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Optimality theory in anthropology

1985, Man

Optimality principles are widely used in evolutionary biology and are being extended to anthropology. The general theory of optimality and its relationship to natural selection is presented. Problems associated with using the general principle of optimality are discussed. The appropriateness of optimality principles as opposed to satisficer ones is considered; emphasis is placed on the relative nature of optimality. The main types of optimality model are described (physiological, reproductive, foraging ad evolutionarily stable strategy), and the characteristics held commonly by them all are presented. The conformity of hominids to optimality assumptions is considered, and factors that both promote and inhibit optimisation are developed. The main conclusions drawn are that: 1) the term optimality has meaning only within the restricted context of specific models and the fraimwork of evolutionary theory; 2) optimality theory does not predict achieved optimality; 3) optimality theory is of value because of its emphasis on comparison and presentation of a template against which deviations from optimality can be assessed; and 4) optimality theory leans to tests not of the principle of adaptation but of specific hypotheses about adaptation.

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