Human trafficking has come to be known as the slavery of the 21st Century. Due to its clandestine nature, the magnitude of the problem is unknown. Various sources estimate the number of persons trafficked in the millions.[1] In the same year that the International Labour Organization estimated the exploitation in forced labor of approximately 21 million people, only 46,570 victims of trafficking (of which, 17,368 victims of labor trafficking) were identified worldwide (US Department of State, 2014).[2] The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime reported 40,177 victims of trafficking identified by Government authorities or non-governmental organizations (NGOs) between the years 2010 and 2012 (UNODC, 2014).

Le gouvernement socialiste qui dirige actuellement la France ne cesse de s'activer pour imposer des idéologies -développées et propagées par des groupuscules extrémistes -, au mépris de la volonté générale. Affranchis de la faculté humanisante de la honte, nos élus n'ont aucun mal à avancer une idée, pour nier ensuite l'avoir évoquée. Ainsi, Madame Najat Vallaud-Belkacem -ministre des Droits des femmes et porte-parole du gouvernement -affirme, en août 2011, l'importance à ses yeux de la théorie du genre, puis elle ose prétendre qu'une telle théorie n'existe pas. De même, le site du ministère de l'Education nationale affiche d'abord un lien vers un site militant, pourvoyeur de cette idéologie, pour ensuite l'effacer, aussitôt que la protestation devient trop audible.

In 1885 the UK Criminal Law Amendment Act passed after a long journey through parliament because a series of articles entitled the ‘Maiden Tribute’ raised intense public concern about child sexual exploitation in London. The Maiden Tribute, published in the Pall Mall Gazette, reported upon an investigation into child sexual exploitation in London. It has been identified as the beginning of tabloid journalism.
Judith Walkowitz criticised the Maiden Tribute, stating that it focussed upon a false and melodramatic image of an aristocrat seducing a young girl, which did not reflect reality, as most child sexual abuse was within the community or family. She argued that working class women and girls involved in prostitution were not passive victims but actively choose the job. This article will explore the circumstances that led to the Maiden Tribute and explain its focus on aristocratic seduction through the influence of two women; Josephine Butler, who campaigned for a raised age of consent and Mary Jeffries, reputed to have sold children to MP’s, Kings and other VIPs. Both women’s influence will be assessed through an exploration of their activities around this case.

Commercial sexual exploitation of children continues to be a significant and pressing concern in developing countries around the globe. Few existing reports, however, indicate the alarming rate at which the problem is in Madagascar, where child labour is very common until today.

This presentation investigates Malagasy child prostitution and marriages from an anthropological perspective by outlining the life conditions of Malagasy children against a backdrop of children’s rights, as it is considered a gross violation of their rights and dignity from a Western perspective.

However, this study aims to negotiate these phenomena from a cultural relativist approach by paying attention to children’s aspirations in a changing society, and relating the themes to traditional practices and cultural values.

These anthropological findings can help foster various stakeholders, ranging from families to policy makers, to formulate further and appropriate interventions and to implement policies such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

The objectives of this presentation are to examine what the key social, cultural, historical and economic determinants are which lead children to engage in transactional sex. Moreover, it tries to explain why the Convention of the Rights of the Child do not work in Madagascar.

Key words: sexual exploitation, child prostitution, servile marriages, Madagascar

This Study was first initiated by the European Parliament as a pilot project. It was then
commissioned by the European Commission (Directorate-General for Communications
Networks, Content and Technology – DG CONNECT) to undertake research on the various
factors that influence how INHOPE hotlines across the EU-27, the United Kingdom (UK),
Canada and the United States (US) deal with the identification and removal of online
CSAM. The objectives of the study are to:
a) Analyse the functioning of the INHOPE network of internet hotlines;
b) Make recommendations to improve the current system;
c) Identify proactive operations for hotlines.

Esta particular aventura etnográfica e intensa investigación sobre las modalidades y las rutas que emplean los tratantes de personas en la Amazonía peruana para seducir a sus víctimas y conducirlas hasta los lugares en los que ocurren diversas modalidades de explotación se ha valido de una sistemática recolección bibliográ ca sobre las formas contemporáneas de la esclavitud en la selva peruana, de la revisión de las crónicas rojas de los diarios amazónicos, del recorrido por los ríos Amazonas, Marañón y Ucayali hacia el interior del país y de la carretera Interoceánica a lo largo del corredor minero de Madre de Dios, y de la recolección de datos en pueblos tomados por el narcotrá co o en campamentos de la minería ilegal.
Uno de los principales retos de la investigación fue dotar a la descripción de estas rutas de algo más que un contenido geográ co. Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo un trabajo tanto de forma táctica —las vías geográ cas y los controles por los que atraviesan los tratantes y sus víctimas en su camino a los lugares donde estas serán explotadas—, como de manera etnográ ca —el proceso por el cual las víctimas son despojadas de una serie de derechos y producidas como esclavos y esclavas—. Tal como se describen aquí, las rutas de la trata no son solo la diversidad de caminos y vías de transporte entre los que un tratante puede elegir para llevar a sus víctimas de un punto A un punto B. Son, sobre todo, la serie de pasos por los que un individuo es producido como víctima poten- cial, desde las propias condiciones de vulnerabilidad en su lugar de origen y, a lo largo del camino, es paulatinamente despojado de los derechos que, precisamente, lo cons- tituyen como persona, hasta acabar convertido en un mero objeto de cambio o, más precisamente, en una deuda, la cual será, para la víctima, muy difícil de saldar y podrá ser puesta a la venta para que algún otro explotador compre a la persona misma.
Tácticamente, el trabajo de campo hecho para este estudio recorre tres rutas longi- tudinales entre la ceja de selva y la Amazonía, o viceversa. De norte a sur, la primera recorrió desde de la triple frontera entre Perú, Brasil y Colombia hasta Nueva Cajamarca, en el departamento de San Martín; pasó por Iquitos, Nauta, el río Marañón, Yurimaguas, Tarapoto, Moyobamba y Nueva Cajamarca. La segunda, se inició en Huánuco rumbo a Pucallpa, haciendo una bifurcación por la antigua zona cocalera de Tocache y Uchiza, para llegar, luego, hasta Iquitos a través del rio Ucayali, para lo cual pasó por las provin- cias de Ucayali y Requena, en Loreto. La tercera, comenzó en la ciudad del Cusco, por la carretera Interoceánica, por la seguidilla de pequeñas ciudades y pueblos que, uno después de otro, conducen hasta Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios: Urcos, Ocongate, Quincemil, Mazuko, Huepetuhe y La Pampa. Cada ruta, por su parte, ha sido dividida en los pasos que constituyen tanto a la cadena como al propio delito de la trata: la capta- ción, el traslado y la explotación de una víctima. Además, como un eje transversal, se ha añadido un análisis del rol que juega el Estado en cada uno.

This document considers whether the human rights and entitlements afforded to girls are protecting them from sexual exploitation in the UK, and whether those rights under international and national law and legislation are being observed and adhered to when working with girls. At the back of this document (starting at page 12) is a large table of human rights and legislative entitlements that girls who have been subjected to sexual violence should be afforded. The table explores whether the rights and entitlements are being observed and upheld in the UK using recent research and serious case reviews.

This article examines how practitioners in the UK define ‘child trafficking’. It is based on research by Pearce, Hynes and Bovarnick (2009), which suggests that there are currently different definitions of child trafficking being worked with in UK practice. By analysing current working definitions around
‘child trafficking’ the article illustrates that much of how trafficked children and young people are identified and how their needs are responded to depends on how practitioners define a trafficked child. As such, the article contributes to an existing body of knowledge around trafficking by illustrating
that the ways in which ‘trafficking’ is constituted discursively in policy and practice affect outcomes for trafficked children.

Child sexual exploitation and child prostitution are some of the major challenges which Sri Lanka is facing as a developing tourist destination. Poverty, lack of education and inequality are some of the main causes for these kinds of issues. Sri Lanka is sometimes known as the heaven for sexual relationships among tourists due to the commonly found child prostitution services. This issue arises mostly in South Asian countries such as Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Cambodia, Thailand and Philippine. Sri Lanka has a beautiful coastline around the country as it is an island with an attractive tourist destination which bought the country a huge benefit for the country’s economy but on the other hand it exploits the countries future generation by giving a new face to these kinds of issues. This research will be focused on commercial sexual exploitation of children and child prostitution in Sri Lanka, how it is addressed in the legal framework and how the law has tried to prevent them and prote...

This report presents detailed findings from the evaluation of the group work service. The aim of the group work was to lower the risk of sexual exploitation in the medium to long-term. This was to be done through providing access to information, advice and guidance so that children and young people could make what was termed as ‘safe decisions’. Several outcomes were identified for children and young people from the group work, including experiencing improvement in understanding, awareness and a preparedness to take actions, which practitioners felt lowered the risk of exploitation. While NSPCC practitioners and children and young people felt that having the opportunity to learn about exploitation was a good thing, doubts were raised as to whether this could lower the risk of exploitation. This was based on an understanding that factors, which heightened the risk of exploitation, that were beyond the influence of the group work, had not changed.

This campaign report is the first collection of accounts of harm caused by using Child Sexual Exploitation films with children in schools and who have been sexually abused in the UK. Real accounts from young people, parents, psychologists, police and therapists provide the first accounts of harm caused by the films, in lieu of any empirical research, evaluations or efficacy of CSE films

Domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) is an emerging problem affecting adolescents, families, and communities throughout the United States. Despite a growing awareness of the problem, information regarding treatment is limited. This paper describes a pilot group intervention created for use with DMST victims, focusing specifically on areas that were critical to the development and life of the group: 1) providing education about DMST, 2) reducing shame and addressing stigma, 3) mutual aid, and 4) managing strong emotions through the development of new coping skills. Process examples are given to illustrate this pilot intervention, and recommendations for research and practice are discussed.

Touch is an indivisible part of our life. Touch is necessary in maintaining healthy relationships, and often has great therapeutic value, it can also be exploited such as in the case of child sexual abuse. Because touch is inextricable from most humans' interaction, children may be manipulated through a gradual process involving touch that eventually leads to abuse. Child Sexual Abuse is often perpetrated by an individual who is familiar to the victim (McAlinden, 2006; Paine and Hansen, 2002). The problem is that they do not even realize that something wrong has happened to them and the condition is worse among visually impaired children.

There is a great deal of research into multiple aspects of childhood sexual abuse, including prevalence, effects, treatment and recovery. However, very little research focusses on the knowledge held by people who have experienced CSA, and far fewer studies are designed by people who have experienced it. This thesis outlines insider designed and delivered research. It employs a salutogenic approach to examine what helps and hinders recovering. These issues are explored through thematic analysis of a qualitative survey (n=140) and 21 interviews. Participants described three types of harm caused by the abuse they had experienced, including physical and mental health consequences but also an underlying, enduring sense of danger. The results demonstrate that adults who have experienced CSA are active in their recovering, which they conceptualise as a movement towards health and well-being, rather than a binary of either being ill or well. Health services were very useful, particularly counselling and therapy. Respondents also valued personal relationships and interactions in supporting recovering. Finally, they described a sense of flow, a pleasurable absorption in a task, as being highly beneficial. However, they also described the ways in which society, at every level from micro to macro, inhibited recovering. Thus, they called for fundamental societal change, challenging destructive discourses around CSA and inhibiting structural issues. Further research is required to establish if these beneficial actions and challenges apply equally to individuals who identify as being in earlier stages of recovering.

exploitation is a growing concern. Larger populations and poor economic conditions create opportunity to exploit people in sex industries, while international travel provides consistent demand and a sense of anonymity to the practices. Sex tourism generates billions of dollars annually, and some national economies are partially dependent upon illicit proceeds from sex, including those relating to exploitation of children. Domestic and international laws have been established to protect children in theory, but in reality the industries proliferate, some with the assistance of law enforcement personnel. This article focuses on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) group as a major supplier of illicit sexual services involving minors. Americans and Canadians are considered major consumers of those services. Relevant literature is reviewed along with international legal conventions, psycho-social theory, economic and crime statistics. Domestic laws from the 12 nations studied are compared. The potential to change social conditions from outside of a targeted group is discussed and a dynamic new approach to the problem is introduced.

Child sexual abuse material is now recognised as a major social problem however, prior to the internet, disclosures of victimisation in abuse material were the subject of sceptical scholarly commentary. The veracity of the sceptical position has been subject to limited empirical scrutiny. The aim of this study is to analyse the content of a sample of 1004 images of pre-internet abuse material. The pre-internet sample was analysed according to the characteristics of victim/s, perpetrator/s and severity and setting of abuse, which were then compared to a pre-existing dataset of 34,561 contemporary abuse images. The findings of the study underscore the severity of pre-internet abuse material. The comparison between the pre-internet and contemporary sample found that the average age of girls abused in abuse material has decreased, and the severity of the material has increased. The study highlights the significant abuse experienced by child sexual abuse material victims prior to the internet, and suggests the popularisation of the internet is linked to a trend towards more serious offending against children in abuse material. The consistent role of the home as the major site of abuse material production poses significant challenges to prevention, early intervention and prosecution.

This evidence review aims to address these specific issues documenting what we know about the extent, nature and consequences of child sexual abuse and exploitation for children in different contexts and the evidence on effective interventions and strategies to prevent and respond to it.

This chapter examines the phenomenon of internet users attempting to report and prevent online child sexual exploitation (CSE) and child sexual abuse material (CSAM) in the absence of adequate intervention by internet service providers, social media platforms, and government.  The chapter discusses the history of online CSE, focusing on regulatory stances over time in which online risks to children have been cast as natural and inevitable by the hegemony of a “cyber-libertarian” ideology.  We illustrate the success of this ideology, as well as its profound contradictions and ethical failures, by presenting key examples in which internet users have taken decisive action to prevent online CSE and promote the removal of CSAM.  Rejecting simplistic characterizations of “vigilante justice,” we argue instead that the fact that often young internet users are being forced to act against online CSE and CSAM puts a lie to libertarian claims that internet regulation is impossible, unworkable, and unwanted.  Recent shifts towards a more progressive ethos of online harm minimization are promising, however, this ethos risks offering a new legitimizing ideology for online business models that will continue to put children at risk of abuse and exploitation.  In conclusion, we suggest ways forward toward an internet built in the interests of children, rather than profit.

The aim of the research is to examine the negative impact cybercrimes pose to the society. The concepts of cybercrimes are introduced and different types of cybercrimes are explored as examples of some of the impacts which caused by cybercrimes activities. Results from this study show that, there are many negative impacts which the society suffer from the cybercrimes and why the computer or networking are tools target for the crimes. The discussions are made from the findings and finally the paper addresses different measures which can be taken to combat these cybercrimes so that people still enjoy using the technology rather than stop them to use it.

Most existing strategies to prevent child sexual abuse material (CSAM), such as the blocking and delisting of known CSAM sites and a global CSAM civil notification and removal system, were developed in the 2000s in partnership between the private sector, states and civil society. This “multi-stakeholder” internet governance model provides for flexible and adaptive cooperation across the dynamic and fluid regulatory environment of the internet. In light of escalating CSAM reports, the capacity of the multi-stakeholder system to regulate and prevent CSAM is now in question, with the United States and English governments signalling major shifts towards stronger industry regulation. This paper provides a critical discussion of the current multi-stakeholder governance approach to CSAM, linking the proliferation of CSAM to laissez faire regulation and industry self-regulation. The paper argues that multi-stakeholder governance models have failed to address the facilitation of CSAM trafficking via everyday practices and decisions involved in the commercial administration of internet architecture. This argument is illustrated by drawing on the “Trichan” incident, in which the Canadian Centre for Child Protection (C3P), a charity, engaged directly with telecommunications providers in order to ensure the removal of a large cache of abuse material from the open web. The Trichan incident dramatizes the conflict between the public good of child protection and contemporary models of online business, and highlights a number of opportunities to strengthen CSAM regulatory approaches.

Over the last 60 years, paedophiles have been allowed to infiltrate every rung of the ladder needed to facilitate access to children.
From Residential and Field Social Workers right up throughout the ranks of Local Councils, Police, Teachers, Doctors, Politicians and the people behind the scenes, the ones we all know actually run the show, the Civil Service and Policy Advisors.

The 1950's and '60's saw the emergence of a widespread sickening trend within Residential Social Work.
The systematic abuse of children within the commercial and public Children's Homes, Approved Schools and Boarding Schools.
In the 1970's and '80's, the pioneering advisor on Residential Childcare and Social Work was Peter Righton.
All work Copyright, 2015, Karen Gray

This is the latest evidence scope in child sexual exploitation, originally written and published in 2015 by RiP. It was revised by Jessica Eaton and Dez Holmes in September 2017 and published by RiP in October 2017 to reflect the evolving understanding and evidence in child sexual exploitation practice and theory. It is open access and owned by RiP

This paper is concerned with the long-term impact of media reporting, moral panics and fear of crime on the punishment of drug users in Northern Ireland and the implications for other jurisdictions. Drug use amongst young people, has been widely reported in the media, resulting in two significant moral panics (1994 ecstasy, 2011 mephedrone). Residual mistrust of the criminal justice system in Northern Ireland has catalysed the emergence of paramilitary policing/ vigilantism as a means of dealing with people’s drug use. Failure by state institutions to extinguish paramilitary violence outright has facilitated the reinvention of vigilante organisations as ‘saviours of the community.’ Consequently, their role as a quasi-police force is valorised. Recently there has been similar media reporting and vigilante violence towards retailers selling legal highs in New Zealand.
Discussing findings from focus groups and interviews carried out in Northern Ireland and New Zealand, this paper will provide insights from Northern Ireland including the implications of such actions for the drug using community.
Keywords: media, moral panics, drugs, fear of crime

This rapid evidence assessment was designed to consolidate the current knowledge on the sexual exploitation of boys and young men. To do so, the peer-reviewed and grey literature (policy documents,
practitioner reports, etc) about victims, offenders and abuse processes were reviewed and synthesised.

This report discusses the key findings from the implementation of the NSPCC's Protect & Respect child sexual exploitation programme. It describes an attempt to launch a 'platform' service and conduct impact studies on CSE intervention models. It also summarises the findings from two different services: a group work service and a one-to-one work service. The findings are discussed against current debates in policy and practice. Professionals are cautioned against taking a 'head on' approach to broaching the issue of exploitation with children and young people for whom there are concerns. Often, children and young people who experience exploitation, experience a range of adversities, and sometimes it makes sense to support young people with some of the other issues affecting them first.

Pembahasan mengenai kejahatan Eksploitasi terhadap anak merupakan salah satu dari banyak kasus tindak pidana yang marak diperbincangkan oleh khalayak ramai. Hal ini tidak lepas karena yang menjadi korban adalah seorang atau lebih dari satu orang anak. Sebagaimana diketahui, anak adalah salah satu fase di kehidupan manusia dimana seorang manusia yang hidup, masih muda secara umur, biologis, dan psikologis. Keadaan mental serta fisik yang dimiliki oleh seorang manusia sangat ditentukan oleh proses pendewasaan pada fase anak-anak.

Objective: To illuminate the different manifestations of transactional sexual exploitation and abuse among Rwanda's children in order to inform effective responses by policies, programs, and communities. Method: Qualitative data was collected during April and May 2010. One-hundred and thirty-nine adults (56% female) and 52 children (60% female) participated in focus groups across three geographic locations in Rwanda. Eleven interviews were held with child protection stakeholders. Results: Interview and focus group participants reported how children, primarily girls, engaged in transactional sex as a survival strategy in response to situations of adversity including economic deprivation, difficulty accessing school, and social pressure. Conclusions: Policy and programs should work to address the underlying social and economic determinants of transactional sexual exploitation through structural interventions that reduce gender inequalities to accessing school and securing basic needs. Further quantitative and qualitative research to better understand the complexities of this issue is warranted.

Pornografi anak merupakan isu yang terpisah dengan pornografi secara umum. Pornografi anak merupakan isu yang menyangkut kekerasan seksual, eksploitasi, dan kekerasan terhadap anak, di mana tindakan ini mampu memberikan dampak psikologis terhadap anak selama bertahun-tahun. Deden Martakusumah (28) ditangkap dan dikenakan pasal berlapis oleh aparat Subdit IT Cyber Crime milik Bareskrim dikarenakan keterlibatannya sebagai distributor dalam bisnis video pornografi anak sejak tahun 2012. Penangkapan Deden Martakusumah merupakan peluang untuk menutup kesempatan eksploitasi anak-anak yang muncul di dalam video pornografi.

This paper discusses a report 'The Religiously Aggravated Sexual Exploitation of Young Sikh Women Across the UK' including how such allegations may be dismissed or misunderstood, and the wider impacts upon family and community. LINK:
https://www.newenglishreview.org/Paula_Boddington/The_Sexual_Exploitation_of_Young_Sikhs_in_the_UK/