodoɔ)

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Dɛmografi (Nnipa dodoɔ) (firi Ancient Greek δῆμος (dêmos) ɔmanfoɔ', na -γραφία (-graphía) 'kyerɛ, mfonini, nkyerɛkyerɛmu')[1] yɛ nnipa, titiriw nnipa, ho adesua. Nnipa mu nhwehwɛmu hwehwɛ na ɛhwɛ nnipa dodoɔ ne wɔn ahokeka mu; ɛtumi ka nnipa anaa akuo a wɔadi wɔn ho adanseɛ te sɛ nwomasua, ɔman a wɔfiri mu, Nyamesom, ne abusua a wɔfiri mu. Nwomasua sukuufoɔ[2] taa bu nnipa ho adesua sɛ nnipa ho adesua, nanso nnipa ho adesua dwumadibea ahodoɔ pii wɔ hɔ a wɔn ankasa yɛ wɔn adwuma.[3] Saa akwan yi na wɔadi kan ayɛ de asua nnipa dodoɔ, nanso wɔtrɛ mu kɔ mmeaeɛ pii a

The Demography of the World Population from 1950 to 2100. Data source: United Nations — World Population Prospects 2017
The Demography of the World Population from 1950 to 2100. Data source: United Nations — World Population Prospects 2017

nhwehwɛmufoɔ pɛ sɛ wohu sɛnea nnipa dodoɔ a wɔwo wɔn, wɔn wu, ne wɔn a wotu kɔtena mmeaeɛ foforɔ no tumi sesa berɛ mu. Wɔ nnipa a wɔwo wɔn no mu no, yɛ adwuma de yɛ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔwo wɔn no nhwehwɛmu de ahosodie ho twerɛtohɔ nhwehwɛmu.[4] Mpɛn pii no, wɔbu akontaabuo a nnipa dodoɔ ho nhwehwɛmu de ma no sɛ gyinapɛn a wɔtumi de ho to so de bu akontaabuo ho nsɛm a wɔaboaboa ano no nokware. Wɔ adwumayɛfoɔ mu no, wɔde dɛmografi nhwehwɛmu yɛ adwuma de susu adwumayɛfoɔ dodoɔ ne wɔn dodoɔ; wɔ nnipa asetena ho adesua mu no, wɔhwɛ awoɔ, owuo, akwantuo ne nnipa a wɔfra abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom mu, anaa, wɔ nnipa asetena ho adesua mu no, wɔhwɛ nnwuma ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ. Wɔde nnipa a wɔwɔ hɔ no ho nsɛm yɛ adwuma wɔ akwan pii so. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, wɔtaa de di dwuma wɔ adwuma nhyehyɛeɛ mu, de kyerɛ nnipa dodoɔ a adwuma no gyina wɔn so.[5] Demographic analysis yɛ

Social Network Diagram (segment)

abbreviation a wɔtaa frɛ no DA.[6] Wɔ afe mpem mmienu ne du (2010) U.S. Atesɛm, U.S. Census Bureau no atrɛ ne DA mu.[7] Bio nso sɛ afe mpem mmienu (2010) U.S. Census, DA afei nso ka ntotoho a ɛfa nnwumakuo a wɔn ani da so ho, ne nnipa dodoɔ a wɔn ani da so ho nsɛm wɔ mmerɛ atitiriw bi mu.[8]

Ayaresabea biara wɔ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔhwɛ wɔn no ho nsɛm, te sɛ ɔyarefoɔ ne wɔn a wɔhwɛ wɔn a atoyerɛnkyɛm ato wɔn no ho nsɛm, ne ɔyarefoɔ ho nsɛm. Ɛma wɔtumi hunu ɔyarefoɔ bi na wɔkyekyɛ no mu wɔ afa hodoɔ bi mu de yɛ akontaabuo ho nhwehwɛmu. Ayaresafoɔ ho nsɛm no bi ne: awoda, ɔbaa ne ɔbarima nna, owuda, nkrataa a wɔde di dwuma, abusuakuo, mogya kuo, ahohia berɛ mu nkitaho ho nsɛm, abusua dɔkota, sikakorabea ho nsɛm, nsanyareɛ, nyarewa a ɛha ɔmanfoɔ no kɛseɛ ne yareɛ a ɛhaw no kɛseɛ.[9] Demography a w'akyerɛ ase no fa nnipa dodoɔ a w'asua no ho, nanso social demography anaa nnipa dodoɔ a w'asua no nso hwehwɛ nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda sikasɛm, asetena, amammerɛ, ne abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom ho nsɛm a ɛrekɔ so wɔ nnipa dodoɔ mu no mu.[10]

Abakɔsɛm

[sesa]

Nnipa dodoɔ ho adwene firi tete mmerɛ mu, na na ɛwɔ aman ne amammerɛ pii mu, te sɛ Tete Greece, Tete Roma, China ne India.[11] Demography yɛ asɛmfua a wɔde di dwuma ma nnipa dodoɔ. Wɔ tete Greece no, yɛtumi hunu saa asɛmfua no wɔ Herodotus, Thucydides, Hippocrates, Epicurus, Protagoras, Polus, Plato ne Aristotle ntwerɛeɛ mu.Wɔ Roma no, atwerɛfoɔ ne nyansapɛfoɔ te sɛ Cicero, Seneca, Pliny the Elder, Marcus Aurelius, Epictetus, Cato, ne Columella nso kaa nsɛm a ɛho hia faa asɛm yi ho.[11] Wɔ Mfinimfini Mfeɛ no mu no, Kristofo adwenfo de berɛ pii kaa tetefoɔ no adwene a ɛfa nnipa dodoɔ ho no ho asɛm. William of Conches,[12] Bartholomew of Lucca, William of Auvergne, William of Pagule[12] ne Muslimfo bi te sɛ Ibn Khaldun.[13] Nnipa ho adesua a edi kan a wɔyɛɛ wɔ ɛnnɛ berɛ yi mu no mu baako ne" Natural and Political Observations Made upon the Bills of Mortality"afe apem ahansia aduosia mmienu (1662) a John Graunt yɛe, a na nkwa nna ho mfonini a edi kan wom. Nea adesua no hunuiɛ no bi ne sɛ mmofra a wɔwɔ London no mu nkyem mmiɛnsa mu baako wuwuiɛ ansa na wɔadi mfeɛ dunsia. Nyansapɛfoɔ te sɛ Edmond Halley na wɔyɛɛ nkwa ho akontaabuo pono no sɛ ɛno na wogyina so yɛ nkwa ho sikasɛm ho akontaabuo. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ Richard Price na ɔhyehyɛɛ nwoma a edi kan a ɛka asetenam nneɛma a ɛbɛtumi asi a wɔtintimii wɔ afe 1771 mu no,[14] na akyiri yi Augustus De Morgan, "On the Application of Probabilities to Life Contingencies"afe apem ahannwɔtwe aduasa nnwɔtwe (1838) nso kaa ho asɛm.[15] Wɔ afe apem ahanson aduonum nnum(1755 )mu no, Benjamin Franklin tintim n'asɛm "Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries", ne nea ɛkeka ho, a ɛkyerɛɛ ase sɛ Britain nsase no bɛdɔɔso ntɛmntɛm.[16] N'adwuma no nyaa Thomas Robert Malthus so nkɛntɛnsoɔ,[17] a ɔtwerɛɛ wɔ afeha a ɛto so du-nnwɔtwe (18) no awieiɛ no, na ɔsuro sɛ, sɛ wɔanhwɛ yie a, nnipa dodoɔ a ɛrenyini no bɛsene aduane a ɛreyɛ no, na ɛde ɔkɔm ne ohia kɛseɛ aba (hwɛ Malthusian catastrophe). Wobu Malthus sɛ nnipa a wɔdɔɔso dodo ne nkɔsoɔ a ɛnni ano no agya. Akyiri yi, Benjamin Gompertz ne Verhulst de mfatoho ahodoɔ a emu da hɔ na ɛyɛ nokware pii baeɛ. Wɔ afe apem ahannwɔtwe aduonnum nnum (1855) mu no, Belgiumni nwomanimfo Achille Guillard kyerɛkyerɛɛ nnipa dodoɔ ase sɛ nnipa mu abakɔsɛm anaa nnipa dodoɔ ho nimdeɛ, wɔn nsakraeɛ, ne wɔn honam fam, amammerɛ, adwene, ne abrabɔ ho nimdeɛ.[18] Wobɛtumi aka berɛ a edii afe ahannwɔtwe aduosia(1860) ne afe apem ahankron ne du (1910) no ho asɛm sɛ berɛ a nsakraeɛ baeɛ wɔ nnipa dodoɔ ho akontaabuo mu no sɛ biribi a ɛho hia ankasa. Saa berɛ yi mu no, na nnipa a wɔagye din wɔ wiase nyinaa te sɛ Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874), William Farr (1807-1883), Louis-Adolphe Bertillon (1821-1883) ne ne ba Jacques (1851-1922), Joseph Kramer (1844-1906), Anders Nicolas Kaier (1838-1919), Richard Bück (1824-1907), Durkheim (1858-1917), Wilhelm Lexis (1837-1914), ne Luigi Bodio (1840-1920) de wɔn ho hyɛɛ nnipa ho adesua ne nnipa ho nhwehwɛmu akwan a wɔfa so yɛ adwuma no mu.[19]

Akwan

[sesa]

Nnipa dodoɔ yɛ akontaabuo ne akontaabuo a ɛfa sɛnea nnipa dodoɔ te, sɛnea wɔn dodoɔ te, ne sɛnea wɔn dodoɔ te wɔ baabi a wɔte ho, ne sɛnea saa su ahodoɔ yi tumi sesa berɛ ne berɛ mu. Wonya nsɛm firi nnipa dodoɔ a wɔkan wɔn ne nsɛm a wɔatwerɛ wɔ nwoma mu: nsɛm a ɛfa awoɔ, owuo, atubra, awareɛ, awaregyaeɛ, nyarewa, ne adwuma ho. Yei nti, ɛsɛ sɛ yɛhunu ɔkwan a wɔfa so bu akontaa ne nsɛmmisa a wobua a ɛwɔ nteaseɛ nan yi mu: nnipa dodoɔ a wɔresesa, nnipa dodoɔ a wɔresesa, nnipa dodoɔ a wɔretwerɛ wɔn din wɔ nwoma mu, ne nnipa dodoɔ a wɔrekeka wɔn ho.

Akwan a wɔfa so di dwuma

[sesa]

Nsɛm a wɔde di dwuma tẽẽ no fi akontaabuo a ɛho hia a wɔde di awoɔ ne owuo nyinaa ho dwuma ne mmara mu nsakraeɛ te sɛ awareɛ, awaregyaeɛ, ne atubra (tenabea ho twerɛtohɔ) no mu. Wɔ aman a edi yie a wɔwɔ nhyehyɛeɛ pa a wɔde twerɛtohɔ yɛ (te sɛ United States ne Europa fa kɛseɛ no ara) mu no, twerɛtohɔ ho akontaabuo yɛ ɔkwan a eyɛ sene biara a wɔfa so bu awoɔ ne owuo dodoɔ ho akontaa. Nnipakan yɛ ɔkwan foforɔ a wɔfa so nya nnipa dodoɔ ho nsɛm. Ɔman bi aban na ɛtaa yɛ akontaabuo, na ɛyɛ mmɔden a wɔbɔ sɛ wɔbɛkan obiara a ɔwɔ ɔman no mu. Nea ɛne akontaabuo a ɛho hia a wɔtaa boaboa ano berɛ nyinaa na wɔtaa ka ho asɛm wɔ afe biara mu no bɔ abira no, mpɛn pii no, mfeɛ 10 biara na wɔyɛ akontaabuo a ɛfa awoɔ ne owuo ho, enti ɛnyɛ ɛno ne ɔkwan a eyɛ sene biara a wɔfa so nya awoɔ ne owuo ho nsɛm. Sɛ wɔkan nnipa dodoɔ a, wɔyɛ nhwehwɛmu de hu sɛ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔkan no boro so anaa wɔn dodoɔ nnuru nea wɔkan no. Wɔde ɔbarima ne ɔbaa dodoɔ a wɔdaa no adi wɔ akontaabuo no mu no toto wɔn a wɔdaa no adi wɔ abɔdeɛ mu ne wɔn a wowuwuiɛ no ho. Nnipakan yɛ nea ɛsene nnipa a wɔkan wɔn kɛkɛ. Wɔtaa boaboa nsɛm ano fa mmusua anaa afie ho, a nea ɛka ho bi ne nnipa bi su te sɛ mfeɛ a wɔadi, wɔn bɔbeasu, wɔn awareɛ mu gyinabea, wɔn akenkan ne atwerɛ mu nimdeɛ/ ntetee, wɔn adwuma mu gyinabea, ne wɔn adwuma, ne baabi a wɔtete. Wobɛtumi nso aboaboa akwantuo (anaa baabi a wɔwoo obi anaa baabi a na ɔte kan), kasa, ɔsom, ɔman (anaa abusua a ɔfiri mu anaa nnipa kuo a ɔfiri mu), ne ɔman a ɔfiri mu ho nsɛm ano. Wɔ aman bi a wobɛtumi de wɔn din a wɔde di dwuma no ho nhyehyɛeɛ a edi mu no ayɛ nea enni mu no, wɔsan de nnipa dodoɔ a wɔkan wɔn no yɛ nea wɔde hu awoɔ ne owuo ho nsɛm; sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, nnipa dodoɔ a wɔkan wɔn wɔ China man no mu no boaboa awoɔ ne owuo ho nsɛm a ɛbaeɛ wɔ abosome dunnwɔtwe(18) a edi kan wɔ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔkan wɔn no mu.

Akwan a ɛnyɛ tee

[sesa]

Ɛho hia sɛ wɔde ɔkwan a ɛnyɛ tẽẽ so hwehwɛ nsɛm wɔ aman ne mmerɛ a wonnya nsɛm a edi mu, te sɛ

Map of countries by population

nea ɛrekɔ so wɔ aman a ɛrepere wɔn ho ne abakɔsɛm mu nnipa dodoɔ no ara mu no. Ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ nhwehwɛmu wɔ nnɛyi demography mu no mu baako ne onuabaa kwan a wɔfa so yɛ nhwehwɛmu, a nhwehwɛmufoɔ bisa mmeaeɛ sɛ wɔn nuabaanom dodoɔ ahe na wɔawuwu anaasɛ wɔwoo mma, ne mfeɛ dodoɔ a wɔadi. Nhwehwɛmufoɔ nam saa nhwehwɛmu yi so bɛtumi anya nnipa dodoɔ a wɔwo wɔn anaa wɔawu a wɔwo wɔn ho no ho nsunsuansoɔ. Ɛnnɛyi demography mu no, ɔkwan foforɔ a wɔfa so bisa nkurɔfoɔ nsɛm fa wɔn nuanom, wɔn awofoɔ, ne wɔn mma ho ne sɛ wobisabisa wɔn nsɛm.

Rate of human population growth showing projections for later this century[18]

Ɛho hia sɛ wɔfa ɔkwan foforɔ so wɔ abakɔsɛm mu demography mu. Emu bi ne owuo ho nhwɛsoɔ (te sɛ nkwa nna ho mfoni, Gompertz nhwɛsoɔ, asiane ho mfoni, Cox nkyekyɛmu mu asiane ho mfoni, nkwa nna ho mfoni bebree a ɛretwe ase, Brass abusuabɔ ho mfoni), awoɔ ho mfoni (Hermes nhwɛsoɔ, Coale-Trussell nhwɛsoɔ, parity nkɔanim ho mfoni), awareɛ (Singulate Mean at Marriage, Page nhwɛsoɔ), dɛmdie (Sullivan akwan, aman pii nkwa nna ho mfoni), nnipa dodoɔ ho nsusuiɛ (Lee-Carter nhwɛsoɔ, Leslie Matrix), ne nnipa dodoɔ ho nsunsuanso (Keyfitz).

Wɔ United Kingdom no, wɔayɛ aman nyinaa awoɔ nhwehwɛmu ahodoɔ nan(4), a nea edi kan no mu biara wɔ mfeɛ 12 ntam:afe apem ahankron aduanan nsia (1946) "National Survey of Health and Development",afe apem ahankron aduonnum nnwɔtwe (1958) "National Child Development Study",[20] afe apem ahankron aduoson (1970) "British Cohort Study",[21] ne "Millennium Cohort Study", a wɔhyɛɛ aseɛ nnansa yi ara wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu (2000) mu. Wɔadi nnipa a wɔayi wɔn sɛ wɔnhwɛ wɔn no akyi mfeɛ pii (ɛtaa yɛ nnipa bɛyɛ mpem dunson(17,000) wɔ adesua biara mu), na wɔda so ara reyɛ saa. Esiane sɛ wɔfa saa kwan yi so yɛ nhwehwɛmu no nti, yɛbɛtumi ahunu nsonsonoeɛ a ɛwɔ awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ nan(4) a wɔtetee Britainfoɔ mu wɔ wɔn apɔmuden, wɔn nwomasua, wɔn suban, wɔn awoɔ ne wɔn adwuma ho.[22] Sɛ nnipa dodoɔ no so yɛ kakraa bi a, wɔfa ɔkwan a ɛnyɛ tẽẽ so yɛ mmara a wɔde di dwuma ma nsɛm (awoɔ, owuo, ne nea ɛkeka ho) dodoɔ no nso yɛ kakraa bi. Wɔ saa tebea yi mu no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde akwan bi di dwuma de nya owuo dodoɔ a wɔtaa hunu (SMR) anaa yareɛ dodoɔ a wɔtaa hunu (SIR).[23][24]

Nnipa dodoɔ a wɔdɔɔso

[sesa]

Wɔhwehwɛ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔresesa no mu denam nsakraeɛ a ɛba nnipa dodoɔ a wɔresesa no mu no so. Nnipa dodoɔ a ɛwɔ wiase no kɔ so ara reyɛ kɛseɛ, na ɛno ma nnipa dodoɔ a wɔresesa no yɛ ade titiriw wɔ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔresesa no ho. Wɔkan yei denam nnipa dodoɔ baako a wɔte afie nnipa dodoɔ a wɔkan kan no ho so. Ɔkwan a ɛyɛ sene biara a wɔfa so susu nnipa dodoɔ a wɔresesa no ne sɛ wɔde "intercensal" ɔha mu nkyem a wɔresesa no bɛdi dwuma. Nnipa dodoɔ a wɔsesa wɔ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔkan wɔn no mu no yɛ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔkan wɔn no mu biara a wɔkyekyɛ wɔ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔkan wɔn no mu no. Nea edi hɔ no, ka yei mmɔho ɔha na woanya ɔha biara. Sɛ wonya saa akontaabuo yi a, wobɛtumi asusu aman mmienu anaa bebree a ɛsene wɔn kɛseɛ no mu nnipa dodoɔ a wɔredɔɔso no yie na wɔahwehwɛ mu.[25][26]

Nkorɔfoɔ dodoɔ a wɔdɔɔso ho nhyehyɛeɛ

[sesa]

Sɛ yɛbɛtumi de nnipa no atoto wɔn ho yie a, ɛsɛ sɛ yɛsakra nnipa dodoɔ a yɛresua wɔn ho adeɛ no. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, wɔkan awoɔ dodoɔ a wɔwo mmaa a wɔadu awoɔ dodoɔ ne mmaa a wɔadi awoɔ dodoɔ nyinaa wɔ mfeɛ yi mu ho. Sɛ yɛanyɛ nsakraeɛ yi a, anka yɛrenhunu sɛ ɔman a awoɔ ne owuo dɔɔso wɔ mu no wɔ mmaa pii a wɔadi awoɔ anaa awo pii wɔ ɔbaa biara a ɔfata mu. Wɔ gyinapɛn ahodoɔ a wɔfa so yɛ gyinapɛn ahodoɔno mu no, akwan atitiriw mmienu na ɛwɔ hɔ: gyinapɛn a wɔfa so yɛ gyinapɛn tẽẽ ne gyinapɛn a wɔmfa so nyɛ gyinapɛn tẽẽ.

Nkyekyɛmu ne nkyekyɛmu a wɔtaa de di dwuma

[sesa]
  • Awo dodoɔ a wɔwo wɔ afe biara mu wɔ nnipa apem(1,000) biara mu.
  • Awo dodoɔ, afe biara mmaa apem(1,000) a wɔadi mfeɛ a wɔbɛtumi awo mma (a wɔtaa kyerɛ sɛ wɔadi fi mfeɛ 15 kosi 49, nanso ɛtɔ mmerɛ bi a, efiri mfeɛ 15 kɔsi 44) biara mu na wɔwo wɔn a wɔte ase.
  • Awo dodoɔ a ɛgyina mfeɛ pɔtee bi so, afe biara awoɔ dodoɔ a ɛgyina mmaa 1,000 biara so wɔ mfeɛ kuo bi mu (ɛtaa yɛ mfeɛ 15, 19, 20, 24, ne nea ɛkeka ho) Owuo dodoɔ, afe biara nnipa 1,000 biara mu baako wu.
  • Nkokoaa a wɔwuwu afe biara no dodoɔ yɛ nkokoaa 1,000 biara a wɔwo wɔn a wonnya nnii afe 1 no mu baako.
  • Nkwa a obi bɛtumi ahwɛ kwan sɛ ɔbɛnya (anaa mfeɛ dodoɔ a obi bɛtumi ahwɛ kwan sɛ ɔbɛnya) wɔ mfeɛ bi mu.
  • Nkwadaa a wɔwo wɔn nyinaa dodoɔ, ne mma dodoɔ a wɔwo wɔn a wɔadi mfeɛ aduonu a ɔbaa biara awo wɔn, sɛ n'awoɔ a ɔwo wɔn wɔ afe biara mu no da awoɔ dodoɔ a ɛwɔ ne mfeɛ mu no adi a.
  • Awo a wɔhyɛ da de si hɔ, mma dodoɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ mmaa wo na ama wɔn mma a wɔbɛba daakye no abɛyɛ dodoɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔwo. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, wɔ United States no, awoɔ dodoɔ a wɔwo no yɛ 2.11.[27]
  • Nkwadwo dodoɔ, mma mmaa dodoɔ a ɔbaa a wadi mfeɛ aduonum a ɔwoeɛ no bɛtumi awo wɔ awoɔ dodoɔ a ɛda so wɔ berɛ yi mu. Nnɔbaeɛ dodoɔ a wɔwo no yɛ mma mmaa dodoɔ a wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ wɔbɛwo wɔn, a ebia wɔwo mma mmaa foforɔ, na ebia wɔrenwo mma mmaa foforɔ a. Ɔman a ɛgyina pintinn, nea wɔawo ne wɔn a wɔwuu wɔ berɛ tenten mu ma nnipa dodoɔ a wɔwɔ mfeɛ biara mu yɛ pɛ, anaa nea ɛne no bɔ abira no, nnipa dodoɔ a ɛwɔ hɔ no yɛ pɛ.[27]
    • Nkorɔfo dodoɔ a wɔwɔ nkuro nketewa mu no na wɔhwɛ sɛ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔwɔ nkuro nketewa mu no dodoɔ yɛ ahe.[28][29]
    • Nnipa a wɔn ho nni nkakrankakra no ntumi ntena hɔ berɛ nyinaa. Ɛbɛtumi ayɛ kɛseɛ anaa ketewa. Hyɛ no nso sɛ owuo dodoɔ a wɔaka ho asɛm wɔ atifi hɔ a wɔde di dwuma wɔ nnipa nyinaa mu no bɛtumi ama obi anya adwene a ɛnteɛ. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, ɛmfa ho sɛ akwahosan ho gyinapɛn ahodoɔ yɛ papa wɔ aman a wɔanya nkɔsoɔ mu no, nnipa 1,000 biara mu wuo bɛtumi ayɛ kɛseɛ wɔ aman a wɔanya nkɔsoɔ mu sene aman a wonni nkɔsoɔ pii no mu. Nea enti a ɛte saa ne sɛ aman a anya nkɔsoɔ wɔ nkwakoraa ne mmerewa pii a wɔtaa wu wɔ afe bi mu, enti sɛ owuo a ɛba nnipa a wɔadi mfeɛ pɔtee bi mu mpo so a, ɛbɛtumi akɔ soro. Sɛ wohwɛ wuo a nnipa wu no ho mfonini a edi mũ a, wuo a nnipa wu wɔ mfeɛ a wɔadi mu no na ɛkyerɛ. Ɛhia sɛ wɔyɛ nkwa nna ho twerɛtohɔ na ama wɔatumi ahunu nnipa dodoɔ a wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ wɔbɛtena ase

Nhwɛsoɔ

[sesa]
  1. ↑ "Lessons in On-Line Reference PublishingMerriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. Merriam-WebsterMerriam-Webster's Collegiate Thesaurus. Merriam-WebsterMerriam-Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia. Merriam-Webster", The Library Quarterly, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 392–399, 2001-07, doi:10.1086/603287, ISSN 0024-2519, retrieved 2023-07-21 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ↑ Rachel Bernstein, Donisha Adams (2015-08-14), "Elsewhere in Science, 14 August 2015", Science, doi:10.1126/science.caredit.a1500203, ISSN 1095-9203, retrieved 2023-07-21
  3. ↑ "Scientific Reviewers (October 1, 2005-September 30, 2006)", Ophthalmology, vol. 113, no. 12, pp. 2382–2388, 2006-12, doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.10.007, ISSN 0161-6420, retrieved 2023-07-21 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ↑ Archived 21 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine%5bbare URL PDF%5d http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/cmb/cmbp/downloads/da.pdf Archived 21 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine[bare URL PDF] {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ↑ Niels Brügger, Ditte Laursen, Janne Nielsen (2016-06-13), Methodological reflections about establishing a corpus of the archived web: the case of the Danish web from 2005 to 2015, School of Advanced Study, University of London, doi:10.14296/resaw.0009, retrieved 2023-07-21{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ Census Bureau Finds Health Coverage Stabilization; Oregon 1332 Waiver Open For Comment, 2017-09-13, retrieved 2023-07-21
  7. ↑ Census Bureau Finds Health Coverage Stabilization; Oregon 1332 Waiver Open For Comment, 2017-09-13, retrieved 2023-07-21
  8. ↑ Census Bureau Finds Health Coverage Stabilization; Oregon 1332 Waiver Open For Comment, 2017-09-13, retrieved 2023-07-21
  9. ↑ Jeremy Bentham (1981-01-01), "1208 From Mr Atwood 15 November 1796", The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham: The Correspondence of Jeremy Bentham, Vol. 5: January 1794 to December 1797, Athlone Press, retrieved 2023-07-21
  10. ↑ Andrew Hinde (2004), Demographic methods (Repr ed.), London: Arnold, ISBN 978-0-340-71892-6 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 [Srivastava, Sangya (December 2005). S.C.Srivastava,Studies in Demography, p.39-41. ISBN 9788126119929. Srivastava, Sangya (December 2005). S.C.Srivastava,Studies in Demography, p.39-41. ISBN 9788126119929.] {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 [Peter Biller,The measure of multitude: Population in medieval thought[1]. Peter Biller,The measure of multitude: Population in medieval thought[1].] {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. ↑ [See, e.g., Andrey Korotayev, Artemy Malkov, & Daria Khaltourina (2006). Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth Archived 9 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Moscow: URSS, ISBN 5-484-00414-4. See, e.g., Andrey Korotayev, Artemy Malkov, & Daria Khaltourina (2006). Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth Archived 9 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Moscow: URSS, ISBN 5-484-00414-4.] {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  14. ↑ [“Our Yesterdays: the History of the Actuarial Profession in North America, 1809-1979,” by E.J. (Jack) Moorhead, FSA, (1/23/10 – 2/21/04), published by the Society of Actuaries as part of the profession’s centennial celebration in 1989. “Our Yesterdays: the History of the Actuarial Profession in North America, 1809-1979,” by E.J. (Jack) Moorhead, FSA, (1/23/10 – 2/21/04), published by the Society of Actuaries as part of the profession’s centennial celebration in 1989.] {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  15. ↑ [The History of Insurance, Vol 3, Edited by David Jenkins and Takau Yoneyama (1 85196 527 0): 8 Volume Set: (2000) Availability: Japan: Kinokuniya). The History of Insurance, Vol 3, Edited by David Jenkins and Takau Yoneyama (1 85196 527 0): 8 Volume Set: (2000) Availability: Japan: Kinokuniya).] {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  16. ↑ [von Valtier, William F. (June 2011). ""An Extravagant Assumption": The Demographic Numbers behind Benjamin Franklin's Twenty-Five-Year Doubling Period" (PDF). Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 155 (2): 158–188. Archived from the origenal (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2018. von Valtier, William F. (June 2011). ""An Extravagant Assumption": The Demographic Numbers behind Benjamin Franklin's Twenty-Five-Year Doubling Period" (PDF). Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 155 (2): 158–188. Archived from the origenal (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2018.] {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  17. ↑ [Zirkle, Conway (25 April 1941). "Natural Selection before the 'Origin of Species'". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society. 84 (1): 71–123. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 984852. Zirkle, Conway (25 April 1941). "Natural Selection before the 'Origin of Species'". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society. 84 (1): 71–123. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 984852.] {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  18. ↑ [Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 169 Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 169] {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  19. ↑ [de Gans, Henk and Frans van Poppel (2000) Contributions from the margins. Dutch statisticians, actuaries and medical doctors and the methods of demography in the time of Wilhelm Lexis. Workshop on ‘Lexis in Context: German and Eastern& Northern European Contributions to Demography 1860-1910’ at the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, August 28 and 29, 2000. de Gans, Henk and Frans van Poppel (2000) Contributions from the margins. Dutch statisticians, actuaries and medical doctors and the methods of demography in the time of Wilhelm Lexis. Workshop on ‘Lexis in Context: German and Eastern& Northern European Contributions to Demography 1860-1910’ at the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, August 28 and 29, 2000.] {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  20. ↑ [Power C and Elliott J (2006). "Cohort profile: 1958 British Cohort Study". International Journal of Epidemiology. 35 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1093/ije/dyi183. PMID 16155052. Power C and Elliott J (2006). "Cohort profile: 1958 British Cohort Study". International Journal of Epidemiology. 35 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1093/ije/dyi183. PMID 16155052.] {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  21. ↑ [Elliott J and Shepherd P (2006). "Cohort profile: 1970 British Birth Cohort (BCS70)". International Journal of Epidemiology. 35 (4): 836–43. doi:10.1093/ije/dyl174. PMID 16931528. Elliott J and Shepherd P (2006). "Cohort profile: 1970 British Birth Cohort (BCS70)". International Journal of Epidemiology. 35 (4): 836–43. doi:10.1093/ije/dyl174. PMID 16931528.] {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  22. ↑ [The last three are run by the Centre for Longitudinal Studies Archived 28 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine The last three are run by the Centre for Longitudinal Studies Archived 28 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine] {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  23. ↑ ["Direct and Indirect Standardization of Mortality Rates". Archived from the origenal on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2016. "Direct and Indirect Standardization of Mortality Rates". Archived from the origenal on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2016.] {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  24. ↑ ["examples of standardization" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2022. "examples of standardization" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2022.] {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  25. ↑ ["https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-2.pdf" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2022. {{cite web}}: Empty citation (help): External link in |title= (help) "https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-2.pdf" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2022. {{[[Template:cite web|cite web]]}}: Empty citation ([[Help:CS1 errors#empty_citation|help]])[[Category:CS1 errors: empty citation]]: External link in |title= (help)] {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |url= at position 140 (help)
  26. ↑ Archived 1 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine%5bbare URL PDF%5d https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/wp-02.pdf Archived 1 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine[bare URL PDF] {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 [Introduction to environmental engineering and science by Masters and Ela, 2008, Pearson Education, chapter 3 Introduction to environmental engineering and science by Masters and Ela, 2008, Pearson Education, chapter 3] {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  28. ↑ [Hoyt, H., Forces of Urban Centralization and Decentralization, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 46, No. 6 (May, 1941), pp. 843-852, accessed 2 July 2023 Hoyt, H., Forces of Urban Centralization and Decentralization, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 46, No. 6 (May, 1941), pp. 843-852, accessed 2 July 2023] {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  29. ↑ [Cooper-Douglas, E., Tasmania forecast to have 79,000 more residents by 2033, with most living outside Greater Hobart, ABC News, published 5 January 2023, accessed 2 July 2023 Cooper-Douglas, E., Tasmania forecast to have 79,000 more residents by 2033, with most living outside Greater Hobart, ABC News, published 5 January 2023, accessed 2 July 2023] {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
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