Any of the functions defined in the C++ standard library can report a failure by throwing an exception of a type described in its Throws: paragraph, or of a type derived from a type named in the Throws: paragraph that would be caught by a handler ([except.handle]) for the base type.

Functions from the C standard library shall not throw exceptions158 except when such a function calls a program-supplied function that throws an exception.159

Destructor operations defined in the C++ standard library shall not throw exceptions.

Every destructor in the C++ standard library shall behave as if it had a non-throwing exception specification ([except.spec]).

Functions defined in the C++ standard library that do not have a Throws: paragraph but do have a potentially-throwing exception specification may throw implementation-defined exceptions.160

Implementations should report errors by throwing exceptions of or derived from the standard exception classes ([bad.alloc], [support.exception], [std.exceptions]).

An implementation may strengthen the exception specification for a non-virtual function by adding a non-throwing exception specification.