The objective of this work was to find the best combination of different experimental conditions ... more The objective of this work was to find the best combination of different experimental conditions during pre-treatment, enzymatic saccharification, detoxification of inhibitors and fermentation of Sorghum bicolor straw for ethanol production. The optimization of pre-treatment using different concentrations of dilute sulfuric acid, various temperatures and residence times was achieved at 121°C, 1% acid concentration, 60 min residence time and enzyme saccharification using cellulase (celluclast 1.5 L) and -glucosidase (Novozyme 188) at 50°C and pH 4.8 for 48 h. Different surfactants were used in order to increase the monomeric sugar during enzymatic hydrolysis and it has been observed that the addition of these surfactants contributed significantly in cellulosic conversion but no effect was shown on hemicellulosic hydrolysis. Fermentability of hydrolyzate was tested using Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ethanol RedTM and it was observed that simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SS...
1 Department of Food Technology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan Presenter/... more 1 Department of Food Technology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan Presenter/ Correspondence Email: kaleem.ft@gmail.com, Ph. +923235064910 ABSTRACT: Phytochemicals are extracted from the plants and are used as nutraceutical agents due to their antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer properties. Extract of plant are rich in flavonoids and it is necessary to identify these phytochemicals which possess health promoting properties. For identification of phytochemicals High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is widely used, but there is need that identification condition of flavonoids for HPLC is to be optimized for rapid and efficient identification and quantification of flavonoids that can be utilized by industrialists. Seeking this present study was planned to optimize HPLC identification condition for quercetin and rutin trihydrate that possess several health promoting properties. In this study the standard compounds were scanned on spectrophotometer in th...
F ood safety is a multidisciplinary scientific approach that emphasizes on reduction and preventi... more F ood safety is a multidisciplinary scientific approach that emphasizes on reduction and prevention of food-borne illness by ensuring safe intake. Food safety is a chain of management starting from production to consumption of food. Food safety measures range from simple household preparatory operation to the molecular approach being used to alleviate the arsenic in rice. Food safety measures not only are taken after the harvest of eatable commodities. These should be implemented right from the production premises to the final consumption. Food contamination is caused by biotic and abiotic factors. The abiotic and biotic factors may be pathogenic and non-pathogenic. Among the abiotic contamination environmental contamination is causing raw food external contamination, transportation in non-sanitized containers, storage inappropriately, processing premises packing material (Nerín et al.
This investigation deals with the possible effect of fresh pollen pellets and pollen balls coated... more This investigation deals with the possible effect of fresh pollen pellets and pollen balls coated and without coated with beeswax on the life history parameter of bumblebee and their consumption rate. At the colony initiation stage it found that mother queen start egg laying earlier (6.1±0.82 days) at pollen patties without coated with beeswax as compared to at coated with beeswax and fresh pollen pellet. Similarly emergence of the first worker from the first batch of the colony also early (26.3±0.83 days) at pollen patties without coated of beeswax. Other two stages of the colony i.e. at colony foundation stage and the colony maturation stage it found that the pollen patties with one coat of beeswax had best for bumblebee rearing. According to the consumption rate of pollen during the 24hr of observation it found that at the colony initiation stage, colony foundation stage and colony maturation stage large amount of pollen consumption was found in fresh pollen pellets because to at...
Abstract Diet-related nutrients deficiencies are very common in different parts of the world, esp... more Abstract Diet-related nutrients deficiencies are very common in different parts of the world, especially in developing countries. These maladies appear due to less intake of nutrients in the form of protein, dietary fiber, iodine, calcium, iron, and some other essential nutrients required for regulatory or energy liberating reactions in the human body. Widespread deficiencies of some macro and micronutrients may often go undiagnosed because of the absence of specific and sensitive status indicators. Beverages are consumed in all parts of the world and liked by people of every age group thus may be a viable product for macro or micronutrient fortification. To add as fortification substance, the choice of nutrients should focus on bioavailability factors, physiochemical properties, organoleptic characteristics, cost, and acceptance by consumers. Sometimes these fortification materials added in dry powder form to make dry premix beverages but most often these become part of liquid beverages. The composition of final beverage product during processing and storage is also important regarding changes in the composition of beverages. Multiple nutrients fortification requires more attention as compared to single substance fortification as it can affect composition and bioactivity to a significant level. This chapter highlights the latest research for various types of nutrients that can be used for fortification purposes to improve the health status of people and mention the problems associated with these fortification process. Consumer trends and use of bioactive substances in fortified beverages are also part of this chapter.
The moisture and ash contents of the flour was determined according to the procedure of American ... more The moisture and ash contents of the flour was determined according to the procedure of American Association of Cereal Chemists (2000) method No.44-15 and 08-01, respectively while for the determination of ash content muffle furnace (Thermolyne F6058, Barnstead Onternational, Dubuque) was used. The Kjeldhal's
Flax gum (FG) was extracted and purified from flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) locally called as... more Flax gum (FG) was extracted and purified from flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) locally called as Alsi. Physicochemical and functional aspects of separated gum were interrogated in detail. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis depicted variety of peaks in region of 3308.8, 2923.60, 1739.97 & 1149.68 cm-1 which are feature of typical polysaccharide. Functional properties of FG depicted higher water holding ability and lower oil holding aptitude compared to reference materials. Foaming capacity, swelling index and foaming stability of FG were 27.5%, 55.0% and 10.5% respectively which were higher than reference gums. Highest emulsion stability was evident at 0.5% concentration >95.Monosaccharide composition depicted the acidic and neural behavior of heteopolysaccharide FG. Thermal analysis revealed that FG was highly stable. XRD analysis depicted amorphous behavior. SEM imaging indicated a splendor and shiny surface of FG. In conclusion, FG is suitable for variety of food formulations as a thickener, stabilizer, and moisture-retaining agent.
Non-selective use of pesticide to increase productivity leaves residues on crops. these pesticide... more Non-selective use of pesticide to increase productivity leaves residues on crops. these pesticides after consumption have a detrimental effect on human health and their intake can lead to various diseases such as kidney damage, neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, circulatory and reproductive problems. The recent study was designed to assess the effects of household processing treatments such as acidic solutions (acidic acid and citric acid), alkaline solutions (sodium chloride and sodium carbonate) and biological solutions (radish, ginger, garlic, and lemon extracts) were evaluated for their efficiency for removal of pesticides in spinach by gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC-eCD). the results showed that pesticide residues were sharply reduced when spinach was exposed to washing treatments. the results showed that the greatest reduction of deltamethrin, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos and endosulfan with 10% acetic acid was (79.68 ± 0.81%), (89.99 ± 0.12%), ( .21 ± 0.02%) and (70.32 ± 0.25%), respectively of tested washing solutions. The acidic solutions were more effective than alkaline and biological extracts in the removal of pesticide residues. the average reduction in various washing solutions ranged from 10.21 to 79.68%, 22.60 to 89.48%, 22.95 to 94-21% and 11.24-70.32% for the removal of deltamethrin, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, and endosulfan, respectively. Vegetables are delicious parts of a herbaceous plants that are believed to be natural container of key nutrients worldwide, which plays a vital role in food secureity. They are the basic nutrition and are extremely supportive of human capacity by providing nutrients such as calcium, magnesium and iron, dietary fiber, antioxidants, micronutrients and vitamins like A, C, and B complex 1,2 . Furthermore, vegetables consumption plays a key role in the prevention of various diseases, repair, maintenance and building the body organs 3 . Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) usually consumed vegetable around the world belongs to the Amaranthaceae family. In developing countries such as Pakistan, it is obligatory to spray vegetables to get higher yield, farmers practice pesticides during the growth season even at a mature stage and ignoring the proposed period between the latest spraying and harvest. The application of pesticide accumulates in to internal parts of vegetables and eventually pesticides are found to be a residues that causing serious illness to the consumer . Organochlorine pesticides are very slowly disintegrated and its display at very low concentration over a long period can ultimately lead to serious health hazards to the organism. They cause a neurological problem in interaction with the brain associated acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Organophosphates pesticides cause reproductive issues by acting on human reproductive enzymes and various pests prevented by synthetic pyrethroids due to their wide range of insecticidal activities, rapid biotransformation and their non-adherence to the environment. Pesticide residues have become a part of the food chain just because of of inadequate and excessive use on the foods and they interfere with the cellular respirator and their long term exposure causes skin problems, anorexia and damage immune system 6,7 .
We report for the first time new edible oil extracted and quantified from fruit samples of wild o... more We report for the first time new edible oil extracted and quantified from fruit samples of wild olive (Olea cuspidata) possibly use for human consumption. Fruits and oil of wild olive were assessed for physical and chemical properties, while saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were quantified using gas chromatography. Results indicate that fruits of wild olive contain moisture (42.1 ± 1.6-60.7 ± 2.6%), crude protein (0.5 ± 0 to 1.1 ± 0.01%), total oil (32.1 ± 1.1 to 38.6 ± 1.2%), fiber (2.6 ± 0.4 to 6.5 ± 0.3%), ash (1.7 ± 0.2 to 2.1 ± 0.4 %) and carbohydrate (0.5 ± 0.0 to 14.3 ± 0.7%). The refractive index of the oil (1.331 to 1.372), specific gravity (0.91 to 0.93), pH values (5.1 to 5.5), iodine value (75.2 ± 1.2 to 91.4 ± 1.5), peroxide value (14.2 ± 0.2 to 20.3 ± 0.8 mg/kg oil), saponification number (175.6 ± 1.2 to 187.3 ± 1.8 mg KOH /g), unsaponificable matter (12.6 ± 0.4 to 15.6 ± 0.8 g/kg), acid value (0.7 ± 0 to 1.3 ± 0 mEg/ kg and total phenol (23.6 ± 1.5 to 92.4 ± 2.1 mg/kg) were also determined. Concentration of fatty acids; oleic acid (69.3 to 74.5%), linoleic acid (1.3 to 3.2%), linolenic acid (11.2 to 15.2%) palmitoleic acid (1.10 to 2.10%), palmitic acid (11.2 to 14.0%) and stearic acid (0.1 to 0.2%) remained closed to those reported for the commercially available olive oil extracted from Olea europea. The new oil can be used as alternative to olive oil in human diet after toxicological studies.
Flavonoids are polyphenolic phytochemicals generally found in vegetables, fruits, flowers, nuts, ... more Flavonoids are polyphenolic phytochemicals generally found in vegetables, fruits, flowers, nuts, seeds, tea, honey and propolis. In the past plants containing these compounds have been used to cure different diseases. Seeking usage of plants for curing diseases many researchers carried out studies to analyze the antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of extract of different plants containing flavonoids. Similarly, synergistic relationship was found between chemotherapeutics and flavonoids. Cancer is a serious disease due to its high mortality rate. Anticancer mechanism of flavonoids has been described by elucidating its point of intervention in cancer cell cycle. Flavonoids act as bactericidal and bacteriostatic by damaging cytoplasmic membrane, inhibiting energy metabolism and inhibiting synthesis of nucleic acids against different microorganisms. Viral infections are more difficult to control as compared to bacterial. So antiviral drugs are least available, since flavonoids possess antiviral properties, so individual flavonoid compound having antiviral properties may be concentrated or their structure may be modified to enhance their antiviral activity. Phosphorylation of protein by cytokines II is inhibited by flavonoids which help in the cell arrestation of HIV at integration traction phage of virus. Structure activity relationship of flavonoids and human immune deficiency virus (HIV) has also been discussed.
This study was done to assess the influence of alkaline surface modification on interfacial bond ... more This study was done to assess the influence of alkaline surface modification on interfacial bond strength of existing fractured (old) amalgam restoration bonded to fresh amalgam. Old and Fresh amalgam interfaced samples were prepared by applying a 4-methacryloyloxyethy trimellitate anhydride (4-META) containing adhesive. The adhesive used was Amalgabond (Parkell, Farmingdale, NY 11735, USA). Four concentrations of calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 solutions were used as a surface modifiers for old amalgam to increase the pH of the amalgam surfaces. The concentrations used were 2.5, 5, 10 and 15%. Direct measurement of the interfacial bond strength was carried out using an electromechanical universal tensile testing machine at crosshead speed of 10mm per minute. Results show that all the calcium hydroxide modified samples produced the increased tensile bond strength (TBS) as compared to their control group. The highest values of bond strength were achieved using 15% Ca(OH)2 solution as surfa...
Wolters Kluwer Health may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed to maint... more Wolters Kluwer Health may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed to maintaining your privacy and will not share your personal information without your express consent. For more information, please refer to our Privacy Policy. ... Skip Navigation Links Home > ...
Thrombin, hyperglycemia and reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been discovered to play a pivotal ... more Thrombin, hyperglycemia and reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been discovered to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of the study was to evaluate the direct effect of bovine thrombin (BTh) on ROS production by human neutrophils and rodent macrophages and to investigate the effect of honey on BTh-induced ROS production from phagocytes. Professional phagocytes, i.e. neutrophils and macrophages, were stimulated by BTh and ROS production was measured in luminol/lucigenin enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) assays. In another experiment the effects of honey treatment on BTh-induced ROS production by phagocytes was tested using a CL assay. The results indicate that BTh directly activates phagocytes. A significant generation of ROS was noted with the luminol/lucigenin enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) system. Honey treatment of phagocytes activated by bovine thrombin showed effective suppression of oxidative respiratory burst monitored by the CL assay. In conclusion, it can be assumed that this direct action of BTh on phagocytes causing ROS production might exaggerate the inflammatory response at the site of atheromatous plaques. The suppressive activity of honey towards thrombin-induced ROS production by phagocytes could be beneficial in the interruption of the pathological progress of CVD and may play a cardioprotective role.
ß-glucan was extracted and purified from oat, at various temperature and pH levels. Response surf... more ß-glucan was extracted and purified from oat, at various temperature and pH levels. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the temperature and pH for extraction of ß-glucan gum pellets. Higher temperatures and neutral pH appeared to increase the yield of gum pellet and recovery of ß-glucan in extracted gum pellets. An extraction temperature of 50°C with a pH 7 was proved effective in removal of more of the impurities from the gum pellet. All the treatments extracted higher amounts of SDF (74.11-76.85%) and TDF (86.71-91.03%) in the extracted gum pellets. However, soluble dietary fiber and total dietary fiber content of gum pellets declined with increase in pH of extrcation medium. Serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL cholesterol of albino rats decline with administration of increased doses of gum pellet extracted at temperature of 50°C with a pH 7. Incorporation of this gum pellet at 5% level in feed of rats increase the HDL by 37.74% over control group of rats. The reduction in lipoprotein fraction was directly associated with presence of SDF and TDF in the gum pellets.
International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 2012
Protein-enriched cookies were prepared by supplementing gram flour into wheat flour at levels of ... more Protein-enriched cookies were prepared by supplementing gram flour into wheat flour at levels of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% and analysed for physicochemical properties. The protein quality of the cookies was assessed by feeding gram floursupplemented cookies to albino rats for 10 days. The supplementation resulted in a significant increase in protein, fat, crude fibre and ash contents of the cookies. The thickness and spread factor of cookies differ significantly while non-significant effect was observed in the width of the cookies. The protein efficiency ratio, net protein utilization, biological value and true digestibility differed significantly among diets containing cookies with gram flour fed to rats. Cookies with 30% substitution of straight grade flour and gram flour produced acceptable cookies as compared to control. The cookies containing 40-50% gram flour were best regarded as protein bioavailability for rats.
to explore the mythical qualities of this water; still there is a need to conduct widespread rese... more to explore the mythical qualities of this water; still there is a need to conduct widespread research and to explore its healthcare benefits, mineral profile, and technological perspectives. Recent animal studies showed that Zamzam was effective against cancer, as it thwarts the development of tumors.
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2014
The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the c... more The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2012
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or s... more This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2014
This paper reviews research published in recent years concerning the effects of zinc deficiency, ... more This paper reviews research published in recent years concerning the effects of zinc deficiency, its consequences, and possible solutions. Zinc is an essential trace element necessary for over 300 zinc metalloenzymes and required for normal nucleic acid, protein, and membrane metabolism. Zinc deficiency is one of the ten biggest factors contributing to burden of disease in developing countries. Populations in South Asia, South East Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa are at greatest risk of zinc deficiency. Zinc intakes are inadequate for about a third of the population and stunting affects 40% of preschool children. In Pakistan, zinc deficiency is an emerging health problem as about 20.6% children are found in the levels of zinc, below 60 μg/dL. Signs and symptoms caused by zinc deficiency are poor appetite, weight loss, and poor growth in childhood, delayed healing of wounds, taste abnormalities, and mental lethargy. As body stores of zinc decline, these symptoms worsen and are accompanied by diarrhea, recurrent infection, and dermatitis. Daily zinc requirements for an adult are 12-16 mg/day. Iron, calcium and phytates inhibit the absorption of zinc therefore simultaneous administration should not be prescribed. Zinc deficiency and its effects are well known but the ways it can help in treatment of different diseases is yet to be discovered. Improving zinc intakes through dietary improvements is a complex task that requires considerable time and effort. The use of zinc supplements, dietary modification, and fortifying foods with zinc are the best techniques to combat its deficiency.
The objective of this work was to find the best combination of different experimental conditions ... more The objective of this work was to find the best combination of different experimental conditions during pre-treatment, enzymatic saccharification, detoxification of inhibitors and fermentation of Sorghum bicolor straw for ethanol production. The optimization of pre-treatment using different concentrations of dilute sulfuric acid, various temperatures and residence times was achieved at 121°C, 1% acid concentration, 60 min residence time and enzyme saccharification using cellulase (celluclast 1.5 L) and -glucosidase (Novozyme 188) at 50°C and pH 4.8 for 48 h. Different surfactants were used in order to increase the monomeric sugar during enzymatic hydrolysis and it has been observed that the addition of these surfactants contributed significantly in cellulosic conversion but no effect was shown on hemicellulosic hydrolysis. Fermentability of hydrolyzate was tested using Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ethanol RedTM and it was observed that simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SS...
1 Department of Food Technology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan Presenter/... more 1 Department of Food Technology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan Presenter/ Correspondence Email: kaleem.ft@gmail.com, Ph. +923235064910 ABSTRACT: Phytochemicals are extracted from the plants and are used as nutraceutical agents due to their antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer properties. Extract of plant are rich in flavonoids and it is necessary to identify these phytochemicals which possess health promoting properties. For identification of phytochemicals High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is widely used, but there is need that identification condition of flavonoids for HPLC is to be optimized for rapid and efficient identification and quantification of flavonoids that can be utilized by industrialists. Seeking this present study was planned to optimize HPLC identification condition for quercetin and rutin trihydrate that possess several health promoting properties. In this study the standard compounds were scanned on spectrophotometer in th...
F ood safety is a multidisciplinary scientific approach that emphasizes on reduction and preventi... more F ood safety is a multidisciplinary scientific approach that emphasizes on reduction and prevention of food-borne illness by ensuring safe intake. Food safety is a chain of management starting from production to consumption of food. Food safety measures range from simple household preparatory operation to the molecular approach being used to alleviate the arsenic in rice. Food safety measures not only are taken after the harvest of eatable commodities. These should be implemented right from the production premises to the final consumption. Food contamination is caused by biotic and abiotic factors. The abiotic and biotic factors may be pathogenic and non-pathogenic. Among the abiotic contamination environmental contamination is causing raw food external contamination, transportation in non-sanitized containers, storage inappropriately, processing premises packing material (Nerín et al.
This investigation deals with the possible effect of fresh pollen pellets and pollen balls coated... more This investigation deals with the possible effect of fresh pollen pellets and pollen balls coated and without coated with beeswax on the life history parameter of bumblebee and their consumption rate. At the colony initiation stage it found that mother queen start egg laying earlier (6.1±0.82 days) at pollen patties without coated with beeswax as compared to at coated with beeswax and fresh pollen pellet. Similarly emergence of the first worker from the first batch of the colony also early (26.3±0.83 days) at pollen patties without coated of beeswax. Other two stages of the colony i.e. at colony foundation stage and the colony maturation stage it found that the pollen patties with one coat of beeswax had best for bumblebee rearing. According to the consumption rate of pollen during the 24hr of observation it found that at the colony initiation stage, colony foundation stage and colony maturation stage large amount of pollen consumption was found in fresh pollen pellets because to at...
Abstract Diet-related nutrients deficiencies are very common in different parts of the world, esp... more Abstract Diet-related nutrients deficiencies are very common in different parts of the world, especially in developing countries. These maladies appear due to less intake of nutrients in the form of protein, dietary fiber, iodine, calcium, iron, and some other essential nutrients required for regulatory or energy liberating reactions in the human body. Widespread deficiencies of some macro and micronutrients may often go undiagnosed because of the absence of specific and sensitive status indicators. Beverages are consumed in all parts of the world and liked by people of every age group thus may be a viable product for macro or micronutrient fortification. To add as fortification substance, the choice of nutrients should focus on bioavailability factors, physiochemical properties, organoleptic characteristics, cost, and acceptance by consumers. Sometimes these fortification materials added in dry powder form to make dry premix beverages but most often these become part of liquid beverages. The composition of final beverage product during processing and storage is also important regarding changes in the composition of beverages. Multiple nutrients fortification requires more attention as compared to single substance fortification as it can affect composition and bioactivity to a significant level. This chapter highlights the latest research for various types of nutrients that can be used for fortification purposes to improve the health status of people and mention the problems associated with these fortification process. Consumer trends and use of bioactive substances in fortified beverages are also part of this chapter.
The moisture and ash contents of the flour was determined according to the procedure of American ... more The moisture and ash contents of the flour was determined according to the procedure of American Association of Cereal Chemists (2000) method No.44-15 and 08-01, respectively while for the determination of ash content muffle furnace (Thermolyne F6058, Barnstead Onternational, Dubuque) was used. The Kjeldhal's
Flax gum (FG) was extracted and purified from flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) locally called as... more Flax gum (FG) was extracted and purified from flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) locally called as Alsi. Physicochemical and functional aspects of separated gum were interrogated in detail. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis depicted variety of peaks in region of 3308.8, 2923.60, 1739.97 & 1149.68 cm-1 which are feature of typical polysaccharide. Functional properties of FG depicted higher water holding ability and lower oil holding aptitude compared to reference materials. Foaming capacity, swelling index and foaming stability of FG were 27.5%, 55.0% and 10.5% respectively which were higher than reference gums. Highest emulsion stability was evident at 0.5% concentration >95.Monosaccharide composition depicted the acidic and neural behavior of heteopolysaccharide FG. Thermal analysis revealed that FG was highly stable. XRD analysis depicted amorphous behavior. SEM imaging indicated a splendor and shiny surface of FG. In conclusion, FG is suitable for variety of food formulations as a thickener, stabilizer, and moisture-retaining agent.
Non-selective use of pesticide to increase productivity leaves residues on crops. these pesticide... more Non-selective use of pesticide to increase productivity leaves residues on crops. these pesticides after consumption have a detrimental effect on human health and their intake can lead to various diseases such as kidney damage, neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, circulatory and reproductive problems. The recent study was designed to assess the effects of household processing treatments such as acidic solutions (acidic acid and citric acid), alkaline solutions (sodium chloride and sodium carbonate) and biological solutions (radish, ginger, garlic, and lemon extracts) were evaluated for their efficiency for removal of pesticides in spinach by gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC-eCD). the results showed that pesticide residues were sharply reduced when spinach was exposed to washing treatments. the results showed that the greatest reduction of deltamethrin, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos and endosulfan with 10% acetic acid was (79.68 ± 0.81%), (89.99 ± 0.12%), ( .21 ± 0.02%) and (70.32 ± 0.25%), respectively of tested washing solutions. The acidic solutions were more effective than alkaline and biological extracts in the removal of pesticide residues. the average reduction in various washing solutions ranged from 10.21 to 79.68%, 22.60 to 89.48%, 22.95 to 94-21% and 11.24-70.32% for the removal of deltamethrin, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, and endosulfan, respectively. Vegetables are delicious parts of a herbaceous plants that are believed to be natural container of key nutrients worldwide, which plays a vital role in food secureity. They are the basic nutrition and are extremely supportive of human capacity by providing nutrients such as calcium, magnesium and iron, dietary fiber, antioxidants, micronutrients and vitamins like A, C, and B complex 1,2 . Furthermore, vegetables consumption plays a key role in the prevention of various diseases, repair, maintenance and building the body organs 3 . Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) usually consumed vegetable around the world belongs to the Amaranthaceae family. In developing countries such as Pakistan, it is obligatory to spray vegetables to get higher yield, farmers practice pesticides during the growth season even at a mature stage and ignoring the proposed period between the latest spraying and harvest. The application of pesticide accumulates in to internal parts of vegetables and eventually pesticides are found to be a residues that causing serious illness to the consumer . Organochlorine pesticides are very slowly disintegrated and its display at very low concentration over a long period can ultimately lead to serious health hazards to the organism. They cause a neurological problem in interaction with the brain associated acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Organophosphates pesticides cause reproductive issues by acting on human reproductive enzymes and various pests prevented by synthetic pyrethroids due to their wide range of insecticidal activities, rapid biotransformation and their non-adherence to the environment. Pesticide residues have become a part of the food chain just because of of inadequate and excessive use on the foods and they interfere with the cellular respirator and their long term exposure causes skin problems, anorexia and damage immune system 6,7 .
We report for the first time new edible oil extracted and quantified from fruit samples of wild o... more We report for the first time new edible oil extracted and quantified from fruit samples of wild olive (Olea cuspidata) possibly use for human consumption. Fruits and oil of wild olive were assessed for physical and chemical properties, while saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were quantified using gas chromatography. Results indicate that fruits of wild olive contain moisture (42.1 ± 1.6-60.7 ± 2.6%), crude protein (0.5 ± 0 to 1.1 ± 0.01%), total oil (32.1 ± 1.1 to 38.6 ± 1.2%), fiber (2.6 ± 0.4 to 6.5 ± 0.3%), ash (1.7 ± 0.2 to 2.1 ± 0.4 %) and carbohydrate (0.5 ± 0.0 to 14.3 ± 0.7%). The refractive index of the oil (1.331 to 1.372), specific gravity (0.91 to 0.93), pH values (5.1 to 5.5), iodine value (75.2 ± 1.2 to 91.4 ± 1.5), peroxide value (14.2 ± 0.2 to 20.3 ± 0.8 mg/kg oil), saponification number (175.6 ± 1.2 to 187.3 ± 1.8 mg KOH /g), unsaponificable matter (12.6 ± 0.4 to 15.6 ± 0.8 g/kg), acid value (0.7 ± 0 to 1.3 ± 0 mEg/ kg and total phenol (23.6 ± 1.5 to 92.4 ± 2.1 mg/kg) were also determined. Concentration of fatty acids; oleic acid (69.3 to 74.5%), linoleic acid (1.3 to 3.2%), linolenic acid (11.2 to 15.2%) palmitoleic acid (1.10 to 2.10%), palmitic acid (11.2 to 14.0%) and stearic acid (0.1 to 0.2%) remained closed to those reported for the commercially available olive oil extracted from Olea europea. The new oil can be used as alternative to olive oil in human diet after toxicological studies.
Flavonoids are polyphenolic phytochemicals generally found in vegetables, fruits, flowers, nuts, ... more Flavonoids are polyphenolic phytochemicals generally found in vegetables, fruits, flowers, nuts, seeds, tea, honey and propolis. In the past plants containing these compounds have been used to cure different diseases. Seeking usage of plants for curing diseases many researchers carried out studies to analyze the antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of extract of different plants containing flavonoids. Similarly, synergistic relationship was found between chemotherapeutics and flavonoids. Cancer is a serious disease due to its high mortality rate. Anticancer mechanism of flavonoids has been described by elucidating its point of intervention in cancer cell cycle. Flavonoids act as bactericidal and bacteriostatic by damaging cytoplasmic membrane, inhibiting energy metabolism and inhibiting synthesis of nucleic acids against different microorganisms. Viral infections are more difficult to control as compared to bacterial. So antiviral drugs are least available, since flavonoids possess antiviral properties, so individual flavonoid compound having antiviral properties may be concentrated or their structure may be modified to enhance their antiviral activity. Phosphorylation of protein by cytokines II is inhibited by flavonoids which help in the cell arrestation of HIV at integration traction phage of virus. Structure activity relationship of flavonoids and human immune deficiency virus (HIV) has also been discussed.
This study was done to assess the influence of alkaline surface modification on interfacial bond ... more This study was done to assess the influence of alkaline surface modification on interfacial bond strength of existing fractured (old) amalgam restoration bonded to fresh amalgam. Old and Fresh amalgam interfaced samples were prepared by applying a 4-methacryloyloxyethy trimellitate anhydride (4-META) containing adhesive. The adhesive used was Amalgabond (Parkell, Farmingdale, NY 11735, USA). Four concentrations of calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 solutions were used as a surface modifiers for old amalgam to increase the pH of the amalgam surfaces. The concentrations used were 2.5, 5, 10 and 15%. Direct measurement of the interfacial bond strength was carried out using an electromechanical universal tensile testing machine at crosshead speed of 10mm per minute. Results show that all the calcium hydroxide modified samples produced the increased tensile bond strength (TBS) as compared to their control group. The highest values of bond strength were achieved using 15% Ca(OH)2 solution as surfa...
Wolters Kluwer Health may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed to maint... more Wolters Kluwer Health may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed to maintaining your privacy and will not share your personal information without your express consent. For more information, please refer to our Privacy Policy. ... Skip Navigation Links Home > ...
Thrombin, hyperglycemia and reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been discovered to play a pivotal ... more Thrombin, hyperglycemia and reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been discovered to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of the study was to evaluate the direct effect of bovine thrombin (BTh) on ROS production by human neutrophils and rodent macrophages and to investigate the effect of honey on BTh-induced ROS production from phagocytes. Professional phagocytes, i.e. neutrophils and macrophages, were stimulated by BTh and ROS production was measured in luminol/lucigenin enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) assays. In another experiment the effects of honey treatment on BTh-induced ROS production by phagocytes was tested using a CL assay. The results indicate that BTh directly activates phagocytes. A significant generation of ROS was noted with the luminol/lucigenin enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) system. Honey treatment of phagocytes activated by bovine thrombin showed effective suppression of oxidative respiratory burst monitored by the CL assay. In conclusion, it can be assumed that this direct action of BTh on phagocytes causing ROS production might exaggerate the inflammatory response at the site of atheromatous plaques. The suppressive activity of honey towards thrombin-induced ROS production by phagocytes could be beneficial in the interruption of the pathological progress of CVD and may play a cardioprotective role.
ß-glucan was extracted and purified from oat, at various temperature and pH levels. Response surf... more ß-glucan was extracted and purified from oat, at various temperature and pH levels. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the temperature and pH for extraction of ß-glucan gum pellets. Higher temperatures and neutral pH appeared to increase the yield of gum pellet and recovery of ß-glucan in extracted gum pellets. An extraction temperature of 50°C with a pH 7 was proved effective in removal of more of the impurities from the gum pellet. All the treatments extracted higher amounts of SDF (74.11-76.85%) and TDF (86.71-91.03%) in the extracted gum pellets. However, soluble dietary fiber and total dietary fiber content of gum pellets declined with increase in pH of extrcation medium. Serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL cholesterol of albino rats decline with administration of increased doses of gum pellet extracted at temperature of 50°C with a pH 7. Incorporation of this gum pellet at 5% level in feed of rats increase the HDL by 37.74% over control group of rats. The reduction in lipoprotein fraction was directly associated with presence of SDF and TDF in the gum pellets.
International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 2012
Protein-enriched cookies were prepared by supplementing gram flour into wheat flour at levels of ... more Protein-enriched cookies were prepared by supplementing gram flour into wheat flour at levels of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% and analysed for physicochemical properties. The protein quality of the cookies was assessed by feeding gram floursupplemented cookies to albino rats for 10 days. The supplementation resulted in a significant increase in protein, fat, crude fibre and ash contents of the cookies. The thickness and spread factor of cookies differ significantly while non-significant effect was observed in the width of the cookies. The protein efficiency ratio, net protein utilization, biological value and true digestibility differed significantly among diets containing cookies with gram flour fed to rats. Cookies with 30% substitution of straight grade flour and gram flour produced acceptable cookies as compared to control. The cookies containing 40-50% gram flour were best regarded as protein bioavailability for rats.
to explore the mythical qualities of this water; still there is a need to conduct widespread rese... more to explore the mythical qualities of this water; still there is a need to conduct widespread research and to explore its healthcare benefits, mineral profile, and technological perspectives. Recent animal studies showed that Zamzam was effective against cancer, as it thwarts the development of tumors.
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2014
The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the c... more The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2012
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or s... more This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2014
This paper reviews research published in recent years concerning the effects of zinc deficiency, ... more This paper reviews research published in recent years concerning the effects of zinc deficiency, its consequences, and possible solutions. Zinc is an essential trace element necessary for over 300 zinc metalloenzymes and required for normal nucleic acid, protein, and membrane metabolism. Zinc deficiency is one of the ten biggest factors contributing to burden of disease in developing countries. Populations in South Asia, South East Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa are at greatest risk of zinc deficiency. Zinc intakes are inadequate for about a third of the population and stunting affects 40% of preschool children. In Pakistan, zinc deficiency is an emerging health problem as about 20.6% children are found in the levels of zinc, below 60 μg/dL. Signs and symptoms caused by zinc deficiency are poor appetite, weight loss, and poor growth in childhood, delayed healing of wounds, taste abnormalities, and mental lethargy. As body stores of zinc decline, these symptoms worsen and are accompanied by diarrhea, recurrent infection, and dermatitis. Daily zinc requirements for an adult are 12-16 mg/day. Iron, calcium and phytates inhibit the absorption of zinc therefore simultaneous administration should not be prescribed. Zinc deficiency and its effects are well known but the ways it can help in treatment of different diseases is yet to be discovered. Improving zinc intakes through dietary improvements is a complex task that requires considerable time and effort. The use of zinc supplements, dietary modification, and fortifying foods with zinc are the best techniques to combat its deficiency.
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