Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 25 (Special Issue), 2012 Rotifera from the Shatt Al-Arab Region, Southern Iraq Naeem Shanad Hammadi 1and Irena Bielańska-Grajner 2 1 Department of Fisheries, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq E-mail: nae71em@yahoo.com; 2 Department of Hydrobiology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland Abstract. To study the biodiversity of rotifera in the Shatt Al-Arab Region, samples were collected with a 50μm mesh size plankton net between August and December 2007, from five selected sites in the region. In total, 85 taxa of rotifers were found, 39 of which are newly recorded in Iraq. Nearly all the species recorded in the Shatt Al-Arab region are characteristic for the Palearctic. The exceptions were three species: Dicranophorus dolerus (earlier found only in Nearctic and Oriental regions), Euchlanis lyra (earlier in Afrotropical, Australian, Nearctic and Neotropical regions), Lecane donneri (earlier in Afrotropical, Nearctic and Oriental regions). Key words: Biodiversity, rotifers, pond, river, Iraq Introduction Iraqi inland water bodies occupy about 5% of the surface of the country. They are very important for the fishing economy, the irrigation of agricultural land, and for human consumption, both for drinking and industrial purposes (7). The Shatt Al-Arab River is formed by the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers at Qurna city, Southern Iraq, (Figure 1) (16). It is a large brackish water river with a total length of about 120 km (24, 5 and 16). Information about the rotifer fauna of the Shatt Al-Arab Region is limited to a few studies. (1) recorded only 11 brachionid rotifers. (6) estimated the biomass of rotifers in relation to the phytoplankton biomass. (3) investigated the monthly changes of Rotifera in the northern part of the Shatt Al-Arab and listed 23 species. (15) studied the abundance and diversity of rotifers in ponds in the Garmat Ali region and reported 26 species. All previous studies dealing with the identification of the rotifers in the study area were based on old literature and, therefore, of little relevance to our knowledge of the biodiversity of the region. The aim of this study was to address the hiatus in our knowledge, by examining the Rotifera of the Shatt Al-Arab Region. 81 Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 25 (Special Issue), 2012 Figure 1: Map of Iraq with the study area showing the sampling sites (from Google Earth). Study Area Five sites were selected for this study: site 1 near Khalid Bridge (30° 34' 36.13'' N, 47° 46' 27.83'' E), site 2 near Basrah Silo (30° 32' 53.18'' N, 47° 49' 08.65'' E), site 3 near Tanoma Bridge (30° 31' 20.16'' N, 47° 50' 34.30'' E), site 4 in the Khirtrad Canal (30° 33' 35.24'' N, 47° 45' 05.03'' E), and site 5 (30° 34' 13.96'' N, 47° 44' 54.63'' E) in a pond near the Engineering College at the University Campus of the Garmat Ali. Sites 1, 2, and 3 are in the main river canal, while site 4 (Khirtrad Canal) is one of numerous branch canals of the Shatt Al-Arab waterway. This Canal receives a considerable amount of untreated sewage and is 1-2 m deep. In addition, a dense growth of both emergent and submerged vegetation was noted on both sides of as well as inside the canal. Common species on both banks of the river were: Typha domingensis, Phragmites australis, Cyperus iongus, whereas, Vallisneria spiralis, Potamogeton lucens and Ceratophyllum demersum were dominant in the deeper areas. Site 5 is a pond, with an area of about 1500 m 2 and a depth of 0.5-2 m. Some of the above - mentioned species were growing in it as well. Table 1 shows some of the physicochemical parameters of the Shatt Al-Arab River water (4 and 8). 82 Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 25 (Special Issue), 2012 Table (1): Physical-chemical parameters of Shatt Al-Arab River (4 and 8). Parameter Water temperature Light Transparency Turbidity Salinity Total dissolved soldis (TDS) pH Dissolved Oxygen Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Total Hardness Calcium Magnesium Nitrite ( NO2 ) Nitrate (NO3) Phosphate (PO4) Silicate (SiO3) Range 18.5 -39.5 C° 38 – 63 cm 12.4 - 18.3 mg/L 1.24 - 2.56 ppt 850 - 1679.8 mg/L 7.5 - 8.05 6.9 - 8.8 mg/L 1.5 - 2.4 mg/L 400 - 633.4 mg CaCO3 /L 114.7 – 250 Ca++ /L 36 - 75.6 Mg++ /L 0.042 - 0.25 μg-at N /L 11.42 - 24.05 μg-at N /L 0.54 - 1.36 μg-at P /L 122.3 - 208.2 μg-at Si /L Material and Methods Samples were collected monthly from five sites in August - December 2007, with a plankton net (mesh size 50 μm, mouth diameter 40 cm), towed for 10 minutes. Samples were preserved in 4% formaldehyde. Specimens were examined using dissecting and compound microscopes. The identifications were based on (21, 31, 32, 25, 11, 12, and 26). Rotifer density was estimated on a scale of 1-5, where 1 = very rare (1 – 2 individuals; 2 = rare (from 3 to 10 individuals); 3= frequent (from 11 to 20); 4 = common (from 21 to 30); 5 = abundant (>31). Results and Discussion In total, 85 taxa of rotifers belonging to 32 genera were identified. They include 39 taxa that had not been recorded previously in the fauna of Iraq (Table 2). Rotifers are abundant in most rivers of the world (17). The number of rotifer species reported in the present work corresponds with other studies on the rotifera of Iraqi waters (9; 22; 28; 30, 29; 23 and 27). The numbers of species recorded in the present study were 50, 47, 51, 42, and 43 in sites 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 respectively. Densities of four of the identified taxa were exceptionally high: Synchaeta lakowitziana, Brachionus angularis, Keratella tropica, and bdelloids. The species S. lakowitziana here reached the highest density ever recorded. Of the four genera with the highest number of species, Lecane was the most important one, as it was represented by 19 species (Table 2) and was present at all sites. This agrees with the results of (9), who found that the Lecane spp. is dominant in the Garma Marshes of Southern Iraq. In contrast, (1) recorded 11 species, of which Brachionus urceolaris was dominant at all stations sampled by them; B. calyciflorus cf. amphiceros, Keratella quadrata and Notholca squamula were most common. In this study, Trichocerca, Brachionus and Cephalodella were represented by 8, 6, and 6 species, respectively. (6) 83 Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 25 (Special Issue), 2012 reported 17 species, of which Notholca and Keratella spp. prevailed in the rotifer community of the Shatt Al-Arab region. On the other hand, (3) found 23 species, of which Ascomorphella sp., Ascomorpha sp. and Keratella tropica were dominant in the northern part of the river. (2) indicated that B. urceolaris reached a very high density and can be considered as the most dominant species in the Southern Marshes, followed by B. quadridentatus and K. tropica. Moreover, (15) recorded 26 species and concluded that B. plicatilis was the most numerous (90% of total rotifer abundance) in a pond near the Shatt Al-Arab River. Thirty four of the listed species in Table 2 have previously been recorded in the Arabia Peninsula (34). The present study indicates that a few species were specific in their occurrence, as they were found in one site only and not in others; these are: Cephalodella catellina, Macrochaetus subquadratus, Sinantherina sp., and Trichocerca dixonnuttalli at site 1; Encentrum sp., Euchlanis lyra, Lecane cornuta, and T. porcellus at site 2 ; Encentrum eurycephalum, Filinia brachiata, Keratella quadrata, Lecane thalera, Platyias quadricornis, Synchaeta pectinata, T. stylata, and T. taurocephala at site 3 ; Aspelta bidentata, Collotheca sp., Encentrum putorius, Lecane donneri, L. elasma, and L. thienemanni at site 4 ; finally Brachionus bidentatus, Cephalodella delicata, C. megalotrocha, Dicranophorus dolerus, and D. grandis at site 5 (Table 2). Nineteen species appeared in every site, and sixteen of them appeared in every month, (Table 2). All species recorded in this study occur in the Palearctic region, which includes Iraq (except for three species which were new to this region). According to (33), Dicranophorus dolerus (Figure 2) occurs only in Nearctic and Oriental regions; Euchlanis lyra (Figure 3) in Afrotropical, Australian, Nearctic and Neotropical regions; and Lecane donneri (Figure 4) in Afrotropic, Nearctic and Oriental regions. Lecane donneri was recorded from Turkish waters by (14), occurrences of this species in Iraq waters was consulted with Prof. H. Segers. According to a checklist, 229 rotifer taxa had been recorded from Turkish continental waters (35). After this checklist, many studies have been carried out in Turkey (e.g. 13; 18; 10; 20 and 19) so the number of known rotifers from Turkey is more than 300 species. This high species richness of Turkish rotifers is related to the many studies conducted around the country. The fact that there are only a few studies is not enough to explain the biodiversity of Rotifera in Iraq. This study will be basic in establishing the biodiversity of Iraq rotifers. Many more surveys of rotifers are needed in this country. 84 Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 25 (Special Issue), 2012 Figure 2: Dicranophorus dolerus Harring and Myers, 1928 (Scale bar 40 µm) Figure 3: Euchlanis lyra Figure 4: Lecane donneri Hudson, 1886 Chengalath and Mulamoottil, 1974 (Scale bar 40 µm) (Scale bar 40 µm) 85 Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 25 (Special Issue), 2012 Table 2: Occurrence and density of rotifers of Shatt Al-Arab Region Taxa Anuraeopsis fissa (Gosse) ۩ Aspelta bidentata Wulfert ۩ Brachionus angularis Gosse B. bidentatus Anderson ۞ B. calyciflorus Pallas B. plicatilis Műller B. quadridentatus Hermann B. urceolaris (Műller) Bdelloidea n. det. Cephalodella catellina (Műller) ۩ C. delicata Wulfert ۩ C. gibba (Ehrenberg) ۞ C. gracilis Ehrenberg ۩ C. hoodi (Gosse) ۩ C. megalotrocha Wiszniewski ۩ Collotheca sp. Colurella adriatica Ehrenberg C. colurus (Ehrenberg) ۩ C. hindenburgi Steinecke ۩ C. uncinata (Műller) ۞ Dicranophorus dolerus Harring and Myers ۩ D. grandis (Ehrenberg) ۩ Encentrum sp. ۞ E. eurycephalum (Wulfert) ۩ E. putorius Wulfert ۩ Euchlanis dilatata Ehrenberg E. lyra Hudson ۩ E. triquetra Ehrenberg ۩ Khalid Bridge A S O N D 5 4 1 Basrah Silo Tanoma Bridge Khirtrad Canal A S O N D A S O N D A S O N D 2 1 1 1 1 4 5 4 2 1 2 4 5 1 2 1 A Pond S O N 5 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 D 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 5 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 86 1 Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 25 (Special Issue), 2012 Filinia brachiata (Rousselet) ۩ F. longiseta (Ehrenberg) F. terminalis (Plate) Hexarthra polyodonta (Hauer) ۩ Keratella quadrata (Műller) Keratella tropica (Apstein) Lacinularia sp. ۩ Lecane bulla (Gosse) L. closterocerca (Schmarda) L. cornuta (Műller) ۩ L. donneri Chengalath and Mulamootil ۩ L. elasma Harring and Myers L. hamata (Stokes) ۩ L. ludwigii (Eckstein) L. luna (Műller) L. lunaris (Ehrenberg) L. quadridentata (Ehrenberg) ۞ L. scutata (Harring and Myers) ۩ L. stenroosi (Meissner) ۩ L. stichaea (Harring) ۩ L. subtilis (Harring and Myers) ۩ L. tenuiseta (Harring) ۞ L. thalera (Harring and Myers) ۩ L.thienemanni Hauer ۩ L. undulata (Hauer) ۩ L. ungulata (Gosse) ۩ Lepadella ovalis (Műller) L. patella (Műller) Lindia truncata (Jennings) ۩ Lophocharis oxysternon (Gosse) ۞ L. salpina Ehrenberg ۞ Macrochaetus subquadratus Perty ۞ 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 5 1 3 2 5 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 3 1 1 2 5 1 4 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 5 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 87 1 1 1 1 1 1 Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 25 (Special Issue), 2012 Monommata sp. ۞ Mytilina crassipes (Lucks) ۩ M. ventralis (Ehrenberg) ۞ Notholca labis Gosse N. squamula (Műller) Platyias quadricornis (Ehrenberg) Polyarthra sp. Proales daphnicola Thompson ۩ Scaridium longicaudum (Műller) ۞ Sinantherinum sp. ۞ Synchaeta sp. S. lakowitziana Lucks ۩ S. pectinata Ehrenberg Testudinalla patina (Hermann) Trichocerca dixonnuttalli (Jennings) ۩ T. elongata (Gosse) ۞ T. iernis (Gosse) ۩ T. porcellus (Gosse) T. pusilla (Jennings) ۞ T. stylata (Gosse) ۞ T. taurocephala (Hauer) ۩ T. tenuior (Gosse) ۩ Trichotria pocillum (Műller) Trichotria truncata (Whitelegge) ۩ Tripeuchlanis plicata (Levander) ۩ 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 5 4 4 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 5 4 5 3 4 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Note:- 1 = very rare (1 – 2) individuals , 2 = rare (3 – 10) individuals , 3 = frequent (11 – 20) individuals, 4 = common (21 – 30) individuals, 5 = abundant (> 31) individuals. New Records to Iraq ۩ New Records to Shatt Al-Arab Region ۞ 88 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 25 (Special Issue), 2012 Acknowledgments N. S. H. would like to thank Prof., Dr. Salman D. Salman of The Marine Science Centre, Basrah University, for reading an earlier draft of the manuscript and Prof., Dr. Saleh A. AlEssa of the Fisheries dept. Coll. Agriculture for continuing encouragement and support. Special thank to Sylwia Ufnalska (MSc in Biology, MA in English Studies) for scientific and English corrections, as well as Mrs Ann Bruce (native speaker) for language correction of this manuscript. References 1. Abdul-Hussein, M. M.; Al-Saboonchi, A. A. and Ghani, A. A. (1989) Brachionid rotifers from Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 4(1):1-17. 2. Ahmed, H. K. and Mohammed, H. H. (2006) The Rotifera community in the south Marshes of Iraq. Marsh Bulletin, 1(1):54-58. 3. Ahmed, H. K.; Abdullah, D. S.; and Ali, M. H. (2005) Monthly changes of nutrients, chlorophyll and Rotifera in the Shatt Al-Arab River, South of Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Aquaculture, 2(1):1-11. 4. Al-Essa, S.A.K. ; Abdullah, A. A. M. and Jassem, A. K. (2007) Primary production of phytoplankton in northern part of Shatt Al-Arab River – Iraq. Basrah Journal of Agriculture Science, 20(1): 273 – 287 (in Arabic). 5. Al-Hillo, A. and Al-Ubaidy, A. M. (1997) Chemistry of Shatt Al-Arab River from Qurna to Fao. Marina Mesopotamica, 12:190- 201(in Arabic). 6. Ali, M. H. and Abdullah, D. S. (1999) The biomass of rotifers in relation to the phytoplankton biomass in the Shatt Al-Arab River. Marina Mesopotamica, 4(2): 279-289. 7. Al-Lami ,A. A.; Sabri, A. W. ; Kassim, T. I. and Rasheed, K. A. (1996) The ecological effects of Diyala River on Tigris River. I. Limnology. Journal of College Education for Women University of Baghdad, 7(1): 84-92. 8. Al-Mahmood, H. K. H. ; Al-Shawi, I. J. M. and Al-Imarah, F. J. M. (2008) Survey for the evaluation of physical – chemical parameters of Shatt Al-Arab waters, Basrah City (1974 – 2005). Basrah Journal Agriculture Science, 21(Special issue): 433 – 448 (in Arabic). 9. Al-Saboonchi, A. A.; Barak, N. 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Pakistan Journal of Biologial Sciences. 8: 1579-1583. 15. Ghazi, A. H. and Ahmed, H. K. (2008) Abundance and diversity of rotifera in the Garmat Ali Region Ponds, Basrah – Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Aquaculture, 5(1): 33-40. 16. Hussein, S. A. and Attee, R. S. (2000) Comparative studies on limnological features of the Shatt Al-Arab estuary and Mehejran canal. I. Seasonal variations in abiotic factors. Basrah Journal Science, 13(1):49-59. 17. Hynes, H. B. N. (1976) The ecology of running waters .Liverpool Univ., Press.555pp. 18. Kaya, M. and Altındağ, A. (2009) New record rotifer species for the Turkish fauna. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 33: 7-12. 19. Kaya, M. and Altındağ, A. (2010) Ten Additions to the Rotifer Fauna of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 34: 195-202. 20. Kaya, M., Herniou, A.E., Barraclough, T.G. and Fontaneto, D. (2009) A faunistic survey of bdelloid rotifers in Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East, 48: 114-116. 21. Koste W. (1978) Rotatoria, Monogononta, I. Textband, II.Tafelband, Gebrűder Borntraeger-Berlin-Stuttgart: 1-673. 22. Mangalo, H. H. and Akbar, M. M. (1986) Seasonal variation in population density of zooplankton in lower reaches of Diyala River, Baghdad-Iraq.Journal Biology Science Research, 7(3):99-113. 23. Mangalo, H. H., Al-Lami, A. A. and Abbas, E. K. (1998) Seasonal variation of zooplankton population in Qadisia Lake, North-West Iraq. I. Rotifera. AlMustansiriyah Journal Science. 9(3): 15-20. 24. Mohammad, M. B. M. (1965) A faunal study of the Cladocera of Iraq. Bulltin BiologyResearch Centre, (1):1-11. 25. Nogrady T. And Pourriot R. (1995) Notommatidae. Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World, (ed; H. Dumont), Academic Publishing: 1-229. 26. Nogrady T. and Segers H (ed.), (2002) Rotifera. Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World, (ed; H. Dumont), Academic Publishing: 1-264. 27. Półtorak, T. ; Bartel, R. and Szczerbowski, J. A. (2001) Horizontal distribution of zooplankton in Lakes Tharthar , Habbaniya and Razzazah. Archives of Polish Fisheries, 9(1): 111 – 126. 90 Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 25 (Special Issue), 2012 28. Sabri, A. W. (1988) Ecological studies on Rotifera (Aschelminthes) in the River Tigris (Iraq). Acta Hydrobiol, 30(3/4):367-379. 29. Sabri, A. W. ; Ali, Z. H.; Shawkat, S. F. ; Thejar, L. A.; Kassim, T. I. and Rasheed, K. A. (1993) Zooplankton population in the river Tigris: Effects of Samarra Impoundment. Regulated Rivers, 8:237-250. 30. Sabri, A. W.; Ali, Z. H.; Thejar, L. A.; Kassim, T. I. and Rasheed, K. A.(1988)Vertical distribution of zooplanktonic species in Samarra Impoundment, Iraq.5th Scientific Conference Baghdad, Iraq.5 (5):253-264. 31. Segers, H. (1995 a) Rotifera. volume 2: Lecanidae. (Monogononta) In: Dumont H. J. and Nogrady T. (eds.) Guides to Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World, Volume 6. SPB Academic Publishing bv. Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 6: 1-226. 32. Segers, H. (1995 b) Rotifera. volume 3: The Scaridiidae. (Monogononta) In: Dumont H. J. and Nogrady T. (eds.) Guides to Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World, Volume 8. SPB Academic Publishing bv. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: 230-244. 33. Segers, H. (2007) Anotated checklist of the rotifers (Phylum Rotifera), with notes on nomenclature, taxonomy and distribution. Zootaxa, 1564 Magnolia Press. Auckland, New Zealand. 104pp. 34. Segers, H. and H.J. Dumont, (1993) Rotifera from Arabia, with description of two new species. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 13: 3-26. 35. Ustaoğlu, R. (2004) A check-list for zooplankton of Turkish inland waters. E.Ü. Su Ürünleri Dergisi. 21: 191-199. 91 ‫مجمة البصرة لمعموم الزراعية‪ ,‬المجمد ‪( 25‬العدد الخاص)‪2102 ,‬‬ ‫دوالبيات منطقة شط العرب‪ ,‬جنوب العراق‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫نعيم شند حمادي‪ 0‬وارينا بيالنسكا‪-‬ﮔراجنر‬ ‫‪ 1‬قسم ألاسماك والثروة البحرية‪ ،‬كلية الزراعة‪ ،‬جامعة البصرة‪ ،‬العراق‬ ‫‪ 2‬قسم الهيدرولوجي‪ ،‬جامعة ساليزيا‪ ،‬بانكوا ‪ 440-04 ،9‬كاتووايس‪ ،‬بولندا‬ ‫الخالصة‪ .‬درس تنوع دوالبيات منطقة شط العرب لمفترة من آب لغاية كانون االول ‪ 7002‬في خمسة محطات مختارة ‪ ،‬إذ جمعت العينات‬ ‫بإستخدام شبكة هائمات قطر فتحتها ‪ 00‬مايكرون‪ .‬سجمت ‪ 50‬وحدة تصنيفية‪ 93 ،‬منها تسجيل جديد لمعراق‪ .‬تقريباً كل األنواع المسجمـة في‬ ‫هذه الدراس ـة هي سمـة مميزة لمنطق ـة ‪ ، Palearctic‬بإستثناء ثالثـة منهم‪( Dicranophorus dolerus :‬سجـل مسبقـاً فقط في منطقت ــي‬ ‫‪ Nearctic‬و ‪( Euchlanis lyra ،) Oriental‬سجل مسبقاً في مناطق ‪ Afrotropical‬و ‪ Australian‬و ‪ Nearctic‬و ‪،)Neotropical‬‬ ‫‪( Lecane donneri‬سجل مسبقاً في مناطق ‪ Afrotropical‬و ‪ Nearctic‬و ‪.)Oriental‬‬ ‫‪92‬‬ ‫‪View publication stats‬‬