14/03/2023, 21:32 Physical Design of Internet of Things (IOT)

Physical Design of Internet of Things (IOT)

YASH PAL April 09, 2021

The physical design of an IoT system is referred to as the Things/Devices and protocols that are

used to build an IoT system. all these things/Devices are called Node Devices and every device
has a unique identity that performs remote sensing, actuating and monitoring work. and the
protocols that are used to establish communication between the Node devices and servers over the
internet.

Physical Design of IoT

Things/Devices
Things/Devices are used to build a connection, process data, provide interfaces, provide storage,
and provide graphics interfaces in an IoT system. all these generate data in a form that can be
analyzed by an analytical system and program to perform operations and used to improve the
system. 

for example temperature sensor that is used to analyze the temperature generates the data from a
location and is then determined by algorithms.

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Connectivity
Devices like USB hosts and ETHERNET are used for connectivity between the devices and the
server.

Processor
A processor like a CPU and other units are used to process the data. these data are further used to
improve the decision quality of an IoT system.

Audio/Video Interfaces
An interface like HDMI and RCA devices is used to record audio and videos in a system.

Input/Output interface
To give input and output signals to sensors, and actuators we use things like UART, SPI, CAN,
etc.

Storage Interfaces
Things like SD, MMC, and SDIO are used to store the data generated from an IoT device.

Other things like DDR and GPU are used to control the activity of an IoT system.

IoT Protocols
These protocols are used to establish communication between a node device and a server over the
internet. it helps to send commands to an IoT device and receive data from an IoT device over the

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internet. we use different types of protocols that are present on both the server and client-side and
these protocols are managed by network layers like application, transport, network, and link layer.

Application Layer protocol

In this layer, protocols define how the data can be sent over the network with the lower layer
protocols using the application interface. these protocols include HTTP, WebSocket, XMPP,
MQTT, DDS, and AMQP protocols.

HTTP

Hypertext transfer protocol is a protocol that presents in an application layer for transmitting
media documents. it is used to communicate between web browsers and servers. it makes a
request to a server and then waits till it receives a response and in between the request server does
not keep any data between two requests. 

WebSocket

This protocol enables two-way communication between a client and a host that can be run on an
untrusted code in a controlled environment. this protocol is commonly used by web browsers.

MQTT

It is a machine-to-machine connectivity protocol that was designed as a publish/subscribe

messaging transport. and it is used for remote locations where a small code footprint is required.

Transport Layer
This layer is used to control the flow of data segments and handle the error control. also, these
layer protocols provide end-to-end message transfer capability independent of the underlying
network.

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TCP

The transmission control protocol is a protocol that defines how to establish and maintain a
network that can exchange data in a proper manner using the internet protocol.

UDP

a user datagram protocol is a part of an internet protocol called the connectionless protocol. this
protocol is not required to establish the connection to transfer data.

Network Layer
This layer is used to send datagrams from the source network to the destination network. we use
IPv4 and IPv6 protocols as host identification that transfers data in packets.

IPv4

This is a protocol address that is a unique and numerical label assigned to each device connected
to the network. an IP address performs two main functions host and location addressing. IPv4 is
an IP address that is 32-bit long.

IPv6

It is a successor of IPv4 that uses 128 bits for an IP address. it is developed by the IETF task force
to deal with long-anticipated problems.
 
Link Layer
Link-layer protocols are used to send data over the network's physical layer. it also determines
how the packets are coded and signaled by the devices.

Ethernet

It is a set of technologies and protocols that are used primarily in LANs. it defines the physical
layer and the medium access control for wired ethernet networks.

WiFi

It is a set of LAN protocols and specifies the set of media access control and physical layer
protocols for implementing wireless local area networks.

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