Chemicals derived from neurotransmitter molecules in the brain can act as epigenetic marks on histone proteins to regulate gene expression. These marks control circadian clock genes and influence behaviour.

The early evolutionary history of molluscs has long been controversial, and remains imperfectly understood. Two exceptionally preserved 3D fossils dating to about 430 million years ago highlight previously unknown diversity in the physical form and ecology of the molluscs, and the evolutionary plasticity inherent to the group.

An artificial-intelligence model trained on data about where DNA is tightly packaged and where it is open to regulators can predict gene expression and interactions between transcription factors that regulate key genes.

Artificial intelligence is already used extensively to infer outcomes from tables of data, but this typically involves creating a model for each task. A one-size-fits-all model just made the process substantially easier.