Birch also cites an experiment in which lidocaine was used to relieve experimentally-induced pain from an injection of acetic acid in an octopus.

A low-cost, tin-based catalyst can selectively convert carbon dioxide to three widely produced chemicals -- ethanol, acetic acid and formic acid.

This resulted in a multi-stage cascade of enzymatic reactions that ultimately converts alcohol into acetic acid.

Bacteria, colored blue, metabolize sugars and release byproducts such as lactic acid and acetic acid.

Another subsequent systematic review from 2021 – looking at dietary supplementation with acetic acid from all vinegar types – found evidence of significant reductions in fasting blood glucose, particularly in individuals with type 2 diabetes.