Petrology

A thin section of a volcanic sand grain seen under the microscope, with plane-polarized light in the upper picture, and cross-polarized light in the lower picture. Scale box is 0.25 mm.

Petrology (from Ancient Greek πέτρος (pétros) 'rock' and -λογία (-logía) 'study of') is the branch of geology that studies rocks, their mineralogy, composition, texture, structure and the conditions under which they form.^[1] Petrology has three subdivisions: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary petrology.^[2] Igneous and metamorphic petrology are commonly taught together because both make heavy use of chemistry, chemical methods, and phase diagrams. Sedimentary petrology is commonly taught together with stratigraphy because it deals with the processes that form sedimentary rock.^[3] Modern sedimentary petrology is making increasing use of chemistry.

Background

Lithology was once approximately synonymous with petrography, but in current usage, lithology focuses on macroscopic hand-sample or outcrop-scale description of rocks while petrography is the speciality that deals with microscopic details.

In the petroleum industry, lithology, or more specifically mud logging, is the graphic representation of geological formations being drilled through and drawn on a log called a mud log. As the cuttings are circulated out of the borehole, they are sampled, examined (typically under a 10× microscope) and tested chemically when needed.

Methodology

Ljudmila Dolar Mantuani (1906–1988), first female professor of petrography in Yugoslavia

Petrology utilizes the fields of mineralogy, petrography, optical mineralogy, and chemical analysis to describe the composition and texture of rocks. Petrologists also include the principles of geochemistry and geophysics through the study of geochemical trends and cycles and the use of thermodynamic data and experiments in order to better understand the origins of rocks.

Branches

There are three branches of petrology, corresponding to the three types of rocks: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary, and another dealing with experimental techniques:

Igneous petrology focuses on the composition and texture of igneous rocks (rocks such as granite or basalt which have crystallized from molten rock or magma). Igneous rocks include volcanic and plutonic rocks.^[4]
Sedimentary petrology focuses on the composition and texture of sedimentary rocks (rocks such as sandstone, shale, or limestone which consist of pieces or particles derived from other rocks or biological or chemical deposits, and are usually bound together in a matrix of finer material).
Metamorphic petrology focuses on the composition and texture of metamorphic rocks (rocks such as slate, marble, gneiss, or schist) which have undergone chemical, mineralogical or textural changes due to the effects of pressure, temperature, or both). The original rock, prior to change (called the protolith), may be of any sort.^[4]
Experimental petrology employs high-pressure, high-temperature apparatus to investigate the geochemistry and phase relations of natural or synthetic materials at elevated pressures and temperatures. Experiments are particularly useful for investigating rocks of the lower crust and upper mantle that rarely survive the journey to the surface in pristine condition. They are also one of the prime sources of information about completely inaccessible rocks, such as those in the Earth's lower mantle and in the mantles of the other terrestrial planets and the Moon. The work of experimental petrologists has laid a foundation on which modern understanding of igneous and metamorphic processes has been built.

References

Citations

^ The 22nd edition of the Manual of mineral science. Buch. New York: Wiley. 2002. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-471-25177-4.
^ Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J.; Owens, Brent E. (2006). Petrology: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic (3rd ed.). New York: Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-3743-8.
^ Frost, B. R.; Frost, C. D. (2014). Essentials of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Cambridge University Press.
^ ^a ^b Winter, John D. (2010). Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology (2nd ed.). New York: Prentice Hall. pp. 467–468. ISBN 978-0-321-59257-6.

Sources

Best, Myron G. (2002), Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology (Blackwell Publishing) ISBN 1-4051-0588-7.
Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J.; Owens, Brent (2005), Petrology: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic (W. H. Freeman) ISBN 978-0-7167-3743-8.
Boggs, S. Jr. (2009), Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks, Cambridge University Press
Dietrich, Richard Vincent; Skinner, Brian J. (2009), Gems, Granites, and Gravels: knowing and using rocks and minerals (Cambridge University Press) ISBN 978-0-521-10722-8
Fei, Yingwei; Bertka, Constance M.; Mysen, Bjorn O. (eds.) (1999), Mantle Petrology: field observations and high-pressure experimentation (Houston TX: Geochemical Society) ISBN 0-941809-05-6.
Philpotts, Anthony; Ague, Jay (2009), Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology (Cambridge University Press) ISBN 978-0-521-88006-0
Robb, L. (2005). Introduction to Ore-Forming Processes (Blackwell Science) ISBN 978-0-632-06378-9
Tucker, M. E. (2001), Sedimentary Petrology, Blackwell Science
Yardley, B. W. D.; Warren, Clare (2021). An introduction to metamorphic petrology (2 ed.). Cambridge. ISBN 978-1-108-65955-0. OCLC 1226719524.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

External links

Atlas of Igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals, and textures – Geology Department, University of North Carolina
Metamorphic Petrology Database (MetPetDB) – Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Petrological Database of the Ocean Floor (PetDB) - Center for International Earth Science Information Network, Columbia University

[1] The 22nd edition of the Manual of mineral science. Buch. New York: Wiley. 2002. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-471-25177-4.

[2] Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J.; Owens, Brent E. (2006). Petrology: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic (3rd ed.). New York: Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-3743-8.

[3] Frost, B. R.; Frost, C. D. (2014). Essentials of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Cambridge University Press.

[:0-4] Winter, John D. (2010). Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology (2nd ed.). New York: Prentice Hall. pp. 467–468. ISBN 978-0-321-59257-6.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

v t e Geologic principles and processes
Stratigraphic principles	Principle of original horizontality Law of superposition Principle of lateral continuity Principle of cross-cutting relationships Principle of faunal succession Principle of inclusions and components Walther's law
Petrologic principles	Intrusive Extrusive Volcanic Exfoliation Weathering Soil formation Diagenesis Compaction Metamorphism
Geomorphologic processes	Plate tectonics Salt tectonics Tectonic uplift Subsidence Marine transgression Marine regression
Sediment transport	Fluvial processes Aeolian processes Glacial processes Mass wasting processes
Geology portal

v t e Geology
Overviews	Outline of geology Glossary of geology History of geology Index of geology articles
History of geology	Geochronology Geological history of Earth Timeline of geology
Composition and structure	Cosmochemistry Crystallography Geochemistry Mineralogy Petrology Sedimentology
Historical geology	Stratigraphy Paleontology Paleoclimatology Palaeogeography
Dynamic Earth	Structural geology Geodynamics Plate tectonics Geomorphology Volcanology
Water	Glaciology Hydrogeology Marine geology
Geodesy	Cartography Earth's orbit Geodetic astronomy Geomatics Gravity of Earth Planetary geodesy Remote sensing Geopositioning
Geophysics	Geomagnetism Geophysical survey Planetary geophysics Seismology Tectonophysics
Applications	Biogeology Economic geology Engineering geology Environmental geology Planetary geology Geobiology Geologic modelling Forensic geology Forensic geophysics Meteoritics Mining geology Mineral physics
Occupations	Geologist Petroleum geologist Volcanologist
Geology portal Geology Geology

Authority control databases
International	FAST
National	Germany United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Spain Israel