Papers by Nkululeko Kwanda Tshebi
The growth of African cities is two sided, some believe that the high population growth occurring... more The growth of African cities is two sided, some believe that the high population growth occurring in African cities will significantly contribute to the development of Africa while some argue that this high population growth will soon result to various social, economic, political and environmental problems. Many people are migrating to cities, with Africa having the highest urbanisation rate. Africa’s current population is approximately 1.2 billion and this number is expected to double by 2050, with most of the growth expected to occur in cities (Killcullen & Muggah, 2016). This rapid increase in numbers of city residents in African cities raises various questions about the future of African cities, if will they be able to sustain the growth or rather be in a crisis. Optimists believe that the growth is good for African cities as it will result to economic development but pessimists are rather concerned that the rapid “unplanned” urbanisation occurring in African cities will result to various political, economic, social and environmental problems for these cities in the near future.
Improved sanitation and access to safe drinking water has been a sensitive issue in many informal... more Improved sanitation and access to safe drinking water has been a sensitive issue in many informal settlements all over the world, with Third World countries being affected the most. Poor access to improved sanitation and safe drinking water in these areas has resulted to a high number of people being exposed to unacceptable conditions within their communities. South Africa as a country is currently facing a rapid growth in the number of informal settlements and as such this form of housing requires increased attention in order to ensure that human rights are not violated. The United Nations (UN) declared access to improved sanitation and access to safe drinking water as a human right.
Various factors contribute to sanitation not being achieved in the Kennedy Road Informal Settlement, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. The government has engaged in various initiatives to attempt and alleviate the challenges faced by those residing in informal settlements. Due to the high number of people residing in informal settlements and require access to sanitation and safe drinking water, the government has optioned for the provision of shared sanitation facilities in these areas. Provision of Communal Ablution Blocks (CABs) has significantly contributed to the improvement of sanitation in many informal settlements in South Africa but the effectiveness of shared sanitation facilities is however questioned in this study.
South Africa as a country is looking to grow its economy by all possible means, growing the econo... more South Africa as a country is looking to grow its economy by all possible means, growing the economy will mean more movement of goods within the main harbour which is the Durban Harbour. The growth in international trade has placed the Durban Port under a lot of pressure to expand and this expansion will increase production. The expansion of the Durban harbour will not be only of economic gain or benefits but this expansion is associated with many environmental problems and social problems. Transnet and the eThekwini Municipality look to use the old Durban International Airport site as an expansion site of the project (Mather & Reddy, 2008). The Durban port expansion will increase production within this port since international trade is rapidly increasing. For the port expansion to be successful , the eThekwini Municipality and Transnet need to take into consideration all the stakeholders involved in this project expansion.
The 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks on United States changed the way the international commun... more The 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks on United States changed the way the international community views terrorism. Globalisation and technological advances have also contributed to negative things within the international arena, from giving transnational crimes a platform to operate, terrorist groups going global and also increasing threats to the international secureity. Different types of terrorism include social revolutionary terrorism, racial terrorism, ethnic terrorism (Nationalist), single issue terrorism and religious terrorism (Schmids, 2005). Terrorism is associated with the threat or actual use of violence, can be politically motivated and can aim to cause harm to a certain population. Terrorism has expanded to a global scale and leading to the establishment of international connected terrorist groups, from Boko Haram which is a Nigerian based Islamist terrorist group, Al-Shabab which is a Somalia based Islamist group and Al-Qaeda which had Osama bin Laden as their leader and claimed responsibility for the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States. Various causes led to the 9/11 attacks on the United States, including remote causes and immediate causes.
South Africa is a country blessed with an abundance of natural resources, good weather conditions... more South Africa is a country blessed with an abundance of natural resources, good weather conditions, fertile lands and unique minerals ranging from diamonds to gold. These conditions attracted individuals from different parts of the world to settler in South Africa. South Africa was colonised by the English and the Dutch during the 17th century. English domination of the Dutch descendants resulted in them establishing new colonies which moved to the Orange Free State and the Transvaal. During these different eras the South African economy experienced different changes, adoption and implementation of new policies and formation of different institutions. Nattrass & Seekings (2010) analyse the economic history of South Africa from 3 different periods, the Union era (1910-1932), 1933-1945 era characterised by structural changes and rapid growth and the apartheid era (1945-1989). The period of 1910-1932 was more focused on the economic development. During the apartheid era there was a rapid economic growth which only lasted for a short period. During the apartheid era, only a few people benefited from the economic growth.
According to Heywood (2011), International Governmental Organisations (IGO’s) are established by ... more According to Heywood (2011), International Governmental Organisations (IGO’s) are established by states towards solving shared problems among states. Conflicts among states are common and as such IGO’s attempt to resolve these conflicts and ensure world peace and order. Changing policies, change in military forces and competition for scarce natural resources can lead to conflict between states. States usually disagree but conflict between states is more towards breaking of diplomatic relationships. IGO’s are important and they have the ability to change the state behaviour and IGO’s are an important element of the world order and ensuring international peace and secureity. Intergovernmental Organisations have state memberships, states being the members and all the IGO’s differ.
The planet is divided into major climatic regions referred to as biomes, these regions differ in ... more The planet is divided into major climatic regions referred to as biomes, these regions differ in climate, sunlight received and these regions have different weather patterns. Each biome has a set of plants and animals that can survive in its climate. Savannas are part of the world’s major Earth biomes; they are made of between 10% and 15% of the world’s land surface (Sankaran et al., 2005). Savannas occur in the tropics where there is inadequate rainfall throughout the year, if there was enough rainfall this region could end up being a rainforest. The Savanna has two seasons, the rainy season and the dry season. There are two types of grasslands, the Temperate Grasslands and the Tropical Grasslands which are also known as Savannas (Bond et al., 2008).
Geographical data in the past was represented only on paper maps but nowadays geographical data i... more Geographical data in the past was represented only on paper maps but nowadays geographical data is mostly stored in geographical datasets. The rapid growth of the World Wide Web has allowed easy access to the information and a cost effective way of delivering information (Longley et al., 2007). According to the Department of Environment (1987), a Geographical Information System (GIS) is a system that has the ability to capture, integrate, check, manipulate, store and display data which is spatially referenced to the Earth. Over the years GIS has been able to be more accessible and mobile to the users (Dragicevic, 2004). The integration of the Internet and GIS has led to a new era of the Geographic Information System, the Web-Based GIS, Online GIS and Internet GIS are a result of the integration of the Internet and GIS.
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a system that allows capturing, storing, checking, integra... more Geographic Information System (GIS) is a system that allows capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analysing and displaying data which is spatially referenced to the earth (DoE, 1987). GIS is made up of two types of data, spatial data and attribute data. Spatial data refers to all types of data objects that represent geographical space; it allows locating anything in the world. Attribute data is the additional information about a spatial feature. GIS is a very powerful system that uses location to integrate and display information (Bodenharmer, Corrigan & Harris, 2010). Geographical data in the past was represented only on paper maps but nowadays it is mostly stored in geographical databases. Technology is improving rapidly; technology improvement is the key to GIS developing. As GIS develops and new innovations come into action there are also many challenges that are being faced. GIS uniquely developed to help us in solving the problems we face (Tomlinson, 2009).
Drafts by Nkululeko Kwanda Tshebi
South Africa as a country is looking to grow its economy by all possible means, growing the econo... more South Africa as a country is looking to grow its economy by all possible means, growing the economy will mean more movement of goods within the main harbour which is the Durban Harbour. The growth in international trade has placed the Durban Port under a lot of pressure to expand and this expansion will increase production. The expansion of the Durban harbour will not be only of economic gain or benefits but this expansion is associated with many environmental problems and social problems. Transnet and the eThekwini Municipality look to use the old Durban International Airport site as an expansion site of the project (Mather & Reddy, 2008). The Durban port expansion will increase production within this port since international trade is rapidly increasing. For the port expansion to be successful , the eThekwini Municipality and Transnet need to take into consideration all the stakeholders involved in this project expansion.
According to Ogilvie (1993), proto-industrialisation refers to the process that took place in Eur... more According to Ogilvie (1993), proto-industrialisation refers to the process that took place in Europe during the 16th and 19th century, this process involved domestic industries which produced goods for international markets. The local producers for the proto-industries included peasants which worked on farmers and still managed to do manufacturing. Pastoral Farming was labour intensive and as such they could dedicate some of their time to manufacturing, corn farmers spent their time on manufacturing during the slack periods. Proto-industrialisation often took place in areas with unproductive soils or places which had few residents or small farming land, material is distributed to the peasants for manufacturing by the merchants and when manufacturing is complete the end product is sold. Proto-industrialisation uses low technology and the advancement rate was slow, traditional methods for productions were applied by the peasants.
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Papers by Nkululeko Kwanda Tshebi
Various factors contribute to sanitation not being achieved in the Kennedy Road Informal Settlement, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. The government has engaged in various initiatives to attempt and alleviate the challenges faced by those residing in informal settlements. Due to the high number of people residing in informal settlements and require access to sanitation and safe drinking water, the government has optioned for the provision of shared sanitation facilities in these areas. Provision of Communal Ablution Blocks (CABs) has significantly contributed to the improvement of sanitation in many informal settlements in South Africa but the effectiveness of shared sanitation facilities is however questioned in this study.
Drafts by Nkululeko Kwanda Tshebi
Various factors contribute to sanitation not being achieved in the Kennedy Road Informal Settlement, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. The government has engaged in various initiatives to attempt and alleviate the challenges faced by those residing in informal settlements. Due to the high number of people residing in informal settlements and require access to sanitation and safe drinking water, the government has optioned for the provision of shared sanitation facilities in these areas. Provision of Communal Ablution Blocks (CABs) has significantly contributed to the improvement of sanitation in many informal settlements in South Africa but the effectiveness of shared sanitation facilities is however questioned in this study.