Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)

Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)
	Part of the Syrian Civil War
	; Top: Map showing rebel advances in the Raqqa Governorate; Bottom: Map showing rebel advances in Raqqa city itself Syrian Army control Syrian Opposition control Kurdish control
Date	19 September 2012 – 6 March 2013; (5 months, 2 weeks and 1 day)
Location	Raqqa Governorate, Syria
Result	Rebel victory Rebels capture Raqqa, al-Thawrah, Tell Abyad, Tabqa Dam, and Baath Dam; Thousands of civilians displaced;
Belligerents
Syrian Islamic Front; Al-Nusra Front; Islamic State of Iraq; Syrian Islamic Liberation Front; Islamic Unity and Liberation Front (JWTI); Free Syrian Army; Supported by:; Qatar Turkey (border clashes)	Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Armed Forces;
Commanders and leaders
Mohammad al-Daher; (Farouq Brigades commander); Dr. Samer; (JWTI leader); Abu Wael; (Jihad in the Path of God Brigade commander)	Brig. Gen. Khaled al-Halabi; (Raqqa state security head); Maj. Gen. Hassan Jalili (POW); (Raqqa provincial governor); Suleiman Suleiman (POW); (Raqqa provincial Baath party secretary general); Abu Jassim ; (military intelligence commander)
Casualties and losses
At least 60 killed	At least 500 killed or captured

The Raqqa campaign (2012–2013) was a series of battles and offensives launched by various Syrian rebel groups, led by Ahrar al-Sham and the al-Nusra Front, against Syrian government forces in the Raqqa Governorate as part of the Syrian Civil War. The campaign was launched at the second half of 2012 and ended in the capture of the city of Raqqa as well as dozens of smaller towns and facilities.

The campaign

2012

On 19 September 2012, Free Syrian Army rebels led by the Farouq Brigades captured the border town of Tell Abyad and its border crossing with the town of Akçakale in Turkey.^[10] The next day, the Syrian Air Force bombed a petrol station in Tell Abyad, killing 30 civilians and wounding 70. A rebel fighter was also mortally wounded.^[11] In October, Syrian government forces launched a counteroffensive in Tell Abyad which resulted in a border clash between Syria and Turkey.^[12]

On 12 October 2012, the al-Nusra Front and Harakat Fajr ash-Sham al-Islamiya attacked the Suluq barracks in Raqqa and claimed to have killed 32 Syrian soldiers.^[13]

In November 2012, both the rebels and government forces set up checkpoints on the road between al-Thawrah (Tabqa) and Aleppo. By the end of December, the majority of the Raqqa province were reportedly under rebel control, and rebel fighters entered al-Thawra.^[4]

2013

Battle of al-Thawrah

On 10 January 2013, heavy clashes erupted in the town of al-Thawra and the Syrian Air Force in Tabqa airbase shelled the town with artillery. By 11 February, rebels led by the al-Nusra Front fully captured both the town and the Tabqa Dam next to it.^[14]

Battle of Raqqa city

On 6 March 2013, Sunni Islamist rebel forces fully captured the city of Raqqa from Syrian government, forces after a 3-day battle. The Syrian Army retreated to the military base of the 17th Division, to the northeast of the city.^[5]

Aftermath

A convoy of vehicles of Liwa Owais al-Qorani leaving Tabqa and heading to Ayn Issa in June 2013.

The al-Nusra Front and Ahrar al-Sham implemented Sharia in the towns they captured. By April 2013, hundreds of Assyrians were displaced from al-Thawra.^[4] Christians, including those who supported the opposition, were kidnapped in Raqqa, al-Thawra, and Tel Abyad by al-Nusra and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. ISIL also carried out public executions of dozens of people in the towns by firing squad. Political activism was also suppressed, several churches and mosques were burned, and hundreds of Armenians fled Raqqa.^[5]

Order of battle

Rebel forces

Fighters of the al-Tawhid Brigade deface an image of President Bashar al-Assad on the road between Hama and Raqqa on 27 March 2013.

Free Syrian Army-affiliated groups

Farouq Brigades^[6]
Raqqa Revolutionaries Brigade
- Jihad in the Path of God Brigade
Kurdish Front Brigade^[15]
Euphrates Knights Brigade^[9]
Free Tabqa Brigade^[16]

Independent Islamist groups (some of which are also part of FSA)

Islamic Unity and Liberation Front (alliance of several Islamist militias)^[1]^[2]
Liwa Owais al-Qorani^[17]
Nasr Saladin Brigade^[5]
Liwa Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman^[9]
Muntasir Billah Brigade^[9]
Katibat Hudheifa bin al-Yaman^[17]
Katibat Mohammed bin Abdullah^[17]
Katibat Musaib bin Umair^[16]
Katibat Abu Dujana^[16]
Katibat Saraya al-Furat^[16]
Katibat Shuhada al-Jamaa Jund al-Rahman^[16]
Katibat Ahrar al-Badiyah^[16]

Syrian Islamic Liberation Front

Syrian Islamic Front^[4]

Ahrar al-Sham^[16]
- Liwa Umana al-Raqqa^[9]
Harakat al-Fajr al-Islamiyya^[4]^[16]
Liwa al-Haqq (Idlib)
- Katibat al-Bara'^[17]
- Katibat Saraya al-Furat^[16]

Al-Qaeda affiliates and other Salafist jihadists

Islamic State of Iraq
- Muhajireen Battalion^[4]
Shura Council Front^[7]
- Al-Nusra Front^[16]
Ghuraba al-Sham^[6]
Katibat Usud al-Sunna^[21] (part of Mujahideen Shura Council)

Government forces

Syrian Armed Forces

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Winter (2014), p. 13.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Lister (2015), p. 112.
^ ^a ^b Bill Roggio (5 December 2013). "4 battalions from Qatar-backed Islamist brigade defect to wage 'armed jihadist struggle'". Long War Journal. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Nicholas Al-Jeloo (2 August 2013). "Stranded: the Forgotten Assyrians of Al-Thawrah, Syria". Assyrian International News Agency.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Firas al-Hakkar (8 November 2013). "The Mysterious Fall of Raqqa, Syria's Kandahar". al-Akhbar. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c Rania Abouzeid (5 October 2012). "Syria's Up-and-Coming Rebels: Who Are the Farouq Brigades?". TIME.
^ ^a ^b Winter (2014), p. 14.
^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (29 July 2014). "The Factions of Raqqa Province".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Matthew Barber (4 April 2013). "The Raqqa Story: Rebel Structure, Planning, and Possible War Crimes".
^ "WRAPUP 3-Syrian rebels extend grip on Turkish border". Reuters. 19 September 2012.
^ "Thursday 20 September 2012". SKS.com.
^ "Turkey hits targets inside Syria after border deaths". BBC. 4 October 2012.
^ "Militant group says was behind Aleppo air defence base assault". Reuters. 20 October 2012.
^ "Rebels take control of military airport in North Syria, NGO says". AFP. 12 February 2013. Archived from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
^ "Thousands mourn the body of the martyr Adnan Sheikh Mohammed in Kobani". Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party. 13 June 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Winter (2014), p. 5.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Winter (2014), p. 12.
^ "Jihadists push Syria rebels out of Raqqa". Now News. 14 August 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013.
^ Lister (2015), pp. 112, 167.
^ "A leader in the Free Army Conquest Brigade: There are contacts and meetings between us and PYD but?". Afrin News Agency. 15 October 2012.
^ Winter (2014), pp. 5, 6.
^ Winter (2014), p. 15.

Bibliography

Winter, Lucas (2014). Raqqa: From Regime overthrow to inter-rebel fighting. Foreign Military Studies Office.
Lister, Charles R. (2015). The Syrian Jihad: Al-Qaeda, the Islamic State and the Evolution of an Insurgency. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061318-1.

[FOOTNOTEWinter201413-1] Winter (2014), p. 13.

[FOOTNOTELister2015112-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Lister (2015), p. 112.

[qatar-3] Bill Roggio (5 December 2013). "4 battalions from Qatar-backed Islamist brigade defect to wage 'armed jihadist struggle'". Long War Journal. Retrieved 17 September 2018.

[aina-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Nicholas Al-Jeloo (2 August 2013). "Stranded: the Forgotten Assyrians of Al-Thawrah, Syria". Assyrian International News Agency.

[RaqqaKandahar-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Firas al-Hakkar (8 November 2013). "The Mysterious Fall of Raqqa, Syria's Kandahar". al-Akhbar. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2017.

[time-6] Rania Abouzeid (5 October 2012). "Syria's Up-and-Coming Rebels: Who Are the Farouq Brigades?". TIME.

[FOOTNOTEWinter201414-7] Winter (2014), p. 14.

[factions-8] Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (29 July 2014). "The Factions of Raqqa Province".

[structure-9] Matthew Barber (4 April 2013). "The Raqqa Story: Rebel Structure, Planning, and Possible War Crimes".

[10] "WRAPUP 3-Syrian rebels extend grip on Turkish border". Reuters. 19 September 2012.

[11] "Thursday 20 September 2012". SKS.com.

[12] "Turkey hits targets inside Syria after border deaths". BBC. 4 October 2012.

[13] "Militant group says was behind Aleppo air defence base assault". Reuters. 20 October 2012.

[14] "Rebels take control of military airport in North Syria, NGO says". AFP. 12 February 2013. Archived from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2017.

[15] "Thousands mourn the body of the martyr Adnan Sheikh Mohammed in Kobani". Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party. 13 June 2013.

[FOOTNOTEWinter20145-16] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Winter (2014), p. 5.

[FOOTNOTEWinter201412-17] Winter (2014), p. 12.

[18] "Jihadists push Syria rebels out of Raqqa". Now News. 14 August 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013.

[FOOTNOTELister2015112,_167-19] Lister (2015), pp. 112, 167.

[20] "A leader in the Free Army Conquest Brigade: There are contacts and meetings between us and PYD but?". Afrin News Agency. 15 October 2012.

[FOOTNOTEWinter20145,_6-21] Winter (2014), pp. 5, 6.

[FOOTNOTEWinter201415-22] Winter (2014), p. 15.

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