How much a policy is expected to cost and who bears the brunt of that cost play a significant role in the debates that shape regulations. We do not have a good track record of predicting costs and their ultimate distribution, but systematic reviews of past assessments have identified some of the factors that lead to errors. A wide range of expected costs of climate policy have been hotly debated, but all are likely to be wrong. This does not mean that we should continue a debate using ill-informed analyses. On the contrary, we need early small experiments to shed light on key unknowns. Environmental stewardship is a long-term challenge and an adaptive regulatory approach promises to inform policy targets and improve controls through sequential regulatory phases that promote: innovation, flexibility and diffusion of best technologies.

My research project examined the restoration possibilities for two culturally important wetland ecosystems at Tl’ches (Chatham Islands, British Columbia, Canada). The first wetland is a sacred bathing pool and holds cultural significance, the second is a remnant silverweed and springbank clover (Potentilla anserine ssp. pacifica and Trifollium wormskjoldii) root garden. These wetlands are necessary ecosystems for the wildlife on Tl’ches as wetlands are rare, but also an integral part of Songhees’ cultural practices. My work was done at the invitation from elder Sulhlima (Joan Morris) who was one of the last resident of the islands and retains hereditary rights there, and Songhees Chief Ron Sam and band council. The goal of my project was to develop a restoration plan to restore the wetlands to pre-abandonment conditions, so cultural practices can continue, and to benefit the islands native plant and animal species. The project highlights the value of combining traditional ecological...

The Tribal Environmental and Natural Resources Management (TENRM) program at Northwest Indian College is a pilot program intended to provide an education in environmental science that is grounded in the American Indian and Alaska Native perspectives and traditions crucial to tribal survival. Northwest Indian College is a tribal college located in Washington State. The college is chartered by the Lummi Nation.

This paper explores the perceptions of urban Aboriginal youth on engagement and participation in decision making
processes in the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal community. It also explores the barriers and enablers of Aboriginal
youth participation. The research uncovered a myriad of challenges to Aboriginal youth participation including poverty,
discrimination, and tokenization. Though faced with these challenges the youth remain optimistic and hopeful for the
future. The paper concludes with an exploration of protective factors and recommendations on how communities can
best engage youth in a meaningful way that goes beyond tokenism to legitimacy and equality.

Cet article explore les perceptions de jeunes Autochtones en milieu urbain relativement à l’engagement et à la
participation aux processus décisionnels dans les communautés autochtones et non autochtones. L’auteure explore
aussi les obstacles et les éléments qui favorisent la participation des jeunes Autochtones. La recherche a révélé
plusieurs difficultés faisant obstacle à la participation des jeunes Autochtones, notamment la pauvreté, la
discrimination et les mesures purement symboliques. Malgré ces difficultés, les jeunes demeurent optimistes et
pleins d’espoir pour l’avenir. La communication conclut par une exploration des facteurs de protection et des
recommandations quant aux meilleurs moyens pour les communautés de mobiliser les jeunes de manière satisfaisante,
allant au-delà des gestes symboliques vers la légitimité et l’égalité.

This research is an ethnography of 30 people on Indigenous experiences, place-making and the cultural practices that are used to construct meaning and cultural renewal that leads to healing and decolonization in the Ottawa, Ontario area. The research explores the lives of those who reside in the city and have never lived in traditional territories, and those who continue to have roots there. These practices are observed through the lens of the three bodies of the individual, social, and body politic. Identity has moved beyond legacies of essentialized and bounded notions which in actuality are multiple and fluid. The study revealed themes of a continuum of experiences and practices including: territorialists who reside in the homeland; returners who have the Indigenous diasporic experience of longing for a homeland; learners who have been displaced from Indigenous communities for various reasons but have initiated cultural renewal; adaptors who have little to no connection to a homeland or Indigenous groups in the city; and urbanites who accept the city-as-home, often with multiple generations of residence in the city. The social body is enacted by Indigenous people who construct communities in cities through social practices such as welcoming others through physical places like Friendship Centres, universities, and social service organizations. Connections also occur in urbans hubs of activity through various practices such as cultural and arts events, ceremonies, and conferences. Cultural renewal is fundamental for the well-being of Indigenous people who have experienced decades of oppression as a result of the regulation of bodies, social actions, land and self-determination by the body politic. The cultural renewal of Indigenous people in cities creates space for healing, decolonization, reclamation, restoration, reconciliation and renewal.

This research is an ethnography of 30 people on Indigenous experiences, place-making and the cultural practices that are used to construct meaning and cultural renewal that leads to healing and decolonization in the Ottawa, Ontario area. The research explores the lives of those who reside in the city and have never lived in traditional territories, and those who continue to have roots there. These practices are observed through the lens of the three bodies of the individual, social, and body politic. Identity has moved beyond legacies of essentialized and bounded notions which in actuality are multiple and fluid. The study revealed themes of a continuum of experiences and practices including: territorialists who reside in the homeland; returners who have the Indigenous diasporic experience of longing for a homeland; learners who have been displaced from