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FINANCIAL FACTORS AND MANDATORY DISCLOSURES
Dirvi Surya Abbas1, Basuki2, Imam Hidayat3, Rahayu Alpiani4
1,2,3,4)
Universitas Muhammadiyah Tangerang, Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Program Studi Akuntansi
Correspondency : abbas.dirvi@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study to determine the effect of Leverage, Profitability and Liquidity
on mandatory disclosures in companies in the consumer goods industry sector which are listed
on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The research period used is 5 years, namely the 20142018 period. The population of this study includes all manufacturing companies in the consumer
goods industry sector which are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2014-2018
period. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling technique. Based on predetermined
criteria obtained by 6 companies. The type of data used is secondary data obtained from the
Indonesia Stock Exchange website. The analysis method used is panel data regression analysis.
The results showed that Leverage has an effect on mandatory disclosure, and Profitability and
Liquidity have no effect on mandatory disclosure.
Keywords: Leverage, Profitability, Liquidity and Mandatory Disclosures
.
INTRODUCTION
One important issue in the capital market is the disclosure of financial statements. This
disclosure is important because financial reports are one of the main sources of financial
information that is important for a number of users of financial statements in making economic
decisions, especially shareholders and investors to determine the purpose of their information
(Belkaoui, 2000). According to SAK No. 1 of 2007, complete financial statements consisting of
balance sheet components, income statements, statements of changes in capital, statements of
cash flows, and notes to financial statements (Tri Muharmi, 2010). The rules regarding
mandatory disclosures in financial statements are necessary to protect the interests of
stakeholders. Because without this regulation, it is possible for companies to hide important
information about the company that should be disclosed to the public. Undisclosed information
will of course be detrimental to stakeholders.
Like the case that recently happened to PT Tiga Pilar Sejahtera Food Tbk. (AISA) the
public accounting firm Ernst and Young (EY) has issued an audit regarding alleged violations
committed by AISA's old management. There are several important points outlined by EY in
information disclosure, namely the comparison between internal and the audited 2017 financial
statements. The first points, there are alleged overstatement of IDR 4 billion in accounts
receivable, inventories and fixed assets of the AISA group and IDR 662 billion in sales and IDR
329 billion in EBITDA Food.
There is an alleged flow of funds of Rp. 1.78 trillion under the AISA group scheme to
parties suspected of being affiliated with the old management, among others, using AISA loan
disbursements from several banks. In addition, it also found relationships and transactions with
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Affiliated Parties, inadequate disclosure to relevant stakeholders (CNBC Indonesia) was not
found.
The above phenomenon shows that the occurrence of financial scandals is the failure of
financial reports to meet the information needs of users of statements financial. The failure of the
financial statements was caused by the low level of disclosure of financial statements which
resulted in an imbalance of information obtained by the principal from the agent or often referred
to as information asymmetry. Incomplete information provided to the principle can provide an
opportunity for the agent to commit fraud on the financial statements.
According to Harahap (2013), Leverage is a ratio that illustrates the relationship between
a company's debt to capital, this ratio can see how far the company is financed by debt or outside
parties with the company's ability described by capital. Rofika and Apsari (2011) leverage has a
effect significant on the completeness of financial statement disclosures. In a good economy,
companies with leverage high will have more opportunities to earn high profits. The results
prove that leverage has a positive effect on the completeness of financial statements. This study
is in line with the research of Simanjuntak and Widiastuti (2004). Furthermore, the results of the
study (Devi, Ida Ayu Sinta and Suardana, 2014) prove that leverage has a negative effect on the
completeness of disclosure, meaning that the company has degree of leverage a high, so the
company has fewer disclosures financial statement compared to companies that have leverage
lower.
Profitability is a ratio to assess a company's ability to seek profits. This ratio also
provides a measure of the effectiveness of a company's management. This is shown by the profit
generated from sales and investment income. The point is that the use of this ratio shows the
efficiency of the company. (Cashmere, 2014). According to the results of research conducted by
(Efrata & Sherlita, 2012) regarding the analysis of the factors that affect the extent of
information disclosure in their research, it states that the factors of profitability, solvency and
company size state that the results have a positive effect on the breadth of disclosure. In contrast
to the research (Permanasari, 2012) research related to the effect of profitability on information
disclosure. The results of the study prove that profitability has a negative effect on disclosure of
information, this may occur because even if the company declares profit or not, it will not affect
the number of disclosures, especially mandatory disclosures.
According to Hani (2015), liquidity is the ability of a company to meet all financial
obligations that can be disbursed immediately or are due. Specifically, liquidity reflects the
availability of funds owned by the company to meet all debts that are due. According to the
results of research conducted by (Niko & Daniel, 2013) examining liquidity to the extent of
disclosure states that the results of his research have a significant positive effect. The results of
this study are relevant to the research of Luciana and Ikka Retrinasari (2007) which explains that
a high level of liquidity will indicate a strong financial condition. Such companies tend to
conduct extensive disclosure of information because they want to show that the company is
credible. Research (Efrata & Sherlita, 2012) regarding the analysis of factors that influence the
extent of information disclosure in his research states that profitability, solvency and company
size factors have a positive effect while liquidity shows a effect negative on the extent of
disclosure.
The difference in the results of previous studies can be caused by differences in the basic
references used such as statistical methods for analysis and different years of research. Therefore,
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this study seeks to examine more deeply the factors that influence the level of mandatory
disclosure. The results of this study are expected to motivate further research and be taken into
consideration for companies in applying the variables in this study to help increase mandatory
disclosure, as well as for consideration by issuers to evaluate, improve and improve financial
performance in the future. will come. In addition, this research was conducted with the aim to
find out how the influence of Leverage, Profitability and Liquidity on Mandatory Disclosure.
THEORY FRAMEWORK
Signaling Theory
Signal theory explains the management of the company as an agent, having the drive to
provide financial statement information to external parties. This impulse is due to information
asymmetry or imbalance in control of information between the agent and the principal (agency
conflict). This is because agents have more information about the company. Company
information is summarized in company annual reports which are generally published to the
public, so that annual reports are important for parties to the external company (Andayani, 2002)
in Pramunia (2010). So this voluntary disclosure is a solution to the constraints of full disclosure.
Other information needed by users of financial statements can be obtained on this voluntary
disclosure. With the existence of voluntary disclosures made by management, the level of
mandatory disclosure that can be determined can be directed to a reasonable level.
Based on agency theory, a company that has a higher proportion of debt in its capital
structure will have agency cost a greater. Cost agency (agency cost) was caused by the interests
of investors in the company to oversee the actions of management to manage the funds and
facilities provided by the investor to run the company. Therefore, companies have more
obligations to meet the needs of adequate information for investors or creditors.
Judging from the signaling theory, high profitability is a signal to convince investors
about management performance in generating profits for the company. High profitability triggers
management to disclose broader information because managers of high profitability companies
will feel proud of their achievements and tend to disclose more information to the public to give
a positive impression on their performance. The higher the profitability of a company, the more
extensive the disclosures will be made.
When viewed from the signaling theory, a company that has a strong financial capacity
will make broader disclosures. It aims to give a signal to investors about the company's prospects
in the future so that it can attract the attention of investors and influence investment decision
making.
RESEARCH METHODS
This research is quantitative and the method used in this research is descriptive and
verification methods. The descriptive method is research conducted to describe independent
variables, either only on one or more variables (independent variables) without making
comparisons and looking for those variables with variables other (Sugiyono, 2013). While the
verification method is interpreted as a study conducted on a particular population or sample in
order to test the hypothesis that has been set (Sugiyono, 2013). Based on the above
understanding, it can be concluded that descriptive and verification methods are methods that
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aim to describe whether or not the facts are true, and explain the relationship between the
variables studied by collecting data, processing, analyzing, and interpreting the data in testing.
statistical hypothesis.
The formulation in this study is included in the formulation of associative problems with
causal relations. According to Sugiyono (2017) the formulation of associative problems is a
research problem formulation that is asking the relationship between two or more variables.
Causal relationships are causal relationships where there are independent variables (variables that
affect) and dependent variables (influenced). This study examines the variables independent
consisting of Leverage, Profitability and Liquidity against Mandatory Measurements in
manufacturing companies in the sector industry consumption which are listed on the Indonesia
Stock Exchange for the period 2015-2018.
Population is a generalization area consisting of objects / subjects that have certain
qualities and characteristics determined by researchers to be studied and then drawn conclusions
(Sugiyono; 2014). While the sample is part of the number and characteristics possessed by the
population (Sugiyono; 2014). Population refers to the whole group of people, events, or matters
of interest that investigators want to investigate (Sekaran, 2006). The population used in this
research is manufacturing sector manufacturing companies industry that are listed on the
Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period 2015-2018 and the sample selection is done based on the
purposive sampling method, this method uses criteria that have been selected by researchers in
selecting samples. The sample selection criteria are divided into the inclusion and exclusion
criteria by selecting the sample company property and real estate during the study period based
on certain criteria. The purpose of this method is to obtain samples that match the following
criteria:
Manufacturing companies in Indonesia that are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the
period 2015-2018.
Manufacturing Companies that publish annual financial reports in a row for the 2015-2018
period.
Manufacturing Companies in Indonesia which have published their complete financial report
data and annual reports related to the variables studied during the 2015-2018 period, obtained
from idx.co.id.
Manufacturing Companies which publish their financial statements in rupiah currency.
Based on the specified criteria, the number of samples used in this study were 6 companies or
30 populations of manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. In this
study also used descriptive analysis to describe the relationship between the variables contained
in the study by looking at the average (mean),acquisition values standard deviation, maximum,
and minimum. Therefore, in this study, the relationships between variables will be tested first to
determine whether the data is normally distributed or not, whether the data has multicollinearity
or not and whether the data has heteroscedasticity or not. To determine the right panel data
regression model for use in panel data regression analysis through:
Chow test, is a test to choose which model is better, whether using a common effect model or
a fixed effect model. This test can be seen from the value of Probability (Prob). F crosssection and cross section Chi-square with the following hypothesis (Eksandy and Heriyanto,
2017).
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Table 1. Regression Model Data Panel Test Chow
Redundant Fixed Effects Tests
Equation: Untitled
Test cross-section fixed effects
Effects Test
Cross-section F
Cross-section Chi-square
Statistic
d.f.
Prob.
5.866372
26.223474
(5,21)
5
0.0015
0.0001
Data Sources : Eviews 9.0
Hausman test is used to determine whether to use a fixed effect model or a random effect
model that is most appropriate. This test can be seen from the value Probability (Prob).
random cross-section with the following hypothesis (Eksandy and Heriyanto, 2017).
Table 2. Regression Model Data Panel Hausman
Correlated Random Effects - Hausman Test
Equation: Untitled
Test cross-section random effects
Test Summary
Chi-Sq. Statistic
Chi-Sq. d.f.
Prob.
1.891524
3
0.5952
Cross-section random
Data Sources : Eviews 9.0
Lagrange multiplier (LM) test, used to find out which model is better. Is it better to use the
common effect model or model the effect random. This test can be seen from the probability
value of Breusch Pagan with the following hypotheses (Eksandy and Heriyanto, 2017)
Table 3. Regression Model Data Panel Lagrange Multiplier (LM)
Lagrange Multiplier Tests for Random Effects
Null hypotheses: No effects
Alternative hypotheses: Two-sided (Breusch-Pagan) and one-sided
(all others) alternatives
Cross-section
Test Hypothesis
Time
Both
Breusch-Pagan
9.566243
(0.0020)
0.009481
(0.9224)
9.575724
(0.0020)
Honda
3.092934
(0.0010)
-0.097372
--
2.118183
(0.0171)
Data Sources : Eviews 9.0
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In this study, the classical assumption test was not carried out. The classic assumption test is a
statistical requirement that must be met in regression analysis using the Ordinary Least approach
Square (OLS) in its estimation technique (Eksandy and Heriyanto, 2017) and produces:
Multicollinearity test, is the relationship between independent variables (Arry and Fred, 2017)
To detect multicollinearity is obtained by looking at the correlation coefficient between
independent variables.
Heteroscedasticity Test, to find out whether or not there is an inequality of variance from the
residual panel data regression model.
testing Hypothesis using Panel Data Regression analysis to determine whether Leverage,
Profitability and Liquidity can be used for Mandatory Disclosures in Food and Beverage Sector
Manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2015-2018.
The F test explains whether all independent variables entered into the model simultaneously
or together have an influence on the dependent variable, or in other words the model fit or not.
The determination coefficient test explains how far the ability of the regression model to
explain the variation in the independent variable affects the dependent variable. The value of
R-squared will indicate how much X will affect the movement of Y. The greater the result of
R-squared, the better because it identifies the better the independent variable in explaining the
dependent variable.
The t test explains the significance of the effect of partially independent variables on the
dependent variable.
The panel data regression equation formulation to discuss the effect of independent variables
on the dependent variable in the form of a combined time series and cross section data.
MD = 0.959379 - 0.096331 * DER + 0.059693 * ROA - 0.027118 * CR + ɛ
Description:
MD = Mandatory Disclosure
DER = Leverage
ROA = Profitability
CR
= Liquidity
ε
= Error term
So the results of the regression equation can be interpreted as follows:
a. The constant value for the regression equation amounting to (C) 0.959379 this shows if the
variable Leverage (DER), Profitability (ROA), and Liquidity (CR), are constant or equal to
zero, then the Mandatory Disclosure is worth 0.959379.
b. The coefficient value of the variable Leverage of 0.096331 indicates that every 1 (unit)
decrease in Leverage, the Mandatory Disclosure will increase by 0.096331 assuming the other
independent variables are constant.
c. The coefficient value of the Profitability variable is 0.059693 indicating that for every 1 (unit)
increase in profitability, the Mandatory Disclosure will increase by 0.059693 assuming the
other independent variables are constant.
d. The coefficient value of the Liquidity variable is 0.027118 indicating that for every 1 (unit)
decrease in Liquidity, the Mandatory Disclosure will increase by 0.027118 assuming the other
independent variables are constant.
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DISCUSSION
Tabel 4.Statitic Descripitif
Mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Std. Dev.
Skewness
Kurtosis
MD
0.821667
0.815000
0.920000
0.690000
0.064170
-0.070641
2.003068
DER
0.927000
0.810000
2.400000
0.190000
0.544560
1.014279
3.553454
ROA
0.127667
0.090000
0.520000
0.020000
0.129420
1.905945
5.408863
CR
2.066333
1.865000
5.180000
0.510000
1.159425
1.139057
4.195292
Jarque-Bera
Probability
1.267293
0.530653
5.526694
0.063080
25.41640
0.000003
8.273160
0.015977
Sum
Sum Sq. Dev.
24.65000
0.119417
27.81000
8.599830
3.830000
0.485737
61.99000
38.98370
30
30
30
30
Observations
Data Sources : Eviews 9.0
Based on the descriptive statistics in table 4.16 above, it can be explained that the number of data
(observations) used in this study was 30 data.
Mean is the average value of a group of explanation technique data group which is based on
the average value of the group. Mean of mandatory disclosure (MD) 0.821667, Leverage
(DER) 0.927000, Profitability (ROA) 0.127667, Liquidity (CR) 2.066333.
Median is the middle value or value that is located in the middle of the data that has been
sorted from the smallest to the largest value. Median of Mandatory Disclosure (MD)
0.815000, Leverage (DER) 0.810000, Profitability (ROA) 0.090000, Liquidity (CR)
1.865000.
Maximum is the largest value from the data group (Winarno, 2015) in (Eksandy, 2018). The
largest maximum was generated by Liquidity (CR) 5.180000 which was owned by PT DaryaVaria Laboratoria Tbk in 2014, and the smallest maximum was generated by Profitability
(ROA) 0.520000 PT Multi Bintang Indonesia Tbk in 2017.
Minimum is the smallest value in the largest minimum data group generated by Mandatory
Disclosure (MD) of 0.690000 owned by PT Gudang Garam Tbk in 2014, and the smallest
minimum is generated by Profitability (ROA) of 0.020000 by PT Industri Jamu &
Pharmaceutical Sido Muncul Tbk in 2018.
Standard deviation is the size of dispersion or distribution. Standard deviation data from
Mandatory Disclosure (MD) 0.064170, Leverage (DER) 0.544560, Profitability (ROA)
0.129420, Liquidity (CR) 1.159425.
Skewness is the degree of asymmetry of a distribution Value of Skewness Mandatory
Disclosure Variables (MD) -0.070641, Leverage (DER) 1.014279, Profitability (ROA)
1.905945, Liquidity (CR) 1.139057.
Kurtosis is the degree of distortion of a distribution. Kurtosis Value of Mandatory Disclosure
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Variables (MD) 2.003068, Leverage (DER) 3.553454, Profitability (ROA) 5.408863,
Liquidity (CR) 4.195292.
Probability is a value that is used to measure the level of occurrence of a random event,
or often referred to as the chance or likelihood that something will happen. The value probability
for each variable is Mandatory Disclosure (MD) of 0.530653, Leverage (DER) of 0.063080,
Profitability (ROA) 0.000003, Liquidity (CR) 0.015977.
Based on testing of three panel data regression models, it can be concluded that the Random
effect model in panel data regression is used further in estimating the effect of Leverage,
Profitability, Liquidity affecting Obligatory Disclosure of 6 Manufacturing Companies in the
food and beverage sector that were sampled in this study during the period 2015-2018.
In the panel data regression model based on Generally Least Squared (GLS) is the
Random Effect Model (REM), thus there is no need to do a classical assumption test if the
regression model used in the form is the Random Effect Model (REM). Because the classic
assumption test in panel data regression applies to models based on Ordinary Least Squared
(OLS) namely the Common Effect Model (CEM) and Fixed Effect Model (FEM), thus the model
needs to be tested for classical assumptions if the regression model used in research shaped
models are the Common Effect Model (CEM) and the Fixed Effect Model (FEM).
Tabel 5. F Test
Weighted Statistics
R-squared
Adjusted R-squared
S.E. of regression
F-statistic
Prob(F-statistic)
Data Sources : Eviews 9.0
0.258945
0.173438
0.045758
3.028368
0.047365
Mean dependent var
S.D. dependent var
Sum squared resid
Durbin-Watson stat
0.272085
0.050330
0.054438
1.321788
Based on the test of the F test shows that the F-statistic value is 13.28825, while the F
Table with a level of α = 5%, df1 (k-1) = 3 and df2 (n-k) = 26, the F table value is 2.74. -statistic
3.028368> F Table 2.74 and the Probability value (F-statistic) 0.047365 <α 0.05, it can be
concluded that Ha is accepted, so it can be concluded that the independent variables in this study
consist of Leverage, Profitability, Liquidity, collectively have an effect on Mandatory
Disclosure.
Tabel 6.Adjusted R-Squared test
R-squared
Adjusted R-squared
0.258945
0.173438
Data Sources : Eviews 9.0
Based on the test of the Adjusted R-Squared test, it shows that the Adjusted R-squared
value is 0.173438, meaning that the variation of changes in the fluctuation of Leverage
Persistence, Profitability, Liquidity is 17.34%, while the remaining 82.6% is explained by other
variables. which were not examined in this study.
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Tabel 7. t Test
Variable
Coefficien
t
Std. Error
t-Statistic
Prob.
C
DER
ROA
CR
0.959379
-0.096331
0.059693
-0.027118
0.068148
0.034517
0.145747
0.014348
14.07783
-2.790856
0.409570
-1.890027
0.0000
0.0097
0.6855
0.0700
Data Sources : Eviews 9.0
Based on testing of the T test:
Variable Leverage (DER) has a t-statistic value of 2.790856, while a t-table value with a
probability level of 0.05, df (n-k) = 26 of 2.012896. Thus the t-statistic leverage (DER)
(2.790856) is greater than the t-table value (2.012896). Probability Value. owned variable
leverage (DER) of 0.0097 <0.05. Based on these results, then H0 is rejected and H1 is
accepted. Then it can be concluded that the variable Leverage (DER) in this study has an
effect on Mandatory Disclosure. variable regression coefficient Leverage (DER) of 0.0097
indicates that Leverage (DER) has a positive effect on Mandatory Disclosure.
The results obtained from this study are in accordance with the agency theory of
companies that have a greater proportion of debt in their capital structure will have greater
agency costs. Agency costs arise because of the investor's interest in the company to oversee
management's actions in managing funds and the facilities provided by investors to run the
company. Therefore, companies have more obligations to meet the needs of adequate
information for investors or creditors. This was proven by PT Multi Bintang Indonesia Tbk.
Which has a liability level of 2.4000. proportions obligations lot therefore the company has
more liabilities to the information needs. Liabilities are sacrifices for future economic benefits
that may arise because of an entity's present obligation to deliver assets or provide services to
another entity in the future as a result of past transactions. According to IAI, liabilities
represent current corporate debt arising from past events, the settlement is expected to result
in an outflow of company resources that contain economic benefits (Pitaloka 2009).
The profitability variable (ROA) has a t-statistic value of 0.409570, while the t-table value
with a probability level of 0.05, df (n-k) = 26 is 2.055529. Thus the t-statistic of profitability
(ROA) (0.409570) is smaller than the t-table value (2.055529). Probability value. owned by
the Profitability variable (ROA) of 0.6855> 0.05. Based on these results, H0 is accepted and
H2 is rejected. Then it can be concluded that the profitability variable (ROA) in this study
does not have an effect on mandatory disclosure (Mandatory Disclosure).
The signal theory used can underlie the relationship between the profitability variable and
mandatory disclosure. In this case, low profitability makes management performance not
generate profit for the company and it triggers management to be reluctant to disclose wider
information, because the profitability is low they tend not to disclose to the public so as not to
give a negative impression on the company's performance, therefore more rarely disclosure is
made. This is evidenced by PT Nippon Indosari Corpindo Tbk in 2018 which has a
profitability level of 0.02000. shows about the company's low performance. Company
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performance is a complete display of the state of the company for a certain period of time, is a
result or achievement that is influenced by the operational activities company utilizing its
resources. Performance is a term general used for part or all of the actions or activities of the
company. an organization in a period with reference to standard amounts such as costs past or
projected, on the basis of efficiency, accountability or management accountability and the like
(Srimindarti, 2004).
The liquidity variable has a t-statistic value of 1.890027, while the t-table value with a
probability level of 0.05, df (n-k) = 26 is 2.055529. Thus the Liquidity t-statistic (CR)
(1.890027) is smaller than the t-table value (2.055529). Probability value. variable liquidity
(CR) is 0.0700> 0.05. Based on these results, H0 is rejected and H3 is accepted. Then it can
be concluded that the variable Liquidity (CR) in this study does not affect the mandatory
disclosure.
Results that are not in accordance with signal theory, companies that have low financial
capacity, then the company does not make broader disclosures, and this does not provide a
signal to investors about the company's prospects in the future so that it cannot attract
investors' attention and influence in decision making. This is evidenced by PT Multi Bintang
Indonesia Tbk in 2014 which has a low level of liquidity of 0.51000 so that the company does
not have financial strength. With so no strong financial capability in the financial company,
the lower the level of disclosure made by the company.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the analysis and discussion of Leverage, Profitability and
Liquidity Against Mandatory Disclosures in manufacturing companies in the Consumer Goods
Industry sector which are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Based on the analysis of the
results of data testing and the discussion that has been carried out, the following conclusions can
be drawn. it shows that partially DER has a negative effect on Mandatory Disclosure, while
ROA and CR have no effect on Mandatory Disclosure.
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