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Martin Musilek
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Papers by Martin Musilek
The paper deals with the issue of the tower houses within the block of flats No. 1071, which was part of the newly planted early Gothic quarter of St. Gall in the Old Town of Prague. The construction of the local houses is dated by the authors to the period around the mid-13th century. Due to the intensive business contacts between Prague and Regensburg merchants, the inspiration for building houses with a tower is sought in the environment of the Holy Roman Empire city of Regensburg. The most intensive trade contacts between the two cities took place during the 13th and the first half of the 14th century.
Although Gallus Town has already been devoted great attention in the existing specialised literature, there has so far been lacking an attempt to identify the burghers, who besides Mintmaster Eberhard shared in its foundation. Unlike the existing research, the study attempts to prove that Gallus Town was founded not only by Mintmaster Eberhard and people, who participated in theextraction and treatment of silver, but also members constituting the Prague patriciate, because the documents preserved show that in the Czech milieu it is not possible to distinguish between the “mining” (in the sense of specialists in the extraction of minerals) class and the class of the Prague urban elites. In fact, both supposed groups were a unified class, which was undoubtedly connected by family or business ties and the centre of all of their diversified activities was Prague, the headquarters and residential agglomeration of the ruling dynasty. It is also evident that Gallus Town of Prague did not comprise a legal or otherwise independent part of the Old Town, because already the first testimony of the written sources proves that the Prague burghers headquartered at Gallus Marketplace and Old Town Square appear as witnesses of one common Old (Larger) Town of Prague. The reeve was also common, who performed his powers over the entire town.
The article does not attempt to comprehensively capture the topic of wealth and poverty in medieval Prague, which would not be possible even given the scale. The main goal will be to draw attention to selected aspects of this complex and extensive issue through disparate misclear. The program will be about linking the testimony of written and material sources, including warnings of some methodological limitations of research, which lie in the lack of preserved sources. Analytical probes will focus on the lives of wealthy upper class members, craftsmen, but also the poor, the so-called people on the margins or the position of the Jewish population within the city. On the contrary, the high material culture of the upper strata of the Prague city population will be demonstrated through several selected documents of luxury objects or buildings that the citizens of Prague built.
Based on the written sources preserved from the 14th and 15th centuries, the presented study attempts to research housing tenancy with an interdisciplinary perspective and the prism of five selected topics: 1. tenancy contracts; 2. town house and its layout through the eyes of history and building history; 3. analysis of the Old Town municipal tax books from the years 1427–1429; 4. analysis of the town tax and the method of its collection in the Old Town of Prague; 5. social rise of lodgers. Two other topics are supplemented: 6. housing tenancy and its influence on the religious and power-administrative organization of the city; 7. social structure of the inhabitants of Prague houses on the specific example of three persons: the owner, the tenant-conventor and the lodger. The Prague conurbation as the centre of the country and the seat of the monarch turns out to have been such an exclusive urban agglomeration that only members of the upper and middle classes of the urban population reached their own property here. Small craftsmen and merchants had to be satisfied only with the tenancy of production and accommodation premises. During the 14th century, the dynamically developing Luxembourg metropolis went through a construction boom. The house plot was densely filled; dozens of new houses were being built not for the owner's stay, but for commercial rent. It is clear that this development significantly affected the architectural appearance and organism of the medieval city.
Dostępne źródła pisane z obszaru Czech i Moraw przynoszą o nich względnie bogate informacje, które dopełniają obszerne rezultaty badań historycznych. Zgoła odmienną sytuację obserwujemy w przypadku niższych i najniższych warstw ludności.
Zarówno archiwalia, jak i dane uzyskane dzięki badaniom archeologicznym, nieprzynoszą na ich temat pewnych i rozstrzygających ustaleń umożliwiających bardziej szczegółowo analizować zróznicowanie ekonomiczne w ramach populacji. Pozycję społeczną i kondycję finansową możemy dokładniej badać jedynie w przypadku wyraźnie ograniczonej, najmajętniejszej grupy mieszczan. Najbiedniejsi zaś, pozostawali poza marginesem. To jednak nie wykluczało sytuacji, w których ponadprzeciętne jednostki dokonały awansu społecznego. Można stwierdzić, że uschyłku panowania dynastii luksemburskiej w Czechach, górne warstwy społeczeństwa definiowały ubóstwo w celu autoprezentacji, a zarazem chęci utrwalenia istniejącego porządku klasowego. Na przeciwległym biegunie, biedni określili się w celu aktywizacji swojego kapitału społecznego oraz wsparcia ich interesów.
Bogactwo średniowiecznej aglomeracji Pragi potwierdza wysoki poziom wytwórczości rzemiesniczej, szerokie spektrum wymiany handlowej w ramach rynków lokalnych i europejskich, sposoby i formy manifestacji prestiżu jej obywateli oraz rozwój terytorialny miasta w połowie XIV wieku.
The paper deals with the issue of the tower houses within the block of flats No. 1071, which was part of the newly planted early Gothic quarter of St. Gall in the Old Town of Prague. The construction of the local houses is dated by the authors to the period around the mid-13th century. Due to the intensive business contacts between Prague and Regensburg merchants, the inspiration for building houses with a tower is sought in the environment of the Holy Roman Empire city of Regensburg. The most intensive trade contacts between the two cities took place during the 13th and the first half of the 14th century.
Although Gallus Town has already been devoted great attention in the existing specialised literature, there has so far been lacking an attempt to identify the burghers, who besides Mintmaster Eberhard shared in its foundation. Unlike the existing research, the study attempts to prove that Gallus Town was founded not only by Mintmaster Eberhard and people, who participated in theextraction and treatment of silver, but also members constituting the Prague patriciate, because the documents preserved show that in the Czech milieu it is not possible to distinguish between the “mining” (in the sense of specialists in the extraction of minerals) class and the class of the Prague urban elites. In fact, both supposed groups were a unified class, which was undoubtedly connected by family or business ties and the centre of all of their diversified activities was Prague, the headquarters and residential agglomeration of the ruling dynasty. It is also evident that Gallus Town of Prague did not comprise a legal or otherwise independent part of the Old Town, because already the first testimony of the written sources proves that the Prague burghers headquartered at Gallus Marketplace and Old Town Square appear as witnesses of one common Old (Larger) Town of Prague. The reeve was also common, who performed his powers over the entire town.
The article does not attempt to comprehensively capture the topic of wealth and poverty in medieval Prague, which would not be possible even given the scale. The main goal will be to draw attention to selected aspects of this complex and extensive issue through disparate misclear. The program will be about linking the testimony of written and material sources, including warnings of some methodological limitations of research, which lie in the lack of preserved sources. Analytical probes will focus on the lives of wealthy upper class members, craftsmen, but also the poor, the so-called people on the margins or the position of the Jewish population within the city. On the contrary, the high material culture of the upper strata of the Prague city population will be demonstrated through several selected documents of luxury objects or buildings that the citizens of Prague built.
Based on the written sources preserved from the 14th and 15th centuries, the presented study attempts to research housing tenancy with an interdisciplinary perspective and the prism of five selected topics: 1. tenancy contracts; 2. town house and its layout through the eyes of history and building history; 3. analysis of the Old Town municipal tax books from the years 1427–1429; 4. analysis of the town tax and the method of its collection in the Old Town of Prague; 5. social rise of lodgers. Two other topics are supplemented: 6. housing tenancy and its influence on the religious and power-administrative organization of the city; 7. social structure of the inhabitants of Prague houses on the specific example of three persons: the owner, the tenant-conventor and the lodger. The Prague conurbation as the centre of the country and the seat of the monarch turns out to have been such an exclusive urban agglomeration that only members of the upper and middle classes of the urban population reached their own property here. Small craftsmen and merchants had to be satisfied only with the tenancy of production and accommodation premises. During the 14th century, the dynamically developing Luxembourg metropolis went through a construction boom. The house plot was densely filled; dozens of new houses were being built not for the owner's stay, but for commercial rent. It is clear that this development significantly affected the architectural appearance and organism of the medieval city.
Dostępne źródła pisane z obszaru Czech i Moraw przynoszą o nich względnie bogate informacje, które dopełniają obszerne rezultaty badań historycznych. Zgoła odmienną sytuację obserwujemy w przypadku niższych i najniższych warstw ludności.
Zarówno archiwalia, jak i dane uzyskane dzięki badaniom archeologicznym, nieprzynoszą na ich temat pewnych i rozstrzygających ustaleń umożliwiających bardziej szczegółowo analizować zróznicowanie ekonomiczne w ramach populacji. Pozycję społeczną i kondycję finansową możemy dokładniej badać jedynie w przypadku wyraźnie ograniczonej, najmajętniejszej grupy mieszczan. Najbiedniejsi zaś, pozostawali poza marginesem. To jednak nie wykluczało sytuacji, w których ponadprzeciętne jednostki dokonały awansu społecznego. Można stwierdzić, że uschyłku panowania dynastii luksemburskiej w Czechach, górne warstwy społeczeństwa definiowały ubóstwo w celu autoprezentacji, a zarazem chęci utrwalenia istniejącego porządku klasowego. Na przeciwległym biegunie, biedni określili się w celu aktywizacji swojego kapitału społecznego oraz wsparcia ich interesów.
Bogactwo średniowiecznej aglomeracji Pragi potwierdza wysoki poziom wytwórczości rzemiesniczej, szerokie spektrum wymiany handlowej w ramach rynków lokalnych i europejskich, sposoby i formy manifestacji prestiżu jej obywateli oraz rozwój terytorialny miasta w połowie XIV wieku.
This catalogue consists of the artefacts displayed at the exhibition “Seven Towers. Charles IV through the Eyes of Academics (1316–2016)”, which was held in the main building of the Academy of Sciences from 6 April to 11 May 2016. The principal aim of the exhibition was to present the figure of Charles IV in the research programmes of the Academy by means of a number of selected themes, and thus to mark the 700th anniversary of his birth in a fitting way. Unlike other exhibition projects on Charles IV, however, it was not concerned with presenting results that had already been achieved. On the contrary, the aim was to show the public the still ongoing research process that is currently taking place at various institutes of the Academy of Sciences. It was thus not a classic type of exhibition, but in a figurative sense of the word a workshop which tried to communicate actively with visitors. The basis of the exhibition consisted of seven main thematic areas, with attention being drawn in each case to the contribution made by specific institutes to research into the period of Charles IV.
A reader of Latin texts with facing Czech translations and brief introductions.
From its establishment some time around the middle of the 13th century, Gallus Town of Prague represented a significant urbanistic component of the Old Town of Prague. The early remnants of high-quality stone buildings proved by archaeological and building-historical research projects in combination with extensive burgher plots testifies to the presence of exceptional builders of whom the written sources name only the mintmaster Eberhard. It is, however, clear already from the size of the new foundation that he could not implement the given act alone, but only with the sovereign’s support and in cooperation with other members of the then emerging urban elites. The importance of the topic selected for Prague’s history is hence completely obvious. Seeking the answers to the questions we can set in connection with the foundation of St Gallus Town is actually asking about the emergence of the Prague conurbation as a legally defined high medieval town with all of its associated attributes (the creation of the town fortification, formation of the urban elites, representation etc.). The study of this issue is all the more important because Prague was the long-term seat of the ruling dynasty and essentially the power and trade centre of Bohemia. Despite the systematic interest of the specialised literature so far, however, some crucial questions remain unanswered or only partially answered.
July 6, 2015 is the significant 600-year anniversary of the burning of Jan Hus in Constance. To commemorate this anniversary and to honor the remembrance of Hus, the National Museum has organized a special exhibition entitled “Jan Hus in the National Museum Collections (1415-2015). Master Jan Hus and his Legacy” which will be presented in the new National Museum building from June 4 to July 12, 2015. The main purpose of this exhibition is, through selected objects, to draw attention not only to the significance of Hus’s personality but also to commemorate his legacy, predominantly in his religious and moral teachings. The exhibition catalog aims not only to present period items associated with the life and activities of Jan Hus, but also to present unique objects from the National Museum collections, some of which will be exhibited for the first time. To make these materials accessible to both specialists and the general
public, they are accompanied by interpretive texts that are more extensive than usual. The accompanying texts do not claim to be comprehensive but are intended to present objects within a broader context. The publication is divided into six chapters, which are supplemented by relevant catalog entries. The first chapter covers not only Hus’s personality, but also his extensive works. Although the National Museum Library collections do not include any documents in Hus’s own hand, they do feature a total of 35 manuscripts containing transcripts of some of his works. For clarity, this chapter is accompanied by a detailed inventory of these manuscripts. For each codex, references to manuscript catalogs, inventories of Hus’s works and other selected editions are listed (especially modern ones).
1347, when Charles IV was crowned king of Bohemia, was set as a partial final milestone. The “Sources on the History of the Jews” are territorially delimited by the borders of the modern Czech Republic. The project Corpus includes sources from the territory of the entire Empire, including the territory of Bohemia and Moravia and the adjacent lands of the Bohemian Crown, whereas the Bohemian and Moravian sources will be supplied for the Corpus project database from the background materials of the “Sources of the History of the Jews”.
Prague in the 14th Century
Throughout the Middle Ages, Prague was not only the most populated, but also the most important city in the lands of Bohemia. As the permanent residence of the King, the Prague towns functioned as the capital of the kingdom. In the late Middle Ages, it consisted of the Old Town, the New Town, the Little Quarter and the dependant township of Hradčany. However, of these quarters, the Old Town was the most important entity. This book is divided in eight chapters, each containing sub-chapters that further develop the given topic.
This book draws from the analysis of two main resources: Book of legal court records with market entries (Liber judiciorum or Liber contractuum) from 1351 to 1367 (Prague City Archives, Manuscript No. 987) and the list of new burghers, recorded in the oldest Old Town book between 1324 and 1393, called Liber vetustissimus (Prague City Archives, Manuscript No. 986). Apart from that, we use further resources originating in the burgher environment, such as lists of sealed documents from between 1331–1333 & 1337 (AMP, the manuscript collection, sign. 986), town documents, other preserved town books, books of confirmations and erections. Based on these resources, we
attempt to uncover the social structure of the Old Town in the course of the 14th century. A member of the Old Town burgher elite named Dětřich Plafus (Blaufuss) or the Blue Foot, serves as an imaginary guide to the society of medieval Prague. Two makeshift databases permitted us to carry out prosopographic probes into the society of Old Town Prague. These probes have shown that in the course of the 14th century, this society underwent major transformations. To find the motor of such transformations, as well as to describe the process and effect of these changes on the society in question, were the main goals of this book. In the introduction, we summarize the main starting points of our research and we introduce Dětřich Plafus, the guide, as well as his social and economic network in the Old Town.
Oproti některým starším výzkumům je dnes městský dům pojímán jako komplex různých funkčních staveb (budov), jejichž součástí bylo nejenom obydlí majitele, ale také soubor dalších hospodářských budov a jiných stavení. Častá obměna majitelů a nájemců staroměstských domů si žádala množství drobných nebo rozsáhlejších stavebních úprav, které měly za úkol upravit domovní interiér požadavkům a někdy snad i estetickému cítění nových obyvatel. Městský dům tedy procházel v průběhu staletí složitým stavebním vývojem. Skutečně nové poznatky k tématu dnes může přinést pouze interdisciplinární přístup k výzkumu nejenom historie, ale i archeologie, stavební historie, dějin umění a celé řady dalších vědeckých disciplín.