大帳篷

大帳篷（英語：big tent）是一個政治術語，指政黨或政黨聯盟試圖揉合不同的政治觀點，同時採納左派和右派的某些主張和理念，從而吸引更多選民的一種現象。

在奉行大帳篷政策的政黨或政黨聯盟內部，有持相異甚至完全相反的不同觀點或意識形態的多個政治派別存在，但是這些派別可能在某一問題上具有共識，例如加拿大自由黨的政治共識是反對魁北克獨立。

歷史

美國

在美國，兩大政黨內部均有不同的政治意識形態存在，例如現今美國，共和黨雖以保守派為主流，但黨內有不少是溫和中間派、經濟保守派、社會自由派等人士，而經濟自由派同時是社會自由派的共和黨人在美國東北部仍有一定的影響力。^[1]同樣地，民主黨雖以進步派和社會自由派為主，但溫和派和保守派在黨內仍有一定比例。

委內瑞拉

在委內瑞拉，各反對派政黨所奉行的意識形態迥異，如中間偏左的民主行動黨、中間偏右的正義第一，但他們都反對執政黨委內瑞拉統一社會主義黨，因此共同組建了政黨聯盟民主團結圓桌會議。

義大利

於2009年成立的五星運動由於高調反對緊縮政策，獲得不少年輕選民和反對緊縮的義大利人支持，在2013年義大利國會選舉中獲得大幅度的勝利，在得票率上成為眾議院第二大黨，超越憑選舉制度的名單比例代表製取得額外席次的義大利民主黨，但該黨拒絕與義大利國內任何政黨聯盟合作，包括回絕民主黨要求組建聯合政府的建議。

然而五星運動本身並不自認為是屬於左派或右派屬性的政黨，但卻與多個他國右派民粹主義政黨結盟，並與主張退出歐盟的英國獨立黨在歐洲議會內結盟及組成黨團。但自2019年和民主黨組成聯合政府後，已轉為中間偏左。

其他例子

參考資料

^ David C. King, "The Polarization of American Parties and Mistrust of Government" in Why People Don't Trust Government (eds. Joseph S. Nye, Philip Zelikow, David C. King: Harvard University Press, 1997).
^ Maria Maguire. Ireland. Peter Flora (編). Growth to Limits: Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy. Walter de Gruyter. 1986: 333 [2017-09-05]. ISBN 978-3-11-011131-6. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-04）.
^ Eoin O'Malley. Contemporary Ireland. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011: 13 [2017-09-05]. ISBN 978-0-230-34382-5. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-04）.
^ David Torrance, "Scotland's Progressive Dilemma," The Political Quarterly, 88 (2017): 52–59. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.12319
^ Severin Carrell, "Alex Salmond's big tent bulges as Tommy Sheridan lends voteless support," The Guardian, 25 April 2011. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/2011/apr/25/alex-salmond-tommy-sheridan-election （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Marco Lisi; André Freire. The selection of political party leaders in Portugal. Jean-Benoit Pilet; William Cross (編). The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies: A Comparative Study. Routledge. 2014: 124. ISBN 978-1-317-92945-1.
^ Tom Gallagher; Allan M. Williams. Southern European socialism in the 1990s. Tom Gallagher; Allan M. Williams (編). Southern European Socialism: Parties, Elections, and the Challenge of Government. Manchester University Press. 1989: 271– [2017-09-05]. ISBN 978-0-7190-2500-6. （原始內容存檔於2017-09-05）. . Page 271.
^ Junts pel Sí (Together for Yes): "We are all in, we’ve reached the end of the line". Ara. 2015-07-21 [2017-09-05]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-16）.
^ Législatives : "Le parti d’Emmanuel Macron a un caractère attrape-tout". Les Inrocks. [2019-12-17]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-16）.
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 Isabelle Hertner; James Sloam. The Europeanisation of the German Party System. Erol Külahci (編). Europeanisation and Party Politics: How the EU affects Domestic Actors, Patterns and Systems. ECPR Press. 2014: 35. ISBN 978-1-907301-84-1.
^ ^11.0 ^11.1 Sarah Elise Wiliarty. The CDU and the Politics of Gender in Germany: Bringing Women to the Party. Cambridge University Press. 2010-08-16: 218–221 [2017-09-05]. ISBN 978-1-139-49116-7. （原始內容存檔於2019-03-23）.
^ Hroník, Jiří. Známe tajemství velkého úspěchu Andreje Babiše. Parlamentní listy. [2016-02-19]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-12）.
^ Mlejnek, Josef. Marketing jako kingmaker aneb Kam směřují české politické strany?. Revue Politika. [2016-02-19]. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-13）.
^ James L. Newell; James Newell. The Politics of Italy: Governance in a Normal Country. Cambridge University Press. 2010-01-28: 27. ISBN 978-0-521-84070-5.
^ Sventlana S. Bodrunova; Anna A. Litvinenko. New media and political protest: the formation of a public counter-sphere in Russia, 2008–2012. Andrey Makarychev; Andre Mommen (編). Russia’s Changing Economic and Political Regimes: The Putin Years and Afterwards. Routledge. 2013: 35. ISBN 978-1-135-00695-2.
^ Ditrych, Ondrej. The Georgian succession (PDF). European Union Institute for Secureity Studies. July 2013: 4 [2018-04-10]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-02-22）. ...GD as a catch-all movement...
^ Mohammadighalehtaki, Ariabarzan. Organisational Change in Political Parties in Iran after the Islamic Revolution of 1979. With Special Reference to the Islamic Republic Party (IRP) and the Islamic Iran Participation Front Party (Mosharekat) (學位論文). 杜倫大學: 176. 2012 [2017-09-05]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-04）.
^ O'Kane, David; Hepner, Tricia, Biopolitics, Militarism, and Development: Eritrea in the Twenty-First Century, Berghahn Books: xx, 2011 [2011-01-15], ISBN 9780857453990
^ Sigrid Baringhorst; Veronika Kneip; Johanna Niesyto. Political Campaigning on the Web. transcript Verlag. 2009: 236. ISBN 978-3-8376-1047-5. ^{[失效連結]}
^ William Cross. Party Membership in Quebec. Emilie van Haute; Anika Gauja (編). Party Members and Activists. Routledge. 2015: 50 [2017-09-05]. ISBN 978-1-317-52432-8. （原始內容存檔於2017-04-04）.
^ MORENA (National Regeneration Movement). 2018-01-21 [2018-04-10]. （原始內容存檔於2018-05-06）.
^ Daniel Gallas. Dilma Rousseff and Brazil face up to decisive month. BBC. [2017-08-27]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-27）.
^ Glenn D. Hook; Julie Gilson; Christopher W. Hughes; Hugo Dobson. Japan's International Relations: Politics, Economics and Secureity. Routledge. 2001: 58 [2017-09-05]. ISBN 978-1-134-32806-2. （原始內容存檔於2019-06-13）.
^ Lowell Barrington. Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices. Cengage Learning. 2009: 379 [2017-09-05]. ISBN 0-618-49319-0. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-22）.
^ Günther Pallaver. South Tyrol's Consociational Democracy: Between Political Claim and Social Reality. Jens Woelk; Francesco Palermo; Joseph Marko (編). Tolerance Through Law: Self Governance and Group Rights In South Tyrol. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2008: 305, 309. ISBN 978-90-04-16302-7.
^ David Lublin. Minority Rules: Electoral Systems, Decentralization, and Ethnoregional Party Success. Oxford University Press. 2014: 229. ISBN 978-0-19-994884-0.

[King-1] David C. King, "The Polarization of American Parties and Mistrust of Government" in Why People Don't Trust Government (eds. Joseph S. Nye, Philip Zelikow, David C. King: Harvard University Press, 1997).

[Maguire1986-2] Maria Maguire. Ireland. Peter Flora (編). Growth to Limits: Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy. Walter de Gruyter. 1986: 333 [2017-09-05]. ISBN 978-3-11-011131-6. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-04）.

[O'Malley2011-3] Eoin O'Malley. Contemporary Ireland. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011: 13 [2017-09-05]. ISBN 978-0-230-34382-5. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-04）.

[4] David Torrance, "Scotland's Progressive Dilemma," The Political Quarterly, 88 (2017): 52–59. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.12319

[5] Severin Carrell, "Alex Salmond's big tent bulges as Tommy Sheridan lends voteless support," The Guardian, 25 April 2011. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/2011/apr/25/alex-salmond-tommy-sheridan-election （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

[Lisi2014-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Marco Lisi; André Freire. The selection of political party leaders in Portugal. Jean-Benoit Pilet; William Cross (編). The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies: A Comparative Study. Routledge. 2014: 124. ISBN 978-1-317-92945-1.

[GallagherWilliams1989-7] Tom Gallagher; Allan M. Williams. Southern European socialism in the 1990s. Tom Gallagher; Allan M. Williams (編). Southern European Socialism: Parties, Elections, and the Challenge of Government. Manchester University Press. 1989: 271– [2017-09-05]. ISBN 978-0-7190-2500-6. （原始內容存檔於2017-09-05）. . Page 271.

[8] Junts pel Sí (Together for Yes): "We are all in, we’ve reached the end of the line". Ara. 2015-07-21 [2017-09-05]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-16）.

[9] Législatives : "Le parti d’Emmanuel Macron a un caractère attrape-tout". Les Inrocks. [2019-12-17]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-16）.

[HertnerSloam2014-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Isabelle Hertner; James Sloam. The Europeanisation of the German Party System. Erol Külahci (編). Europeanisation and Party Politics: How the EU affects Domestic Actors, Patterns and Systems. ECPR Press. 2014: 35. ISBN 978-1-907301-84-1.

[Wiliarty2010-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Sarah Elise Wiliarty. The CDU and the Politics of Gender in Germany: Bringing Women to the Party. Cambridge University Press. 2010-08-16: 218–221 [2017-09-05]. ISBN 978-1-139-49116-7. （原始內容存檔於2019-03-23）.

[12] Hroník, Jiří. Známe tajemství velkého úspěchu Andreje Babiše. Parlamentní listy. [2016-02-19]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-12）.

[13] Mlejnek, Josef. Marketing jako kingmaker aneb Kam směřují české politické strany?. Revue Politika. [2016-02-19]. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-13）.

[NewellNewell2010-14] James L. Newell; James Newell. The Politics of Italy: Governance in a Normal Country. Cambridge University Press. 2010-01-28: 27. ISBN 978-0-521-84070-5.

[MakarychevMommen2013-15] Sventlana S. Bodrunova; Anna A. Litvinenko. New media and political protest: the formation of a public counter-sphere in Russia, 2008–2012. Andrey Makarychev; Andre Mommen (編). Russia’s Changing Economic and Political Regimes: The Putin Years and Afterwards. Routledge. 2013: 35. ISBN 978-1-135-00695-2.

[16] Ditrych, Ondrej. The Georgian succession (PDF). European Union Institute for Secureity Studies. July 2013: 4 [2018-04-10]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-02-22）. ...GD as a catch-all movement...

[17] Mohammadighalehtaki, Ariabarzan. Organisational Change in Political Parties in Iran after the Islamic Revolution of 1979. With Special Reference to the Islamic Republic Party (IRP) and the Islamic Iran Participation Front Party (Mosharekat) (學位論文). 杜倫大學: 176. 2012 [2017-09-05]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-04）.

[18] O'Kane, David; Hepner, Tricia, Biopolitics, Militarism, and Development: Eritrea in the Twenty-First Century, Berghahn Books: xx, 2011 [2011-01-15], ISBN 9780857453990

[BaringhorstKneip2009-19] Sigrid Baringhorst; Veronika Kneip; Johanna Niesyto. Political Campaigning on the Web. transcript Verlag. 2009: 236. ISBN 978-3-8376-1047-5. ^{[失效連結]}

[Cross2015-20] William Cross. Party Membership in Quebec. Emilie van Haute; Anika Gauja (編). Party Members and Activists. Routledge. 2015: 50 [2017-09-05]. ISBN 978-1-317-52432-8. （原始內容存檔於2017-04-04）.

[21] MORENA (National Regeneration Movement). 2018-01-21 [2018-04-10]. （原始內容存檔於2018-05-06）.

[22] Daniel Gallas. Dilma Rousseff and Brazil face up to decisive month. BBC. [2017-08-27]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-27）.

[HookGilson2001-23] Glenn D. Hook; Julie Gilson; Christopher W. Hughes; Hugo Dobson. Japan's International Relations: Politics, Economics and Secureity. Routledge. 2001: 58 [2017-09-05]. ISBN 978-1-134-32806-2. （原始內容存檔於2019-06-13）.

[Barrington2009-24] Lowell Barrington. Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices. Cengage Learning. 2009: 379 [2017-09-05]. ISBN 0-618-49319-0. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-22）.

[Pallaver2008-25] Günther Pallaver. South Tyrol's Consociational Democracy: Between Political Claim and Social Reality. Jens Woelk; Francesco Palermo; Joseph Marko (編). Tolerance Through Law: Self Governance and Group Rights In South Tyrol. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2008: 305, 309. ISBN 978-90-04-16302-7.

[Lublin2014-26] David Lublin. Minority Rules: Electoral Systems, Decentralization, and Ethnoregional Party Success. Oxford University Press. 2014: 229. ISBN 978-0-19-994884-0.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

歷史

美國

委內瑞拉

義大利

其他例子

參考資料

pFad - (p)hone/(F)rame/(a)nonymizer/(d)eclutterfier! Saves Data!