Papers by CLEMENT C AZODO
Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare, 2019
BACKGROUND To organize community-oriented oral health promotion programs, systematic analysis of ... more BACKGROUND To organize community-oriented oral health promotion programs, systematic analysis of the oral health situation would be needed, including information on oral health knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP). We wanted to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of 7-to 12-year-old school children of various govt. and private schools of Srinagar, Kashmir, towards oral health. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out among 7-to 12-year-old school children of various govt. and private schools of Srinagar, Kashmir. A convenient sample of 600 students was selected for the study. A 14-item pre-formed, self-administered validated questionnaire was distributed among the study subjects. Confidentiality of the responses to the questionnaire was assured to the participants. The questionnaire included the questions regarding the basic oral health knowledge, and also those related to attitude and practice towards oral health. The duly filled questionnaires were collected the same day from the respondents so as to avoid the influence of parents on the responses of the students. RESULTS About 31% of the respondents acquired information regarding the oral health from their parents; 20.75% from the dentists; around 18% from friends; 16.6% gain information from teachers while as the rest acquired their information from relatives, television and radio. Majority (77.35%) of the children were scared of visiting the dentist thinking that the dental treatment causes pain. Majority (79.05%) of the students brushed their teeth once; 18.1% children brushed their teeth twice; 1.88% brushed their teeth sometimes; and 0.94% did not brush their teeth at all.
Saudi Journal for Health Sciences, 2016
Objective: To determine the child dental patient accompanying person to the Paediatric Dental Cli... more Objective: To determine the child dental patient accompanying person to the Paediatric Dental Clinic of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, observational study was conducted among patients attending the Paediatric Dental Clinic of University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Nigeria, between June and November 2014. Data collected include age, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status of the patient, accompanying person, period of visit (school calendar period, holiday period, or school public holiday), appointment time (morning or afternoon), and type of dental treatment (emergency visit, routine dental treatment, new patient assessment, and follow-up visit). Results: Data of 385 pediatric dental visits of children aged 0.18-16 years with a mean age of 8.57 3.99 years were recorded and analyzed. The majority of the participants were Edo State indigenes, females (56.4%), aged 6-12 years (57.1%), and of high socioeconomic status. The majority (60.8%) of the children were accompanied by their mother. Both parents were the main accompanying person of children aged 0-5 years, nonparents for the indigenous children, and fathers in emergency visits. Conclusion: Data from this study revealed mothers as the dominant child dental patient accompanying person. There existed a statistically significant difference among accompanying person, age of patient, ethnicity, and type of treatment.
Objective: To determine the relationship between dental anxiety, expected social outcome and hali... more Objective: To determine the relationship between dental anxiety, expected social outcome and halitosisamong undergraduates of University of Benin. Nigeria.Methods: This questionnaire-based cross-sectional study among 150 students. This self-administeredquestionnaire elicited information on oral concerns, dental anxiety, self-reported perception of oral breath,awareness of bad breath, timing of bad breath, treatment received for bad breath, oral hygiene practices andsmoking. Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 20.0 and statistical significance was set at p<0.05.Results: The majority of the participants attach high importance to their body (78.7%) and mouth (75.3%).More than half (54.0%) of the participants clean their mouth more than once daily and 14.7% of themconsume tobacco. The prevalence of gingival bleeding, halitosis and dental anxiety among the participantswas 31.3%, 34% and 26% respectively. The mean anxiety score for anticipated dental visit was 2.48±1.60,wait...
Pediatric Anesthesia, 2014
Background and Objectives: Few studies have been conducted in pediatric patients evaluating effic... more Background and Objectives: Few studies have been conducted in pediatric patients evaluating efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics for prevention of surgical site infection (SSI). This retrospective study was undertaken to determine the effect of antibiotic prophylaxis in the prevention of SSI in children. Methods: With IRB approval, our perioperative electronic clinical information database was queried. Pediatric patients (≤18 years) undergoing general surgery, cardiac surgery, and spinal surgery at Mott Children's Hospital from January 2000 to April 2010 were included. Demographics and preoperative data were obtained from the Centricity Intraoperative Database, and any episodes of SSI were obtained by review of the infection control records. Results: A total 5023 pediatric patients underwent surgery from January 2000 to April 2010. The average age of the children in the sample was 4.16 AE 5.5 years, and of these, 57% were boys. Overall, 119 (2.37%) cases of SSI were identified. There were no associations between the various patient factors and the development of SSIs. Children for whom antibiotics were administered incorrectly had a 1.7-fold increased risk of SSIs compared with children who received antibiotics within the recommended guidelines (P < 0.02). Children who received antibiotics were more likely to suffer an SSI compared with those who did not. Conclusions: Proper administration of preoperative antibiotics in pediatric patients is one of the few modifiable and significant factors in prevention of SSI.
Periodontal disease is any disease that affects one or more components of the periodontium which ... more Periodontal disease is any disease that affects one or more components of the periodontium which includes gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone.[1,2] Periodontal disease as a chronic disease is a growing burden to
Swiss dental journal, 2019
Halitosis is a frustrating condition that can lead to significant discomforts, negative social an... more Halitosis is a frustrating condition that can lead to significant discomforts, negative social and psychological effects including social interaction suppression and self-confidence diminution. The purpose of the study was to assess the social distance attitude towards halitosis sufferers in Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey was carried out among young adult Nigerians recruited from University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria, as part of a larger-scale halitosis-relational survey. Information obtained were age, gender and social distance attitude. The social distance attitude was measured with the Halitosis Social Distance Scale (HSDS) which was modelled after the seven-item modified Bogardus Social Distance Scale. A total of 370 out of 400 questionnaires distributed were returned giving a 92.5% participation rate. About one quarter of the participants (23.0%) reported high social distance towards halitosis sufferers. The level of social distance towards halitosis sufferers was seen to...
The Annals of African Surgery, 2012
Objective : To assess the impact of dental auxiliaries in oral health delivery in Cameroon. Mater... more Objective : To assess the impact of dental auxiliaries in oral health delivery in Cameroon. Materials and Methods : A cross-sectional study of 47 dental auxiliaries recruited from six of 10 provinces in Cameroon was conducted in 2010. A self-administered questionnaire elicited information on demography, training received and role in the clinic and opinion about their job. Results : Most of the respondents carry out amalgam fillings, dental prophylaxis, composite fillings, extractions, atraumatic restoration (ART), fabrication of partial and full dentures. Few respondents carry out wound suturing, root canal treatment (RCT), treat minor injuries and mandibular reduction. More than half (52.5%) of the respondents treat 6-10 patients per day while 13 (29.5%) of respondents work without any direct supervision. Out of the respondents, 80.9% were formally trained and 25.6% were trained in Yaounde University Teaching Hospital. A total of 61.7% received training for <3 years, 26.1% have...
Ebonyi Medical Journal, 2012
Context : Hepatitis-B infection poses a significant threat to the health of dental surgeons and o... more Context : Hepatitis-B infection poses a significant threat to the health of dental surgeons and oral healthcare delivery worldwide. Aim/Objective : To assess occupational exposure, willingness to care and misconceptions about hepatitis-B virus (HBV) transmission among dental surgeons in Nigeria. Methods : This cross-sectional study was conducted among randomly selected dental surgeons in Edo and Delta States of Nigeria. Questionnaire regarding demography, knowledge about the transmission of HBV, worry about contracting the infection, comfort level in having infected colleague, willingness to treat infected patients, glove use, needlestick and sharp injuries and post-exposure prophylaxis was the tool of data collection. Results : Misconceptions about the mode of transmission of HBV existed among the respondents and 86.0% of them used gloves regularly. Three-quarters (74.6%) and 80.7% of the respondents have received hepatitis-B vaccine and expressed different level of worry about occ...
Annals of Biomedical Sciences, 2012
This study was conducted among four hundred non-dental undergraduates of University of Benin, Ben... more This study was conducted among four hundred non-dental undergraduates of University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria to assess the prevalence of cigarette smoking, tooth brushing characteristics, perceived efficacy in oral self-care and preventing gingivodental diseases among them. The result showed that the perceived efficacy in oral self-care and preventing gingivodental diseases were 95.0% and 94.0% among the participants respectively. The prevalence of cigarette smoking and more than once-daily tooth brushing were 5.0% and 46.2% among the participants respectively. Of the participants, 58.5% brush for .3 minutes, 73.0% use medium texture toothbrush and 83.0% give consideration to the texture while purchasing toothbrush. A total of 62.2% of the respondents have received professional instruction on tooth brushing. The use of chewing stick, toothpick and mouth wash among the respondents were 16.8%, 15.0% and 20.5% respectively. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was significantly as...
Odonto-stomatologie tropicale = Tropical dental journal, 2015
INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus affects virtually all tissues and organs the body including the ha... more INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus affects virtually all tissues and organs the body including the hard and soft issues of the oral cavity, manifesting with several complications. OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of oral diseases in diabetics and non-diabetics and to correlate oral diseases with glycaemic control. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was an observational study involving 149 diabetic patients recruited from hospitals in Southwest Region of Cameroon and 102 non-diabetic controls drawn from the general population. The study participants were aged 18 years and above. Data were collected using questionnaires, oral examination and laboratory tests. Oral examination was conducted to assess dental plaque, calculus, dental caries, periodontitis, gingivitis and candidiasis. Glycemic status was assessed by measuring glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels using standardized methods. RESULTS Thirty five out of 149 (23.5%) diabetic patients had gingivitis; 37 (24.8%) had periodontitis; 29 (19.5%...
Odonto-stomatologie tropicale = Tropical dental journal, 2014
Inappropriate antibiotics prescription in dental healthcare delivery that may result in the emerg... more Inappropriate antibiotics prescription in dental healthcare delivery that may result in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, is a worldwide concern. The objective of the study was to determine the antibiotics knowledge and prescription patterns among dentists in Nigeria. A total of 160 questionnaires were distributed to dentists attending continuing education courses organized by two organizations in Southern and Northern parts of Nigeria. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 17.0. A total of 146 questionnaires were returned, properly filled, out of 160 questionnaires, giving an overall response rate 91.3%. The clinical factors predominantly influenced the choice of therapeutic antibiotics among the respondents. In this study, the most commonly prescribed antibiotics among the respondents was a combination of amoxicillin and metronidazole. Of the respondents, 136 (93.2%) of them considered antibiotic resistance as a major problem in Nigeria and 102 (69.9%) have exper...
Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry, 2015
Objective: To determine the prevalence of undiagnosed HIV infection among patients attending the ... more Objective: To determine the prevalence of undiagnosed HIV infection among patients attending the Dental Clinic of General Hospital Minna, Niger State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The study was a prospective study of 1080 dental patients of General Hospital Minna. Results: Out of the 1080 patients counseled, only 200 gave consent to participate in the study. Of the 200 participants, 8 tested positive for HIV, giving a prevalence of 4.0%. Females and participants in the sixth and fifth decades of life were found to have higher prevalence of undiagnosed HIV. Corpers and traders had higher prevalence of undiagnosed HIV. Participants with periodontal complaints (bleeding gums and shaking teeth) also had higher prevalence of undiagnosed HIV. The proportion of participants that reported having knowledge about the actual existence, risk factors, and prevention of HIV/AIDS was high. The proportion of participants who expressed willingness to receive more information on HIV-related issues was high. Conclusion: One out of 25 patients attending this secondary healthcare setting for dental services had undiagnosed HIV infection. This highlights the need for the establishment of voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) unit in the dental clinics and also re-emphasizes the strict compliance of standard precaution in dental practices.
Journal of Dental Research and Review, 2015
The roles of bacteria in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease are well-understand, but tha... more The roles of bacteria in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease are well-understand, but that of the virus found in the periodontal environment are poorly understood. The aim of this literature review was to report the roles of viruses in periodontal diseases. The roles of viruses in periodontal diseases were categorized into the role in disease etiology, role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases, role in diseases progression and role in response to treatment. Clearer understanding of roles of viruses in periodontal diseases will facilitate the provision of effective periodontal disease prevention and treatment.
Odonto-stomatologie tropicale = Tropical dental journal, 2012
To assess the knowledge, experiences and intention to have tooth bleaching among young adults stu... more To assess the knowledge, experiences and intention to have tooth bleaching among young adults studying in a Nigerian University. A cross-section of part-time undergraduate students of University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria were studied in 2010 using a self-administered questionnaire. About three-quarters 289 (72.4%) of the respondents reported awareness of at least one cause of tooth discoloration. A total of 143 (35.8%) of the respondents have heard of tooth bleaching with main sources of information being friends/relatives, dentists and the internet. One-third 132 (33.1%) of the respondents correctly identified that the aim of tooth bleaching was to make the teeth whiter. The respondents that had correct knowledge about mechanism, duration and complications of tooth bleaching were 51 (12.8%), 25 (6.3%) and 35 (8.8%) respectively. The major perceived benefits of tooth bleaching reported by the respondents were self confidence boost 152 (38.1%) and improvement of one's beauty ...
Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research, 2014
Background: Dental appearance satisfaction is important among young adults because judgment conce... more Background: Dental appearance satisfaction is important among young adults because judgment concerning the personal characteristics of individuals is influenced by their dental appearance in the absence of other information. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the self-evaluated dental appearance satisfaction among young adults. Subjects and Methods: This cross-sectional survey of financial industry prone undergraduates of University of Benin was conducted between July and September, 2010. The self-administered questionnaire which assessed information on demographic characteristics, smoking habit, alcohol use, previous dental visit, dental appearance satisfaction, tooth shape, size, arrangement and strength was the tool of data collection. The data was subjected to descriptive, Chi-square and regression statistics using statistical package for the social sciences version 17.0 (Chicago, IL, USA). (P < 0.05) was considered to be significant. Results: A total of 399 undergraduates which are made up of 179 (44.9%) males and 220 (55.1%) females with mean age of 24.66 (4.20) years participated in this study. Self-evaluated dental appearance satisfaction was expressed by 79.4% (317/399) of the participants. The significant predictors of self-evaluated dental appearance satisfaction were skin color (P = 0.03, odds ratio [OR] =2.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.09-6.09) and perceived tooth strength (P = 0.02, OR = 5.83, 95% CI = 1.40-24.28) among males and alcohol consumption (P = 0.04, OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.21-0.95] and perceived size of tooth (P = 0.02, OR = 2.37, 95% CI = 1.15-4.89) among females. The significant predictors of self-evaluated dental appearance satisfaction among the participants were ethnicity (P = 0.04, OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.32-0.96), skin color (P = 0.04, OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.03-2.93), perceived tooth size (P = 0.03, OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.07-3.09) and strength (P = 0.01, OR = 3.42, 95% CI = 1.58-7.41). Conclusion: Ethnicity, tooth arrangement, size and strength need to be given detailed consideration in tooth replacement as they emerged as the significant predictors of self-evaluated dental appearance satisfaction among young adults.
Nigerian Hospital Practice, 2010
To assess the sterilization and disinfection practices in selected dental clinics in Cameroon. Th... more To assess the sterilization and disinfection practices in selected dental clinics in Cameroon. The study conducted in the second half of 2009 included 41 dental clinics in 4 out of the 10 provinces in Cameroon. Questionnaire was used to obtain information about the ownership and location of the clinic, washing and packing of dental equipments, methods of sterilization and its monitoring, handpiece hygiene, suction tubing renewal, disinfection and types of the disinfectants and source of water utilized in the dental clinics. Out of the 41 clinics studied, 16 (39.0%) were Government dental clinics, 14 (34.1%) Missionary dental clinics and 11 (26.8%) Private dental clinics. Hot air oven was the commonest method of sterilization and in 26 (65.0%) of the clinic handpiece was sterilized or disinfected after use for each patient. A quarter (24.4%) of the clinic have experienced problem with the functionality of the sterilizer. A total of 21 (51.2%) of the clinic stored dental instrument in the cupboard. Household bleach was the principal utilized disinfectant and source was water used in the clinic was from tap water. There is need for improvement in sterilization and disinfection practices in Cameroon dental clinics. Establishment of monitoring agency, continuing education programs and short-time courses on disinfection and sterilization are advocated inorder to achieve optimal disinfection and sterilization practices in dental practices. Key words: sharps, injury, assessment, Cameroon, dental profes
Nigerian Medical Practitioner, 2011
ABSTRACT To determine the prevalence of oral warts among children attending missionary dental cli... more ABSTRACT To determine the prevalence of oral warts among children attending missionary dental clinic in Cameroon. This prospective study of children presenting in the Dental Clinic of Cameroon Baptist Convention with oral warts was conducted between January 2006 and August 2010. During the study period, 31 children out of 2912 children had oral warts giving a prevalence rate of 1.1%. Out of which, 15 (48.4%) of children with oral warts were aged between 7-10 years old, 20 (64.5%) were females, 3 (9.7%) were HIV positive. Lips were the most predominant oral site among the children. The recurrence rate following treatment with electrocautery was 1 (3.2%). The overall prevalence of oral warts among Cameroonian children in a dental clinic setting was low. It was commoner in children aged 7-10 years, females and HIV negative children. Lips were the most predominant oral site in children and recurrence rate following treatment with electrocautery was low.
Nigerian Medical Journal, 2012
necrosis of gingival epithelia coupled with engorgement of blood vessel. Gingival bleeding on too... more necrosis of gingival epithelia coupled with engorgement of blood vessel. Gingival bleeding on tooth brushing is a form of provoked gingival bleeding, a vital feature and probably one of the most frequent complaints among patients with periodontal disease. Gingival bleeding occurs alongside other manifestations of periodontal diseases like gingival swelling, halitosis, food packing, pain, gingival recession, and tooth mobility. 2 The blood from gingival bleeding may be tasted and smelt on the affected individual's breath reflecting its association with dysgeusia and halitosis. 5,6 Gingival bleeding is so common that it is not given serious attention and even considered as normal among Nigerians and Chinese immigrants in Montreal despite being an indicator of pathology. 7,8 A study showed that gingival bleeding was not perceived as an indicator of inflammatory disease thus hindering the propensity to seek professional care. 9 In hospital-based studies in SouthWest 7 and SouthEast regions of Nigeria, 10 the prevalence of gingival bleeding were reported as ≈25% and 28.8% respectively. Although, the prevalence of gingival bleeding can be assessed objectively by bleeding on probing (BOP), the INTRODUCTION Gingival bleeding is a prevalent manifestation of periodontal diseases and also results from direct trauma, viral, fungal or bacterial infection, drugs, pregnancy, dermatoses, and systemic conditions. 1,2 However, persistent gingival bleeding may be due to serious medical conditions such as leukemia and bleeding and platelet disorders. 3,4 Gingiva is pink and firm, tapered contoured tissue surrounding the teeth which in health does not bleed on probing and tooth brushing. Gingival bleeding occurs mainly due to inadequate plaque removal which results in the thinning, ulceration,
International Dental Journal, 2011
To assess the use of self medication in oral health problems in Cameroon. This multi-regional cro... more To assess the use of self medication in oral health problems in Cameroon. This multi-regional cross-sectional survey was conducted in three towns; Bamenda, Yaounde and Buea over a 10 month period. The questionnaire elicited information on demography, oral problem for self medication, substance used for self medication, source of the substance, duration of self medication, reason for self medication, source of advice of the drugs or those products used, opinion about the substance, effect and duration. The prevalence of self medication for oral health problems was 67.8% which was significantly associated with age, marital status and location. The most frequently self medicated oral health problem was toothache (54.7%). The majority (64.5%) of the respondents used pharmaceutical products while a minority (7.7%) used dangerous substances such as petrol and vinegar for self medication. Sources of substances of self medication included pharmacy (55.6%), road side vendors (26.1%), native healers (7.8%), mobile drug vendors in buses (5.3%), and others (5.3%). The choice of substances used for self medication was mostly guided by the advice from relatives. The majority of the respondents self-medicated for oral health problems. Unmarried, urban residents, aged 21-30 years reported significantly increased self-medication for oral health problems. Evidently dangerous substances were utilised for self-medication in this study, necessitating awareness and other forms of intervention.
Nigerian Dental Journal, 2012
Objective: To identify the various misconceptions that still exist among teachers about oral heal... more Objective: To identify the various misconceptions that still exist among teachers about oral health practices and their incorrect ideas about dental conditions. Method: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out between May and September 2008 among 640 primary school teachers in Oredo Local Government area of Benin City, Nigeria. Data collection was by the use of self –administered questionnaire. Result: More than a third of the respondents (39.6%) felt that tooth decay is caused by worms, 0.3% felt it is caused by black magic. While 11.9% felt gingival bleeding is caused by worms. Tooth loss was considered a natural process by 43% of the respondents and 53.1% did not feel it is possible to keep all the teeth in the dentition for life. In addition, 23.2% did not consider tooth loss a serious health problem. Traditional medicine was used for toothache and gingival bleeding in 5.0% and 2.6% of cases respectively, while 6.5% reported self medication. Improvement of oral hygiene by toothbrushing was considered ineffective in the prevention of gum disease by 15.3% of the respondents. Conclusion: This survey revealed that a few misconceptions still exist among teachers about what constitutes appropriate oral health practices and correct knowledge of oral diseases and remedies. These misconceptions should be corrected to prevent the teachers form impacting incorrect knowledge on the children they teach. In service training of the teachers in the area of oral health is therefore recommended. Keywords: Oral health, misconception, teachers
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Papers by CLEMENT C AZODO