Karl Maret

University of California, American Medical Research Expedition Everest, Section Physiology, Department Member

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Trained as Electrical Engineer, Biomedical Engineer, Medical Doctor, Post-doctoral Fellow in Pulmonary Physiology (UCSD), scientific researcher on American Medical Research Expedition to Mt Everest (1981), instrumentation developer for NOAA and British Antarctic Survey, President of non-profit Dove Health Alliance, Energy Medicine specialist and educator in Non-thermal electromagnetic field effects and clinic director of Dove Center for Integral Medicine.

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Papers by Karl Maret

Maximal exercise at extreme altitudes on Mount Everest

Journal of Applied Physiology, 1983

Maximal exercise at extreme altitudes was studied during the course of the American Medical Resea... more Maximal exercise at extreme altitudes was studied during the course of the American Medical Research Expedition to Everest. Measurements were carried out at sea level [inspired O2 partial pressure (PO2) 147 Torr], 6,300 m during air breathing (inspired PO2 64 Torr), 6,300 m during 16% O2 breathing (inspired PO2 49 Torr), and 6,300 m during 14% O2 breathing (inspired PO2 43 Torr). The last PO2 is equivalent to that on the summit of Mt. Everest. All the 6,300 m studies were carried out in a warm well-equipped laboratory on well-acclimatized subjects. Maximal O2 uptake fell dramatically as the inspired PO2 was reduced to very low levels. However, two subjects were able to reach an O2 uptake of 1 l/min at the lowest inspired PO2. Arterial O2 saturations fell markedly and alveolar-arterial PO2 differences increased as the work rate was raised at high altitude, indicating diffusion limitation of O2 transfer. Maximal exercise ventilations exceeded 200 l/min at 6,300 m during air breathing ...

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Relationship of hypoxic ventilatory response to exercise performance on Mount Everest

Journal of Applied Physiology, 1984

At very high altitude, exercise performance in the human sojourner may depend on a sufficient hyp... more At very high altitude, exercise performance in the human sojourner may depend on a sufficient hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR). To study the relationship of HVR to exercise performance at high altitude, we studied HVR at sea level and 5,400 m and exercise ventilation at sea level, 5,400 m, and 6,300 m in nine members of the American Medical Research Expedition to Everest. The relationship of HVR between individuals was maintained when HVR was repeated after acclimatization to 5,400 m (P less than 0.05). There was a significant correlation in all subjects between HVR and ventilatory equivalent during exercise at sea level (r = 0.704, P less than 0.05). Subjects were then grouped into high (H) and low (L) HVR responders (ventilation increase to end-tidal PO2 of 40 Torr = 21.2 +/- 5.4 and 5.6 +/- 0.9 1 X min-1, respectively. At low and moderate levels of exercise, ventilation at sea level and after acclimatization to 6,300 m was higher in the high HVR group. At 6,300 m blood O2 satur...

Nocturnal periodic breathing at altitudes of 6,300 and 8,050 m

Journal of Applied Physiology, 1986

Nocturnal periodic breathing was studied in eight well-acclimatized subjects living at an altitud... more Nocturnal periodic breathing was studied in eight well-acclimatized subjects living at an altitude of 6,300 m [barometric pressure (PB) 350–352 Torr] for 3–5 wk and in four subjects during one night at 8,050 m altitude (PB 281–285 Torr). The measurements at 6,300 m included tidal volume by inductance plethysmography, arterial O2 saturation by ear oximetry (calibrated by arterial blood samples), electrocardiogram (ECG), and electrooculogram. At 8,050 m, periodic breathing was inferred from the cyclical variation in heart rate obtained from a night-long ECG record. All subjects at 6,300 m altitude showed well-marked periodic breathing with apneic periods. Cycle length averaged 20.5 s with 7.9 s apnea. Minimal arterial O2 saturation averaged 63.4% corresponding to a PO2 of approximately 33 Torr, i.e., approximately 6 Torr lower than the normal value at rest during daytime. This was probably the most severe hypoxemia of the 24-h period. At 8,050 m altitude, the cycle length averaged 15....

Reappraisal of extravascular lung thermal volume as a measure of pulmonary edema

Journal of Applied Physiology, 1980

Previous papers have evaluated extravascular thermal volume of the lung (ETVL) as a measure of lu... more Previous papers have evaluated extravascular thermal volume of the lung (ETVL) as a measure of lung water by using median transit time (tmed) rather than the correct mean transit time (tmean). Calculation of ETVL using tmean (ETVLmean) and tmed (ETVLmed) gave an excellent relationship, ETVLmean = 1.48 ETVLmed - 0.74 (r = 0.99). This allowed us to calculate a new ratio of ETVLmean to PETW = 1.55 +/- 0.17, WHERE PETW is the postmortem value of pulmonary extravascular tissue weight. Thermistors were placed in dogs to determine the contribution of chest wall, pleural and pericardial fluid, left heart, bronchi, and lung gas to the ETVL measurement. We found ETVLmean greater than PETW because of thermal distributioninto left heart (18 +/- 2% of ETVL), bronchi (estimate 7% of ETVL), pulmonary arteries and veins (estimate 7% of ETVL), and perhaps a small portion of chest wall. We could not detect any portion of lung gas or pleural or pericardial effusions as a part of the ETVL measurement. ...

Pulmonary gas exchange on the summit of Mount Everest

Journal of Applied Physiology, 1983

Pulmonary gas exchange was studied on members of the American Medical Research Expedition to Ever... more Pulmonary gas exchange was studied on members of the American Medical Research Expedition to Everest at altitudes of 8,050 m (barometric pressure 284 Torr), 8,400 m (267 Torr) and 8,848 m (summit of Mt. Everest, 253 Torr). Thirty-four valid alveolar gas samples were taken using a special automatic sampler including 4 samples on the summit. Venous blood was collected from two subjects at an altitude of 8,050 m on the morning after their successful summit climb. Alveolar CO2 partial pressure (PCO2) fell approximately linearly with decreasing barometric pressure to a value of 7.5 Torr on the summit. For a respiratory exchange ratio of 0.85, this gave an alveolar O2 partial pressure (PO2) of 35 Torr. In two subjects who reached the summit, the mean base excess at 8,050 m was -7.2 meq/l, and assuming the same value on the previous day, the arterial pH on the summit was over 7.7. Arterial PO2 was calculated from changes along the pulmonary capillary to be 28 Torr. In spite of the severe a...

Brief Historical Perspective of Subtle Energies and Energy Medicine

The field of energy medicine has a long history in the United States dating back almost two centu... more The field of energy medicine has a long history in the United States dating back almost two centuries. During the 19th century, there was a widespread interest in electrotherapy devices and many were sold in mail order catalogs. An overview of the development of the field of electrotherapy can be found in Dr. James Oschman’s book, “Energy Medicine: The Scientific Basis ” (Oschman, 2000). Little academic research was done in this field in the United States after the Flexner Report of 1910 led to the overhaul of medical school education and research. Electrotherapy was declared scientifically unsupportable and was legally excluded from clinical practice. One of the few researchers who did excellent work was Dr. Harold Saxton Burr at Yale University who investigated energy fields in living systems from 1932 to 1956. He called these L fields. His work was considered out of step with research conducted in mainstream medicine and biology of his time and few researchers continued his work....

Heart Rate Variability Enhancement Through Nanotechnology: A Double-Blind Randomized-Control Pilot Study

ABSTRACT. Background. The objective of this study was to test whether a proprietary nanotechnolog... more ABSTRACT. Background. The objective of this study was to test whether a proprietary nanotechnology skin patch produced for the purpose of increasing energy was also capable of modulating certain of the resonant frequencies of the body, promoting greater autonomic nervous system balance as reflected in heart rate variability (HRV). Method. The study is a treatment-control design with researchers blinded to the assignment of subjects to either placebo or energy patch groups. The HRV measures were obtained prior to and 15min after the patches had been applied. The HRV was measured with a BioCom HRV system. The measurements were obtained in a treatment room with partic-ipants resting in a lounge chair. Participants were solicited from volunteers who lived in the Poulsbo area. Results. Analysis of the two groups indicated that when the experimental group HRV data were examined for pre–post differences, the low frequency=high frequency (LF=HF) ratio decreased significantly (p <.01, one...

Commentary on the California Council on Science and Technology Report "Health Impacts of Radio Frequency from Smart Meters

Sleep and Periodic Breathing at High Altitude: Sherpa Natives Versus Sojourners

factors contributing to periodic breathing at high altitude during sleep or somnolence are the su... more factors contributing to periodic breathing at high altitude during sleep or somnolence are the subject of this chapter. The Sherpa high-altitude natives in the Himalayas who were volunteers for a recent study receive special attention because the particular characteristics of their respiratory control systems may offer crucial tests for a general model of periodic breathing.

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Heart Rate Variability Enhancement Through Nanotechnology: A Double-Blind Randomized-Control Pilot Study

Journal of Neurotherapy, Aug 11, 2008

Background. The objective of this study was to test whether a proprietary nanotechnology skin pat... more Background. The objective of this study was to test whether a proprietary nanotechnology skin patch produced for the purpose of increasing energy was also capable of modulating certain of the resonant frequencies of the body, promoting greater autonomic nervous system balance as reflected in heart rate variability (HRV). Method. The study is a treatment-control design with researchers blinded to the assignment of subjects to either placebo or energy patch groups. The HRV measures were obtained prior to and 15 min after the patches had been applied. The HRV was measured with a BioCom HRV system. The measurements were obtained in a treatment room with participants resting in a lounge chair. Participants were solicited from volunteers who lived in the Poulsbo area. Results. Analysis of the two groups indicated that when the experimental group HRV data were examined for pre-post differences, the low frequency=high frequency (LF=HF) ratio decreased significantly (p < .01, one-tailed t test), the very low frequency (VLF) decreased significantly (p < .05), the LF decreased (p ¼ .011), LF norm decreased (p < .05), and HF norm increased (p < .05). It should be noted that the normalized LF and HF parameters represent relative values of each power component in proportion to total power minus the VLF component. This emphasizes the controlled and balanced behavior of the two branches of the autonomic nervous system. It tends to minimize the effect of change in total power on the values of LF and HF components (Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology, 1996). The control group, however, showed no significant pre-post changes in these parameters. Comparisons between energy and placebo patch groups reached statistical significance (p < .05) only in the VLF parameter. Conclusion. These results suggest that LifeWave Energy Patches appear to act on the autonomic cardiovascular factors influencing heart rate variability in the hypothesized direction. This technology can be used to augment neurotherapy especially in cases characterized by chronic stress or fatigue factors.

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Exploring the Heart and Aether in Energy Medicine

Subtle Energies Energy Medicine Journal Archives, 2009

The heart is presented as the energetic center of the human subtle energy system that plays a coo... more The heart is presented as the energetic center of the human subtle energy system that plays a coordinating role in human physiology beyond its accepted role as a cardiovascular pump. As the body's most dynamic field integrator of life energy, the heart plays a formative role in the creation of the new paradigm of energy medicine. This paper explores the role of the heart in cardiovascular functioning, healing, cognition and subtle energy modulation. Water and blood are shown to play a central role in mediating consciousness and intention. A hypothesis is presented that the heart utilizes diverse subtle energy and electromagnetic regulatory processes to coordinate complex information flows within the body and the environment. A new model of a non-material higher-dimensional Planck aether developed by Klaus Volkamer is presented based on research of anomalous mass determinations with subtle energy detectors. The heart becomes a metaphor for the new synthesis between science and spirit that was the theme of the 2009 ISSSEEM conference.

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Energy Medicine in the United States: Historical Roots and the Current Status

Brief Historical Perspective of Subtle Energies and Energy Medicine The field of energy medicine ... more Brief Historical Perspective of Subtle Energies and Energy Medicine The field of energy medicine has a long history in the United States dating back almost two centuries. During the 19 th century, there was a widespread interest in electrotherapy devices and many were sold in mail order catalogs. An overview of the development of the field of electrotherapy can be found in Dr. James Oschman's book, "Energy Medicine: The Scientific Basis" (Oschman, 2000). Little academic research was done in this field in the United States after the Flexner Report of 1910 led to the overhaul of medical school education and research. Electrotherapy was declared scientifically unsupportable and was legally excluded from clinical practice. One of the few researchers who did excellent work was Dr. Harold Saxton Burr at Yale University who investigated energy fields in living systems from 1932 to 1956. He called these L fields. His work was considered out of step with research conducted in mainstream medicine and biology of his time and few researchers continued his work. Another pioneer who was active in the early part of the 20 th century was Albert Abrams M.D. He became Professor of Pathology at Cooper College in San Francisco in 1893 and was also elected vice-president of the California State Medical Society in 1889. In 1916 he published New Concepts in Diagnosis and Treatment in which he described the Electronic Reactions of Abrams (ERA). This might be considered as the beginning of subtle energetic diagnostic methods. According to ERA, all diseases have their own "vibratory rate" which can be measured, and also treated, with unique electronic boxes developed by Abrams. According to his theory, one could cure disease by "transmitting" back to the diseased tissue the same subtle vibratory rate it was "transmitting." This would neutralize the abnormal vibrations and allow the tissue to exhibit healthy vibratory rates, thus potentially eliminating the disease. Abrams also believed that drugs worked when they had the same or similar "vibrations" as the disease they cured. In this approach to disease his thinking was somewhat analogous to the teachings of Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843), the founder of homeopathy. However, Abrams' methodology always involved a trained person performing auscultation in conjunction with his specific devices such as the reflexophone, and later the oscilloclast. Abrams work was one of first attempts in the 20 th century to apply the subtle energy domain to medicine and later led to the development of "radionics." That term was chosen since it was (wrongly) thought that the process involved the newly discovered radio waves (Russell, 2004).

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Automatic mechanical alveolar gas sampler for multiple-sample collection in field

Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology, 1984

A mechanical alveolar gas sampler using the revolver principle capable of collecting six individu... more A mechanical alveolar gas sampler using the revolver principle capable of collecting six individual expired gas samples is described. The 0.91-kg sampler collects 19-ml samples in pre-evacuated aluminum ampoules equipped with spring-loaded valves from a sampling chamber equipped with two removable one-way valves. On depression of external handles, one of six ampoules located in a removable cartridge is aligned and advanced into the sampling chamber where its valve is opened and then closed. Releasing the handles removes the ampoule from the sampling chamber and automatically rotates the cartridge through 60 degrees to position a new ampoule in preparation for the next sampling sequence. A lock-out mechanism prevents reexposure of any of the ampoules after six samples have been taken. The performance of the sampler is described including its successful use in the field to collect alveolar gas samples on the summit of Mount Everest.