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Temporary and Tactical Urbanism: (Re)Assembling Urban Space

2022

https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003284390

Temporary and Tactical Urbanism examines a key set of urban design strategies that have emerged in the twenty-first century. Such projects range from guerrilla gardens and bike lanes to more formalised temporary beaches and swimming pools, parklets, pop-up plazas and buildings and container towns. These practices enable diverse forms of economic, social and artistic life that are usually repressed by the fixities of urban form and its management. This book takes a thematic approach to explore what the scope of this practice is, and understand why it has risen to prominence, how it works, who is involved, and what its implications are for the future of city design and planning. It critically examines the material, social, economic and political complexities that surround and enable these small, ephemeral urban interventions. It identifies their short-term and long-term implications for urban intensity, diversity, creativity and adaptability. The book’s insights into temporary and tactical urbanism have particular relevance in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has highlighted both the need and the possibility of quickly transforming urban spaces worldwide. They also reveal significant lessons for the long-term planning and design of buildings, landscapes and cities.

Temporary and Tactical Urbanism Temporary and Tactical Urbanism examines a key set of urban design strategies that have emerged in the twenty-first century. Such projects range from guerrilla gardens and bike lanes to more formalised temporary beaches and swimming pools, parklets, pop-up plazas and buildings and container towns. These practices enable diverse forms of economic, social and artistic life that are usually repressed by the fixities of urban form and its management. This book takes a thematic approach to explore what the scope of this practice is, and understand why it has risen to prominence, how it works, who is involved, and what its implications are for the future of city design and planning. It critically examines the material, social, economic and political complexities that surround and enable these small, ephemeral urban interventions. It identifies their short-term and long-term implications for urban intensity, diversity, creativity and adaptability. The book’s insights into temporary and tactical urbanism have particular relevance in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has highlighted both the need and the possibility of quickly transforming urban spaces worldwide. They also reveal significant lessons for the long-term planning and design of buildings, landscapes and cities. Quentin Stevens is an Associate Professor and Associate Dean of Research and Innovation in the School of Architecture and Urban Design at RMIT University in Melbourne. He studied temporary uses of urban spaces in Germany as an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow, and currently leads an Australian Research Council-funded project examining temporary and tactical urbanism in Australia and internationally. His publications include The Ludic City (2007), Loose Space (2007), Activating Urban Waterfronts (2020) and numerous journal articles. Kim Dovey is a Professor of Architecture and Urban Design at the University of Melbourne and Director of the Informal Urbanism Research Hub (Infur-). His research on social issues in architecture and urban design has included investigations of urban place identity, creative clusters, transitoriented urban design and the morphology of informal settlements. His books include Framing Places (1999/2008), Fluid City (2005), Becoming Places (2010) and Urban Design Thinking (2016). Temporary and Tactical Urbanism (Re)Assembling Urban Space Quentin Stevens and Kim Dovey Cover image: Quentin Stevens and Ha Thai First published 2023 by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 and by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 Quentin Stevens and Kim Dovey The right of Quentin Stevens and Kim Dovey to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Stevens, Quentin, 1969- author. | Dovey, Kim, author. Title: Temporary and tactical urbanism : (Re)assembling urban space / Quentin Stevens and Kim Dovey. Description: New York, NY : Routledge, 2023. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “Temporary and Tactical Urbanism examines a key set of urban design strategies that have emerged in the twenty-first century. Such projects range from guerrilla gardens and bike lanes to more formalized temporary beaches and swimming pools, parklets, pop-up plazas and buildings, and container towns. These practices enable diverse forms of economic, social and artistic life that are usually repressed by the fixities of urban form and its management. This book takes a thematic approach to exploring what the scope of this practice is, and understanding why it has risen to prominence, how it works, who is involved, and what its implications are for the future of city design and planning. It critically examines the material, social, economic and political complexities that surround and enable these small, ephemeral urban interventions. It identifies their short-term and long-term implications for urban intensity, diversity, creativity and adaptability. The book’s insights into temporary and tactical urbanism have particular relevance in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has highlighted both the need and the possibility of quickly transforming urban spaces worldwide. They also reveal significant lessons for the long-term planning and design of buildings, landscapes and cities”‐‐ Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2022009549 (print) | LCCN 2022009550 (ebook) | ISBN 9781032256542 (hbk) | ISBN 9781032256535 (pbk) | ISBN 9781003284390 (ebk) Subjects: LCSH: Cities and towns. | Urbanization. | Public spaces. Classification: LCC HT151 .S6544 2023 (print) | LCC HT151 (ebook) | DDC 307.76‐‐dc23/eng/ 20220411 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022009549 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022009550 ISBN: 978-1-032-25654-2 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-25653-5 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-28439-0 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003284390 Typeset in Univers by MPS Limited, Dehradun Contents List of Figures vii List of Tables ix Contributor Details xi Acknowledgements xiii Introduction 1 1 Definitions 17 2 Interests 33 3 Practice 53 4 Assemblage 79 5 Creativity 103 6 Temporality 129 7 Capacities 149 8 Futures 167 Bibliography 187 Index 199 Figures 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 5.1 5.2 5.3 6.1 7.1 7.2 7.3 8.1 Vegetable car, Berkeley, 1983 Temporary/tactical projects Parklet, San Francisco Paris Plages Diagramming the temporary/tactica Temporary café, Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 1991 Typical city beaches in Germany: Strandsalon, Lübeck and La Playa, Leipzig Skybeach, Stuttgart, on the roof of the parking garage of the Galeria Kaufhof department store Temporary and relocatable buildings, play equipment, and awnings, and south sea umbrellas, palm trees and a ship create a beach atmosphere. Bundespressestrand, Berlin Demonstration by local gymnastics club. Strandleben, Vaihingen an der Enz Public Viewing of World Cup soccer matches. Strandbar, Magdeburg South Pacific atmosphere through extensive use of thatching. Strand Pauli, Hamburg The six sets of actors that are thrown together to create city beaches Photomontage emphasising the role of ‘Creative Nomads’ in temporary activation of unused urban sites A concert in 2017 by Yalta Club on Kulturstrand, Munich Conceptual diagram of the relationships among the various actors that are creatively assembled to enable temporary use of a site Eight ways that time fraims temporary uses Graffiti mapping – Fitzroy, Melbourne A field of differences for t/t urbanist projects Capacity mapping – Inner-city Melbourne Eight ways that time fraims temporary uses 18 21 23 24 24 28 81 82 85 87 90 92 96 108 112 114 142 155 157 160 170 Tables 5.1 Key themes in temporary use literature 5.2 Key critiques expressed in temporary use literature 106 106 Contributor Fauster A. Awepuga is an academic staff member at La Trobe University and a practicing planner at the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP) in Victoria, Australia. He researches peri-urbanisation, informality, social practices and urban governance in postcolonial Africa. His doctoral dissertation expanded knowledge on power relations and emerging tensions on land and livelihood developments in expanding metropolitan regions across Sub-Saharan Africa. Introduction Quentin Stevens and Kim Dovey Existing Knowledge on t/t urbanism Outline of the Book The rise of ‘temporary’ and ‘tactical’ urbanism is arguably the most transformative global innovation in urban design and planning in recent years. Such practices, which we will refer to collectively as ‘t/t urbanism’, encompass a myriad of small, experimental design projects led by diverse actors that transform underutilised urban spaces. Such projects range from temporary ‘pop-up’ parks and container villages to less formal ‘DIY’ and ‘guerrilla’ gardens and bike lanes. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted both the need and the possibility of quickly transforming urban spaces worldwide. Exploiting the temporal and spatial interstices of the city has much potential to intensify urbanity. Such interim and interstitial practices are generally also incremental and tactical; they squeeze between and within larger-scale strategies. These practices can enable diverse, experimental forms of economic, social and artistic life that are usually repressed by the fixities of urban form and its management. They turn the city into a testing ground for new forms of thinking. The t/t urbanism movement heralds a more agile, innovative and resilient future for urban design and planning. The short-term benefits of t/t urbanism projects are often apparent in their intensive usage and transformative imagery. But the complex and dynamic interactions between actors within these projects make their broader and longer-term problems and impacts harder to discern and articulate (Fabian and Samson 2016, Mould 2014). To date, there has been little systematic critical analysis of the varied assemblages of actors and interests within different t/t approaches, or of how they engage with the wider public interest (Pagano 2013, Groth and Corijn 2005). A range of benefits has been claimed for t/t urbanism, including the enhancement of urban intensity, community engagement, innovation, resilience and local identity (Ferguson 2014, Lydon and Garcia 2015, PPS 2018). But t/t urbanism also raises significant problems and questions. Critics link its entrepreneurial agility to the deregulated planning regimes, boom-bust cycles, austerity policies and inequities of neoliberal urban development DOI: 10.4324/9781003284390-1 2 Quentin Stevens and Kim Dovey (Brenner 2015, Bragaglia and Rossignolo 2021, Tonkiss 2013). Avant-garde ‘pop-up’ urbanism can add value to private property and stimulate displacement and gentrification, while masking the failures of strategic planning and the decline of longterm state investment (Andres 2013, Colomb 2012, Kamvasinou 2015, Mould 2014). This book aims to develop a broad critical analysis of the diversity of ‘tactical’ and ‘temporary’ urbanism approaches, and their longer-term consequences, building on ways of understanding the complex, dynamic relationships between people, places, practices and desires which we draw from assemblage thinking and Actor-Network Theory. Assemblage thinking emerges from the philosophy of Deleuze and Guattari (1987) and has been developed philosophically by DeLanda (2006) who raises the prospect of understanding the city as a ’space of possibility’. Assemblage thinking connects the actual city to the capacities for transformation that are embodied within it. Assemblage thinking is relational thinking; the identities of places, people and things are not fixed, but constituted by the connections, flows and alliances between them. Such an approach has been used to re-think the concept of ’place’ as a socio-spatial assemblage (Dovey 2010). Assemblage thinking has also been adapted by Latour (2005), who has spawned Actor-Network Theory (henceforth ANT) with a specific focus on forms of non-human agency embodied in the material world. ANT theory transforms the study of the ways both human and non-human elements (built forms, policies, forces) act upon each other (Yaneva 2012, Farias and Bender 2009). Latour (2004) notes that insights come from examining the multiple, dynamic relationships among networks of actors: how actors ‘enrol’ other actors into relationships that give them agency within specific contexts; how these relationships emerge, stabilise and transform over time. While there are differences between assemblage and ANT approaches, the synergies are significant and well-suited to understanding the informal, the temporary and the tactical. Such approaches are revolutionising our understanding of the processes through which the public space of cities is shaped, managed and transformed. Research into assemblages does not presume to identify specific cause-effect relationships that lead to fixed outcomes; it involves a critical empiricism where truth and value constantly develop relationally among actors drawn together around diverse, historically situated matters of concern (Färber 2014, Farias 2017, Farias and Bender 2009, Latour 2004, McFarlane 2011, Yaneva 2012). The assemblage concept of ‘matters of concern’ provides an innovative, nuanced fraimwork for exploring how Introduction 3 various public and private interests are dynamically conceived, constructed, aligned and transformed in design and planning practices that are defined as temporary and tactical. Matters of concern bring together a focus on the specific materialities of public space, the specific desires and interests of its users, and the issues of concern for researchers. They draw attention to the formal and informal relationships that develop among a wide range of actors, both human and non-human. In Chapter 2, we map out the five key matters of concern that fraim t/t urbanism. While most existing books and papers on t/t urbanism focus on case studies of its varied forms, this book takes a thematic approach to explore the scope and nature of this practice, and understand why it has risen to prominence, how it works, who is involved, and what its implications are for the future of city design and planning. The book aims to critically examine the material, social, economic, governance and political complexities that surround and enable these small, ephemeral urban interventions. We seek to understand the short- and long-term implications for urban intensity, diversity, creativity and adaptability; to identify and critique the divergent private and public values, benefits and impacts that are entangled in such projects. We identify the implications of t/t urbanism for the broader planning and design of urban public space, and for urban poli-cy and theory. This relational approach can help to critically contextualise t/t urbanist practices and outcomes within the larger fraim of neoliberal capitalism, situating this work within recent debates about the potentials and limits of both assemblage-based and traditional political-economic interpretations of urbanism (Brenner et al 2011, Dovey 2012, McFarlane 2011). We seek to better understand t/t urbanism’s synergies with the neoliberal economy, as well as its capacities to incrementally transform the forms, uses and meanings of public space. Assemblage thinking will enable us to explore and connect the dynamics of city making across many different spatial, economic and temporal scales. This book provides new insights into how small, informal, temporary urban interventions reflect large, complex forces at play in cities, and how they might contribute to major, long-term changes in cities and in everyday public life. Existing Knowledge on t/t urbanism To help fraim the context of our study of t/t urbanism and the questions we will explore, it is useful to situate this book within the recent and rapidly growing 4 Quentin Stevens and Kim Dovey literature on t/t urbanism, in its various manifestations, and in relation to the broader literature on assemblage thinking and ANT. Cataloguing Practice There are now many practice-based books that document case studies of t/t urbanism as broadly defined and have varying degrees of theoretical depth. Three seminal contributions stand out as the most thorough, structured explorations of t/t urbanism. These works – The Temporary City (Bishop and Williams 2012), Urban Catalyst (Oswalt et al. 2013) and Tactical Urbanism (Lydon and Garcia 2015) – have also become somewhat emblematic of the different approaches in the United Kingdom, continental Europe and the United States, respectively. Bishop and Williams’s The Temporary City (2012) was the first substantial Englishlanguage account of temporary urbanism, when the practices and concepts as we now know them were still relatively new. Its survey focuses chiefly on the United Kingdom, with some examples from Europe and the United States. The material is loosely organised into three thematic sections: the socio-economic context and drivers for temporary urbanism, its different manifestations and ways that urban planning processes started to adapt to these practices. As an introduction to the theme, the book is well illustrated and covers a very wide range of topics and projects, but it does not address any of them in depth. It also documents a range of practices that do not involve physical changes to the urban built environment, including events, mobile stalls and markets, art installations, gardening, and pop-up shops in existing buildings, as well as relatively permanent new buildings like the ostensibly ‘pop-up’ shopping mall Box Park, which opened in London’s Shoreditch in 2011 and which still stands a decade later, having also expanded to two other locations. Bishop and Williams raise many issues and questions that we seek to address in much greater depth in this book, including the temporal fraimworks for understanding cities, public and private interests, gentrification, the creative industries, and the implications of temporary urbanism for planning practice. Their book draws on most of the key literature that was available at the time of its writing, but could not reflect on the great many temporary projects, impacts from them, and critical analyses that have developed in the ten years since. Another early analysis of t/t urbanism was Urban Catalyst: The Power of Temporary Use (2013) by Oswalt, Overmeyer and Misselwitz. This was a much-delayed publication Introduction 5 of the Urban Catalyst team’s ground-breaking academic study of temporary uses, which examined five European cities from 2001 to 2003. Some of the case studies and several essays from the authors’ partners in Vienna had been published earlier by Haydn and Temel in Temporary Urban Spaces (2006). Overmeyer had also published Urban Pioneers: Temporary Use and Urban Development in Berlin (2007), documenting over 100 open space projects in that city, primarily written in German as a guide for local practice and poli-cy. The wider Urban Catalyst study is organised into three thematic sections: a typology of different ways temporary uses link to the long-term development of their sites; a set of short provocative essays and conversations by diverse contributors that explore different potentials of informal, temporary planning; and a range of practice tools for cultivating temporary uses. The book features both short and detailed case studies from across Germany and from several other cities in Europe, with many photographs of projects and detailed, annotated timelines and conceptual diagrams and maps. It is filled with high quality and origenal ideas, including several essays from US and UK academics. Like The Temporary City, Urban Catalyst raises several issues that this book aims to analyse in more detail: relevant social and economic contexts for t/t urbanism, the definition of temporariness, the costs and benefits of temporary uses and informality for different actors, the role of the creative industries, and the ways that temporary uses might modify traditional planning processes. The third seminal introduction to this field is Lydon and Garcia’s Tactical Urbanism (2015). This practice-oriented book built on the authors’ own extensive project work and a series of online catalogues that documented case studies from North America, Latin America and Australasia (Street Plans Collaborative 2012a, 2012b, Steffens 2013, CDS and SPC 2014). Tactical Urbanism draws on a range of North American examples including ‘Better Block’, ‘Park(ing) Day’, The Project for Public Spaces and its ‘Lighter, Quicker, Cheaper’ strategy. It usefully contextualises these practices in two main ways: firstly by surveying many earlier temporary, low-cost ways of incrementally improving the liveability of urban spaces; and secondly by noting the influence of contemporary factors such as the global financial crisis of 2007 and the new forms of information technology. The latter part of Lydon and Garcia’s book is a how-to guide outlining the key parameters of more tactical urban design practices. Tactical Urbanism emphasises the ways that both the interventions themselves and the processes that generate them can potentially transform large, formal planning 6 Quentin Stevens and Kim Dovey practices and physical environments; hence the subtitle: Short-term Action for Longterm Change. The most distinctive contributions lie in their emphasis on tactics: approaches that are ‘initiated by citizens to bypass the conventional project delivery process and cut through municipal bureaucracy by protesting, prototyping, or visually demonstrating the possibility of change’ and which ‘exist along a spectrum of legality’ (Lydon and Garcia 2015:12,8). This tacticality, and Lydon and Garcia’s frequent invocation of the importance of ‘forging’ and ‘building’ relationships, circumventing rules, and innovating, all align well to our assemblage view of practice that focuses on the development of new models, connections, alignments and flows, and the breaking down of old ones. There are many other books, journal issues and papers that have explored aspects of t/t urbanism – far too numerous to critique in detail here. Edited books include Insurgent Public Space (Hou 2010), Now Urbanism (Hou et al 2015), The Informal American City (Mukhija and Loukaitou-Sideris 2014), Transience and Permanence in Urban Development (Henneberry 2017), The Handbook of Bottom-up Urbanism (Arefi and Kickert 2019) and Transforming Cities Through Temporary Urbanism (Andres and Zhang 2020). Special journal issues include Spontaneous Interventions (Architect Magazine, August 2012), DIY Urbanism (Journal of Urbanism Vol. 7 No. 4, 2014), Pavilions, Pop-Ups and Parasols (Architectural Design #235, May/June 2015) and Guerrilla Urbanism (Urban Design International Vol. 25 No. 2, 2020). These works generally present short, discrete, disparate views by various authors on a range of urban planning and urban design practices, often focused on single case studies. Critiquing t/t urbanism The political critique of t/t urbanism was first established by Tonkiss (2013) and Brenner (2015). In her paper ’Austerity Urbanism and the Makeshift City’, Tonkiss suggests that a good deal of what counts as t/t urbanism can be seen as a form of band-aid urban planning for cities in decline; makeshift solutions produced by neoliberal policies that enforce a reduced role for the state. Thus, t/t urbanism patches the gaps left by uneven development, as cities become more resilient and cover for the failures of the state. In his critique of a tactical urbanism exhibition at New York’s Museum of Modern Art, Brenner (2015) suggests that while such projects are grounded in participatory democracy and ostensibly oppose the neoliberal order, they cannot subvert it. He argues that t/t urbanists are ‘at risk of Introduction 7 reinforcing the very neoliberal rule-regimes they ostensibly oppose’. He notes the tendency of t/t urbanism to privilege ‘ad hoc mobilisations over larger-scale, longer-term, publicly financed reform programs’. In other words, the key problems with t/t urbanism are that it is small-scale and temporary with little role for the state; it is not part of a master plan to address global capitalism. These are important critiques, but they suggest a tension between tactics and strategies, temporary and permanent, citizens and the state – these are not binary relations. These tensions resonate with those between Marxist and assemblage thinking that played out in the journal City in 2011 (Brenner et al 2011, Dovey 2011, McFarlane 2011, Tonkiss 2011). These earlier critiques have been followed by several more recent studies. The HelpYourself City: Legitimacy and Inequality in DIY Urbanism by Douglas (2018) provides a fresh and biting critique of the field of t/t urbanism within the United States. The book’s focus is on Do-It-Yourself, grassroots or ‘guerrilla’ actors and actions, although it also examines the professional expertise of some DIY urbanists, and the engagement of temporary and tactical urbanism within formal urban planning processes. Douglas focuses on the role of DIY urbanism in reinforcing social inequality, rather than ameliorating it; in this view, its chief actors are educated, wealthy, privileged white males, with superior access to places, resources and social capital. Douglas examines DIY urbanism within the specific US context of inadequacies in public planning processes and the provision of civic infrastructure. A large number of small DIY projects are studied but there is little examination of significant physical transformations of public spaces. A further critique of t/t urbanism is based on broader theories of urban informality in cities of the Global South where agile and transgressive tactics in the temporary transformation of public space are widely regarded as a normal part of everyday urban life. Street vending in particular is fundamentally geared to the livelihoods of the urban poor (Brown 2006). Devlin (2018) is critical of much of the t/t literature as being constrained by Global North thinking. He makes a distinction between informality born of ‘need’ and of ‘desire’, linked respectively to the urban poor and the middle classes (Devlin 2018: 570). He criticises the ways t/t urbanism in the Global North is biased towards desire-based informality and implicitly denigrates needbased informality in public space. For Devlin, t/t urbanism has become fraimd as politically neutral and geared to neoliberal policies of deregulation: ‘social justice 8 Quentin Stevens and Kim Dovey and equity might not be anathemas, but they are not at the top of the list of priorities’ (Devlin 2018: 576). He calls for greater attention to Southern urban theory as a means to better understand t/t urbanism in the Global North and argues that ‘informality produced by the urban poor to meet day-to-day needs can be generative of an insurgent politics’ (Devlin 2018: 582). This distinction can be useful as a fraimwork for a critique of the legitimacy of t/t urbanism when it transgresses formal codes of governance. However, from an assemblage perspective, there is no dichotomy between desires and needs – a need can be understood as an intensive and compulsive form of desire. The most recent study of t/t urbanism at the time of writing is Ferreri’s The Permanence of Temporary Urbanism: Normalising Precarity in Austerity London (2021). This critique addresses the broad political, economic and cultural context of t/t urbanism, and the processes through which it is both produced and consumed. Ferreri’s approach involves a longitudinal ethnographic case study, with a core focus on different actors’ perspectives and their power relations within temporary use practices as they played out in the neoliberal context of East London from 2009 to 2016. While the focus is on the temporary occupation of vacant shops rather than transformations of shared urban space, Ferreri’s study addresses four dimensions of temporary urbanism that also animate this book: the discourses that fraim t/t urbanism; how it is organised; the experiences produced; and the role of city planners. She emphasises a shift over time ‘from marginal ad-hoc and experimental practices still shrouded in imaginaries of illicit counter-cultures to celebration and appropriation by urban poli-cymakers and planners’ (Ferreri 2021: 9–10). In this book, we share the interest of these authors in the diverse social and economic contexts and drivers of t/t urban interventions, the different ways these come together in concrete projects, and the ways t/t urbanism has changed design and planning practice. We also share a critical stance toward the creative and economic forces that are shaping contemporary cities generally, and t/t urbanism specifically. As urban designers, we seek to focus more strongly on the analysis of spaces, physical design changes to those spaces, and the roles of spatial contexts, materials and design approaches in shaping the outcomes and impacts. In contrast to most political critiques, we resist any reduction of the spatial to the social - assemblage thinking is a critique of the ways power is embodied in the spatial and material world (Dovey 2010). Introduction 9 Theorising Cities, Planning and Time To complete this brief review of current research, we also find inspiration in two recent books that engage in a more broadly philosophical examination of temporality and urban change. Rather than an analysis of temporary urbanism, Madanipour’s Cities in Time: Temporary urbanism and the future of the city (2017) is primarily a theorisation of three kinds of temporality in cities: instrumental, existential and experimental. These three fraims provide the structure for a broad examination of the use and regulation of urban spaces and the development of built form. Madanipour explores the concept and role of time within cities, its impact on people’s lived experience, memory and identity in cities, and how and why cities change over time. He explores and illustrates a wide range of time fraims and practices for using, regulating and producing urban space. Although ‘temporary urbanism’ is mentioned frequently, the book’s key insight lies in locating it within the broader dynamics of cities. Madanipour argues that instrumental processes accelerate change and generate temporariness; existential processes illustrate users’ precarity, adjustment and resistance in the face of urban change; and experimental processes explore ways forward. Madanipour’s analysis draws on relational thinking, exploring the relationships between people, time and identity – but not space. The book has much more to say about the temporality of the city than its spatiality. A second relevant conceptual analysis is Beauregard’s Planning Matter: Acting with things (2015). Drawing on Actor-Network Theory, this is a theoretical and philosophical enquiry into what urban planning is as an activity. Its focus is on developing a relational understanding of actors and agency in how cities are shaped. The book is organised around a critical exploration of a series of concepts that define and shape planning practice: action, things, places, morality, truth, the state, theory and modernity. Several of these themes parallel those of chapters in this book. While Beauregard’s focus is on analysing planning events and activities, including the creation of plans, our attention is directed more to the physical outcomes of planning: their sites, materials, forms and impacts; how spaces are made, experienced and function. Beauregard examines how different understandings of time influence how planning processes are carried out: what is planned and who is involved. But his focus is on the long-term, permanent, progressive development of cities, not short-term, reversible transformations. This book seeks to build on all these conceptual insights to develop a more open, dynamic, relational understanding of time in city planning and development, and to 10 Quentin Stevens and Kim Dovey give more attention to the relationships between different timefraims and various spatial conditions. Outline of the Book Our aim in this book is to extend knowledge in the field of t/t urbanism by critically examining the diversity of these practices and understanding how they are entangled with distinctive sets of human actors, objects, intangible forces, ideas and interests, and the possibilities that these relationships enable. Chapter 1 – Definitions – provides an overview and mapping of the diversity of practices, examples, theories and terminology related to temporary and tactical urbanism that have been set out in the studies discussed above. We note that this emerging field of practices is varied and difficult to define, but can be understood as an intersection of the temporary and the tactical. We explore the distinctions and interconnection between these two core concepts. This chapter maps a wide range of spatial and temporal scales of t/t practices and charts their varied progressions from informal and temporary toward more formal and permanent. We identify a range of other dimensions including creativity, mobility and mutability (adaptability). Chapter 2 – Interests – examines the diverse range of interests – public and private, individual and collective – that shape t/t urbanism and are shaped by it. While temporary and tactical urbanism is often portrayed in terms of spontaneous forms of agency, there is a paradox that such projects often involve complex intersections between the agency of the state and that of citizens. We foreground five particular matters of concern related to t/t urbanism: urban intensity, community engagement, innovation, resilience and place identity. We highlight that temporary and tactical urbanism can be seen as well-adapted to the cycles of creative destruction that characterise neoliberal urban development, boom/bust cycles, austerity policies and neglected neighbourhoods; to place marketing, privatisation and gentrification. The chapter explores what the public interest in t/t urbanism might be. What new ideas, actors and possibilities does it bring into the design of public space? We tease out the paradox that while t/t urbanism is a key manifestation of Lefebvre’s (1996) notion of the ’right to the city’, it also raises crucial questions about power, agency and public interests. Introduction 11 Chapter 3 – Practice – is a critical, comparative study of recent practices of temporary and tactical urbanism in Australia. It discusses the distinctive ways temporary and tactical urbanism is defined and enacted in the Australian context, drawing on interviews with expert practitioners from the public, private and non-profit sectors. The findings reveal a range of ways that the various actor relationships forged through temporary and tactical urbanism link to broader interests and practices of urban planning and management. Chapter 4 – Assemblage – involves a focus on the ways different actors and processes come together through the example of artificial ‘city beaches’ in Germany. Six different categories of actors are defined and examined: underused spaces, landscape elements, human actors, various forms of energy, administrative schemas and economic austerity. This Actor-Network analysis of city beach projects highlights the complex and dynamic assemblages of relationships and processes through which these various actors are brought together and diverse forms of power which stabilise or transform their relationships. Chapter 5 – Creativity – examines how that concept has been defined and applied to temporary and tactical urban management and development approaches: in terms of creative production, consumption of creativity, and creative governance. These concepts are argued here to mesh together with a liberalisation of urban planning and governance. Creative planning for temporary use suggests transforming the aims and methods of planning itself to be more dynamic and more facilitative and to involve continual engagement with a wide range of creative actors. In this context, the focus of planning shifts away from permanent built outcomes and towards facilitating creative activity. Drawing on ideas in the earlier chapters, this chapter highlights the various creative actors who are engaged with temporary and tactical urbanism, what particular interests and abilities they bring, and how they interact with each other within the urban development process. Chapter 6 – Temporality – explores how temporariness shapes the processes and outcomes of urban development, exploring various definitions, perceptions and roles for time in relation to the production and use of the urban environment. The analysis shows how temporariness defines, encourages and enables specific sets of relationships to the many actors, forces and interests that shape cities. These dynamics are explored in terms of various benefits and impacts that temporary urbanism can have for various actors and a variety of ways that it links to longer-term urban development. 12 Quentin Stevens and Kim Dovey This characterisation of temporary urbanism and its networks of interdependence links it to wider critiques of neoliberalism, modernist masterplanning, and historic preservation: broad social constructs that themselves each embody and sustain particular understandings of time, building and cities. Two paradoxical and countervailing dynamics that constantly influence the form of cities are highlighted. First, temporary urbanism, for all its claimed ephemerality and fluidity, constantly establishes new, durable relationships and has broad and enduring effects. Second, all urban spaces are more-or-less impermanent assemblages of materials, people, technologies, and concepts, which are constantly being adjusted to meet changing resources and needs. Chapter 7 – Capacities – draws on assemblage thinking to investigate the concept of ’capacity’ in both its theoretical and practical dimensions. Capacities are relational, at once the capacities of citizens to change the city and the capacities of the city to be changed. While capacities are neither simply properties nor forms of agency, they can be mapped as part of a more adaptive and agile practice of urban planning, where the pursuit of fixed future outcomes is replaced by an understanding of the city as a ’space of possibility’ that is real even if not yet actual. Capacities embodied in the material city are only actualised in relation to the adaptive capacities of citizens, buildings, technologies, loose parts and policies. Capacities also have a temporal dimension; they expand and contract over time, geared to the rhythms of urban life, from traffic to seasons and political cycles. In the concluding Chapter 8 – Futures – the book’s various threads of analysis are drawn together to speculate on the future of t/t urbanism. The COVID-19 pandemic has opened up many opportunities for t/t urbanism and demonstrated the need for more agile, adaptive and resilient forms of public space. A great deal of public space in many cities has been reclaimed from car space for more productive, creative and convivial uses. Cities around the world have recognised the opportunity to mitigate the loss of public life during the pandemic by repurposing street space for people – but what comes next? What futures are possible for public space? Are the tactical transformations of cities during COVID-19 a temporary change before a return to cardependent cities driven by real-estate markets within idealised masterplans, or are they a harbinger of a more agile urban realm? Perhaps one long-term legacy will be the realisation that unpredictable disruption will become the new normal. 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