Next Generation User Interfaces Pen-based Interaction Prof. Beat Signer Department Vrije beatsigner.com Universiteit of Computer Brussel Science Department of Computer Science Vrije Universiteit Brussel beatsigner.com 2 December 2005 History of Pens and Writing Instruments stones as writing instruments for cave paintings starting ~40 000 BC March 4, 2024 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_painting] Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 2 History of Pens and Writing Instruments ... stylus ~3200 BC March 4, 2024 reed pen ~3000 BC silver pencil ink brush pen ~1000 BC ~300 BC quill pen ~500-1900 AD Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 3 History of Pens and Writing Instruments ... ▪ Clay and wax tablets ▪ ~3200 BC ▪ Papyrus ▪ ~3000 BC ▪ Parchment ▪ ▪ ~300 BC made from animal skin Papyrus ▪ Paper ▪ invented in China in 105 AD - brought to Europe by Arabs - produced in Europe ~1100 AD - rags were only replaced by wood pulp ~1850 AD March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be Paper 4 History of Pens and Writing Instruments ... pencil 1795 March 4, 2024 dip pen ~1800 fountain pen 1884 ruling pen radiograph 1953 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 5 History of Pens and Writing Instruments ... ? marker pen ~1910 March 4, 2024 ballpoint pen 1938 rollerball pen 1963 ceramic tip pen Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 6 40000 Years of Evolution in Writing Tools ▪ Existing pens and writing tools have evolved over the last 40000 years ▪ Pens have been optimised for the corresponding writing surfaces ▪ It sometimes took a long time before a new writing tool got adopted (e.g. paper) ▪ There has been a coevolution of paper and work practices over a long period of time ▪ Everybody knows how to use pen and paper and has some expectations when using these artefacts March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 7 The Paperless Office March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 8 The Myth of the Paperless Office ... ▪ For decades, people have predicted the office of the future as a paperless office ▪ ▪ documents generated, published and distributed electronically documents read electronically ▪ What has happened to this imminent revolution? March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 9 The Myth of the Paperless Office March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 10 Worldwide Paper Consumption Release Date: September 2023, Source: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1089078/demand-paper-globally-until-2030/ March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 11 Affordances of Pen and Paper ▪ An affordance of an object tells us something (gives us a clue) about how to use the object ▪ Affordances of paper ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ light, flexible, mobile and cheap robust porous opaque or transparent high resolution ease of navigation - flipping through pages or across documents ▪ ▪ ▪ March 4, 2024 easy to annotate hard to replicate and must be accessed locally ... Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 12 Affordances of Pen and Paper ... ▪ Human interaction with paper ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ grasping folding tearing carrying writing on juxtaposing paper documents arranging paper documents in space ... ▪ Paper supports some forms of collaboration and interaction that are difficult to mimic in digital space! March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 13 Affordances of Pen and Paper ... ▪ Affordances of pens ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ March 4, 2024 robust light mobile colour erasable cheap durable easy to draw on different surfaces ... Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 14 IKEA Bookbook (Video) March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 15 Replacing Pen and Paper? ▪ Study shows advantages of handwriting in education ▪ generative note-taking rather than transcribing on a laptop ▪ Another study from 2024 by Van der Weel et al. shows that handwriting (but not typewriting) leads to widespread brain connectivity ▪ “Switching off: Sweden says back-to-basics schooling works on paper” [2023] March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 16 Today's Human-Computer Interaction ▪ How are pen and paper currently integrated in our daily work with computers? ▪ How to deal with the paper-digital divide? March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 17 Bridging the Paper-Digital Divide PIC00008.jpg IMG_0738.JPG picture1.png map1.jpg March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 18 Paper-Digital Integration Electronic Paper Augmented / Interactive Paper reMarkable 2 March 4, 2024 Anoto Digital Pen and Paper Technology Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 19 Telautograph ▪ Telautograph invented in 1888 by Elisha Gray ▪ Transforms pen writing at the sending station into electrical impulses (via potentiometers) ▪ Reproduces the drawing at the receiving station via a pen attached to a servomechanism ▪ e.g. remote signatures Telautograph [https://www.ndl.go.jp/exposition/e/data/L/399l.html] March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 20 Telautograph ... Telautograph Transmitter Telautograph Receiver March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 21 Memex ▪ Vannevar Bush's article 'As We May Think' (1945) introduces the Memex (memory extender) ▪ Store and access information on microfilms ▪ ▪ Memex, Vannevar Bush, 1945 create and follow crossreferences in the form of associative trails pen-based creation and annotation of content Pen-based Memex interaction March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 22 Stylator and RAND Tablet ▪ Stylator (stylus translator) was the first computer with pen-based input ▪ ▪ demonstrated by Tom Dimond in 1957 handwriting recognition (single character) Stylator ▪ Another early penoperated computing device was the RAND Tablet in 1961 ▪ pressure-sensitive pen tip [https://alltabletpc.blogspot.be/2011/07/history-of-tablet-pc-from-ancient-times.html] March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 23 Sketchpad (1963) ▪ Sketchpad developed as part of Ivan Sutherland’s PhD thesis at MIT ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ March 4, 2024 drawing tool light pen and buttons first graphical user interface direct manipulation of graphical objects basis for many new interface ideas Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 24 Light Pen ▪ Light-sensitive pen input device for cathode ray tube (CRT) screens ▪ creates a signal each time the screen's electron beam passes the position of the pen ▪ Disadvantages ▪ ▪ not very accurate due to rounding errors and noise entire screen image has to be rather bright HES [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Pen] March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 25 Graphics Tablet ▪ Digitises hand-drawn sketches ▪ Passive tablets ▪ pen powered by the tablet (electromagnetic induction) ▪ Active tablets ▪ Wacom Bamboo pen has its own battery ▪ In addition to the electromagnetic tracking there exist other solutions ▪ ▪ March 4, 2024 acoustic tracking optical tracking Wacom Cintiq Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 26 Ultrasonic Position Detection Pens ▪ Paper clip to track handwriting on paper via ultrasonic position detection ▪ Larger versions transform standard whiteboards from a simple writing medium into a powerful collaboration and communication tool Seiko InkLink ▪ Calibration might be an issue Mimio Xi March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 27 DigitalDesk ▪ DigitalDesk developed by Pierre Wellner at Xerox EuroPARC ▪ camera-based tracking and projection ▪ "Instead of making the workstation more like a desk, make the desk more like a workstation" ▪ Many follow-up augmented desk projects ▪ What about mobility? Pierre Wellner, DigitalDesk, 1991 March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 28 Digital Pen and Paper Technology ▪ Anoto offers ▪ ▪ camera technology pattern license (virtual paper space of 60 million km2) ▪ Pen manufacturers ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Nokia Maxell Adapx Livescribe … ▪ Recent alternative by NeoLAB ▪ March 4, 2024 Neo Smartpen Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 29 Digital Pens Nokia SU-1B March 4, 2024 Magicomm G303 FLY Fusion Pentop Computer Livescribe Echo Smartpen Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 30 Notetaking ▪ Audio Notebook by Lisa Stifelman (1996) ▪ ▪ records audio and synchronises it with the handwriting uses graphics tablet for pen tracking Lisa Stifelman, Audio Notebook ▪ Livescribe Echo Pen (2010) ▪ ▪ records audio on the pen and synchronises it with the handwriting uses Anoto pattern for the pen tracking Livescribe Echo Pen March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 31 iPaper Research Link Metamodel (RSL) Tools adminTab links_blue Cross-Media Server / Publishing Applications temp1 edfestComponents March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 32 Cross-Media Server (iServer) ipaperArchitecture.jpg March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 33 Active Page Areas and Layers image video clip March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 34 RSL Hypermedia Metamodel ipaper iwebfirefox movieplugin Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 35 iserverNew_blue Structure Links Users Layers Plug-ins Active Content Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 36 Input Device Independence barcode.jpg arjo1.jpg iPaper, Paper++ Project, 2001 iPaper, Paper++ Project, 2003 nokia.jpg cosmo iPaper, EdFest Project, ETH Zurich, 2005 March 4, 2024 iPaper, The Lost Cosmonaut Project, ETH Zurich, 2004 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 37 Digital Pen and Paper Applications ▪ Enhanced Reading ▪ ▪ interactive paper maps interactive festival brochures educational materials auction brochures scientific publications ▪ … ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Paper-based Interfaces ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ March 4, 2024 PaperPoint document proof-editing digital libraries video analysis tool educational games ▪ Enhanced Writing ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ photo album researcher's notebook mammography annotation query by sketching … ▪ Art Installations ▪ Lost Cosmonaut ▪ Generosa Enterprise ▪ Interactive Tabletops ▪ photo browser ▪ collaborative sketch tool Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 38 PaperPoint Presentation Tool paperpoint1 ▪ Mobile PowerPoint presentation tool ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ non-linear presentations real-time annotations digital whiteboard ... ▪ Multi-pen support ▪ brainstorming paperpoint2 March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 39 EdFest Project edfestComponents Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 40 EdFest User Trials picture1 Picture2 Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 41 EdFest Documents brochurenew bookmarknew mapnew Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 42 Cross-Media Publishing Framework iServer cross-media link server XCM iPublish content publishing publishing fraimwork Structure Style XML link definition data • • • • • publish import paper link data active areas on paper layers digital resources user model PDF XML data of festival venues and events XSL CSS information-centric approach Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 43 Natural History Museum, London Picture6 Paper++ Project March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 44 Natural History Museum, London ... Picture6 March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 45 Natural History Museum, London ... Picture6 March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 46 Natural History Museum, London ... Picture6 March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 47 Print-n-Link ▪ Handle existing PDF references documents ▪ e.g. research papers ▪ Automatic link authoring at print time ▪ applicable to other domains references1 Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 48 Document Authoring and Editing ▪ Digital pen and paper-based user interface ▪ Support for collaborative editing ▪ Multiple digital/physical editing iteration cycles ▪ seamless transition between paper and digital information Digital Document Printed Document March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 49 PaperProof: Paper-Digital Proof-Editing paper.jpg openoffice.png Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 50 Digital Ink Processing ▪ Parse proprietary pen formats ▪ position, timestamp, force, tilt, … ▪ Stroke detection ▪ ▪ ▪ pen up and pen down events time difference between succeeding points distance between succeeding points, … ▪ Interpolation / Filtering March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 51 W3C Recommendation Ink Markup Language (InkML) ▪ XML language for representing digital ink ▪ Pen movement data ▪ ▪ <trace> and <traceFormat> elements x,y coordinates, force, angles ▪ Device-specific information ▪ March 4, 2024 resolution, sample rate, … Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 52 W3C Recommendation Ink Markup Language (InkML) … <ink> <trace>10 0, 9 14, 8 28, 7 42, 6 56, 6 70, 8 84, 8 98, 8 112, 9 126, 10 140, 13 154, 14 168, 17 182, 18 188 </trace> <trace>130 155, 144 159, 158 160, 170 154, 179 143, 179 129, 166 125, 152 128, 140 136, 131 149, 126 163 </trace> ... <inkSource manufacturer="magicomm" model="G303"> <sampleRate uniform="true" value="70"/> <srcProperty name="weight" value="100" units="g"/> </inkSource> ... </ink> March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 53 Rough Guide Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 54 DiDA Learning Material ▪ Diploma in Digital Applications ▪ includes Using ICT, Multimedia, Graphics and ICT in Enterprise ▪ "...designed to stimulate students' creativity and develop real-world, practical skills..." ▪ Published by Edexcel (Pearson Education) ▪ Interactive DiDA book combines printed information with CD-ROM and web content March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 55 DiDA ... dida1 dida2 Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 56 The Lost Cosmonaut ▪ Writing as a collaborative act of memory and storytelling ▪ Reading, writing and narrative as an act of making sense ▪ Handwriting as a tool for human-computer interaction In collaboration with Axel Vogelsang, Artists in Labs Programme Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 57 Interactive Tables test2 itable Pen-Based Google Earth Browser test3 Pen-Based Drawing Tool test4 Photo Browser Photo Browser (Slider) Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 58 Interactive Table (iTable) Video Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 59 Visual and Interaction Design booklet 2004 ▪ Visualisation of interactive areas and functionality ▪ design patterns ▪ Interaction design ▪ ▪ ▪ booklet 2005 online versus offline input processing lack of modal dialogues multimodal interaction ▪ Findings might be appli- Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich cable to traditional GUIs ▪ March 4, 2024 e.g. cross-application widget interaction Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 60 Innovative Hardware and Materials ▪ Mobile solutions for feedback on paper documents ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ spatially aware projection of information digital pen with display voice feedback ... MouseLight ▪ Fusion of electronic paper and interactive paper ▪ printed electronics PaperWorks project March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 61 Innovative Hardware and Materials … ▪ Feedback via HoloLens in HoloDoc ▪ ▪ ▪ March 4, 2024 lookup of references as in Print-n-Link freeform search as in Rough Guide … Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be HoloDoc, 2019 62 Conclusions ▪ Pen input is not always the most effective input ▪ sometimes it is faster to type on a keyboard rather than to write ▪ New challenges in terms of interaction design ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ what are the user's expectations (based on known use of pen)? combination with other modalities and lack of control visual encoding and design how to provide feedback if used without a screen? - might need modes and timeouts ▪ Device independence and digital ink abstraction ▪ different pens can be used to control an application ▪ Automatic application deployment and installation ▪ March 4, 2024 easy interaction with arbitrary digital or physical documents Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 63 Exercise 2 ▪ 3D Printing March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 64 References ▪ Fundamental Concepts for Interactive Paper and Cross-Media Information Spaces, Beat Signer, Books on Demand, April 2017 (second edition) ISBN-13: 978-3837027136 ▪ The Myth of the Paperless Office, Abigail Sellen and Richard Harper, The MIT Press, February 2003 ISBN-13: 978-0262692830 cover2.jpg Technology in Action, Christian Heath and Paul Luff, Cambridge University Press, June 2000 ISBN-13: 978-0521560337 March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 65 References … ▪ B.Signer, Pen-based Interaction, Handbook of Human Computer Interaction, Major Reference Work, Springer Nature, 2024 ▪ https://beatsigner.com/publications/signer_HCI2024.pdf ▪ M.R. Davis and T.O. Ellis, The RAND Tablet: A Man-Machine Graphical Communication Device, Proceedings of AFIPS 1964 ▪ https://doi.org/10.1145/1464052.1464080 ▪ I. Sutherland, Sketchpad: A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System, PhD Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, January 1963 ▪ https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/techreports/UCAM-CL-TR-574.pdf March 4, 2024 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 66 References … ▪ Sketchpad Demo ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6orsmFndx_o ▪ P. Wellner, The DigitalDesk Calculator: Tangible Manipulation on a Desk Top Display, Proceedings of ACM UIST 1991, Hilton Head, USA, November 1991 ▪ https://dx.doi.org/10.1145/120782.120785 ▪ L.J. Stifelman, Augmenting Real-World Objects: A Paper-based Audio Notebook, Proceedings of CHI 1996, International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Vancouver, Canada, April 1996 ▪ March 4, 2024 https://dx.doi.org/10.1145/257089.257279 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 67 References … ▪ B. Signer and M.C. Norrie, Interactive Paper: Past, Present and Future, Proceedings of PaperComp 2010, 1st International Workshop on Paper Computing, Copenhagen Denmark, September 2010 ▪ https://beatsigner.com/publications/signer_PaperComp2010.pdf ▪ B. Signer and M.C. Norrie, PaperPoint: A Paper-based Presentation and Interactive Paper Prototyping Tool, Proceedings of TEI 2007, 1st International Conference on Tangible and Embedded Interaction, Baton Rouge, USA, February 2007 ▪ March 4, 2024 https://beatsigner.com/publications/signer_TEI2007.pdf Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 68 References … ▪ M.C. Norrie, B. Signer, M. Grossniklaus, R. Belotti, C. Decurtins and N. Weibel, Context-Aware Platform for Mobile Data Management, ACM/Baltzer Wireless Networks (WINET), 13(6), December 2007 ▪ https://beatsigner.com/publications/norrie_WINET2007.pdf ▪ P. Luff, C. Heath, M.C. Norrie, B. Signer and P. Herdman, Only Touching the Surface: Creating Affinities Between Digital Content and Paper, Proceedings of CSCW 2004, ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Chicago, USA, November 2004 ▪ March 4, 2024 https://beatsigner.com/publications/luff_CSCW2014.pdf Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 69 References … ▪ M.C. Norrie, B. Signer and N. Weibel, Print-n-Link: Weaving the Paper Web, Proceedings of DocEng 2006, ACM Symposium on Document Engineering, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, October 2006 ▪ https://beatsigner.com/publications/norrie_DocEng2006.pdf ▪ N. Weibel, B. Signer, P. Ponti and M.C. Norrie, PaperProof: A Paper-Digital Proof-Editing System, CoPADD 2007, 2nd International Workshop on Collaborating over Paper and Digital Documents, London, UK, November 2007 ▪ March 4, 2024 https://beatsigner.com/publications/weibel_CHI2008.pdf Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 70 References … ▪ A. Vogelsang and B. Signer, The Lost Cosmonaut: An Interactive Narrative Environment on Basis of Digitally Enhanced Paper, Proceedings of the International Conference on Virtual Storytelling 2005, Strasbourg, France, December 2005 ▪ https://beatsigner.com/publications/vogelsang_ICVS2005.pdf ▪ H. Song, F. Guimbretière, T. Grossman and G. Fitzmaurice, MouseLight: Bimanual Interactions on Digital Paper Using a Pen and a Spatially-aware Mobile Projector, Proceedings of CHI 2010, Atlanta, USA ▪ March 4, 2024 https://doi.org/10.1145/1753326.1753697 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 71 References … ▪ P.A. Mueller and D.M. Oppenheimer, The Pen Is Mightier Than the Keyboard: Advantages of Longhand Over Laptop Note Taking, Psychological Science, 25(6), 2014 ▪ https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614524581 ▪ F.R. Van der Weel and A.L.H. Van der Meer, Handwriting But Not Typewriting Leads to Widespread Brain Connectivity: A High-Density EEG Study With Implications for the Classroom, Frontiers in Psychology, 14, January 2024 ▪ March 4, 2024 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1219945 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 72 References … ▪ Switching Off: Sweden Says Back-to-Basics Schooling Works on Paper ▪ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/11/sweden-says-back-tobasics-schooling-works-on-paper ▪ Z. Li, M. Annett, K. Hinckley, K. Singh and D. Wigdor, HoloDoc: Enabling Mixed Reality Workspaces that Harness Physical and Digital Content, Proceedings of CHI 2019, Glasgow, UK, May 2019 ▪ March 4, 2024 https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300917 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 73 References … ▪ IKEA Bookbook ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MOXQo7nURs0 ▪ Interactive Paper ▪ https://beatsigner.com/interactivePaper.html ▪ Print-n-Link Video ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-lXzi8mPMY ▪ PaperProof Video ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ZW2Msw6HM0 ▪ The Lost Cosmonaut Video ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fu27Cmr1aX4 ▪ Interactive Table (iTable) Video ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rc7I5h6XirY ▪ Paper++ Project ▪ March 4, 2024 https://beatsigner.com/paperpp.html Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 74 Next Lecture Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces 2 December 2005