A collaborative UK government-funded research project drawing on the design and sustainability expertise of the Department of Design and Technology at Loughborough University and the sustainability and product bank functions at The Boots Company set out to investigate the potential that refillable packaging systems can offer the consumer and the environment. In the past, refills have generally been categorized under one general heading and often branded as a failure. However, early in the project, the team identified that by taking a creative approach to interpreting refills, there are actually a wide range of different types of refills that can be differentiated with respect to their delivery approach and level of consumer/business interaction. Once these had been identified, collated and categorized, the team set out to investigate the consumer perceptions, and the business barriers and drivers found to influence the adoption and success of a number of different types of refillable packaging. This paper reports on those findings. It concludes that differentiating between refill types holds the key to developing more suitable and more successful refillable packaging systems as positive and negative attributes can be more accurately identified and responded to. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Large amounts of plastics are discarded worldwide each year, leading to a significant mass of waste in landfills and pollution to soil, air, and waterways. Upcycling is an efficient way to transform plastic waste into high-value products and can significantly lessen the environmental impact of plastic production/consumption. In this article, current advances and future directions in plastic waste upcycling technologies are discussed. In particular, this review focuses on the production of high-value materials from plastic waste conversion methods, including pyrolysis, gasification, photoreforming, and mechanical reprocessing. Plastic waste compositions, conversion products, reaction mechanisms, catalyst selection, conversion efficiencies, polymer design, and polymer modification are also explored. The main challenges facing the adoption and scale-up of these technologies are highlighted. Suggestions are given for focusing future research and development to increase the efficiency of upcycling practices.

Today, in the world of modern technologies, the demand for production is increasing so rapidly in all aspects of the
required living commodities. In order to meet all the required demands, over production and utilization of all resources
seem not enough. Therefore, the increasing demand for textile making huge clothing production is not only based on
demand for more population but it’s also changing new fashion habits as well. Improving raw material exploitation has
become the most important challenge facing scientific and industrial community. Textile production wastes are undesirable
but inevitable by- products in many manufacturing process (spinning, weaving, knitting, or garment manufacturing) and
are frequently undervalued. However, if one can convert such wastes into useful product economically, there will be great
contribution to the market. In this paper attempt has been made to give idea about different types of waste produced in
textile industries (spinning, weaving, knitting, or garment manufacturing) and also types of waste which can be used again
in recycling process to make some value added product. Also give different types of methods by which this waste can be
used to make new high quality products from existing material.

The book points out that rural regions need proper attention at the global level concerning solid waste management sector where bad practices and public health threats could be avoided through traditional and integrated waste management
routes. Solid waste management in rural areas is a key issue in developing and transitioning countries due to the lack of proper waste management facilities and services. The book further examines, on the one hand, the main challenges in the development of reliable waste management practices across rural regions and, on the other hand, the concrete solutions and the new opportunities across the world in dealing with municipal and agricultural wastes. The book provides useful information for academics, various professionals, the members of civil society, and national and local authorities.

The aim of this study was to determine the opinions of students studying Science Teaching in Turkey regarding the recycling and disposal of waste batteries. A total of 80 volunteer, third-year students from the department of science education participated in the study. Based on the study results, it was determined that the large majority of the students had insufficient knowledge regarding the recycling and disposal of waste batteries. To change the students' views that waste batteries can be converted into batteries once again by being processing in factories, or that waste batteries can be disposed of through melting, it is necessary to increase the students' knowledge and awareness on this subject.

In order to assist researchers explore the full potential of distributed recycling of post-consumer polymer waste, this article describes a recyclebot, which is a waste plastic extruder capable of making commercial quality 3-D printing filament. The device design takes advantage of both the open source hardware methodology and the paradigm developed by the open source self-replicating rapid prototyper (RepRap) 3-D printer community. Specifically, this paper describes the design, fabrication and operation of a RepRapable Recyclebot, which refers to the Recyclebot's ability to provide the filament needed to largely replicate the parts for the Recyclebot on any type of RepRap 3-D printer. The device costs less than $700 in mate rials and can be fabricated in about 24 h. Filament is produced at 0.4 kg/h using 0.24 kWh/kg with a diameter ±4.6%. Thus, filament can be manufactured from commercial pellets for <22% of commercial filament costs. In addition, it can fabricate recycled waste plastic into filament for 2.5 cents/kg, which is <1000X commercial filament costs. The system can fabricate filament from polymers with extrusion temperatures <250 °C and is thus capable of manufacturing custom filament over a wide range of thermopolymers and composites for material science studies of new materials and recyclability studies, as well as research on novel applications of fused filament based 3-D printing.

The aim of this study is to collect evidence for textile recycling from a prehistoric and historic perspective. The basis are original textile finds and not, as might be expected, written or pictorial sources. The material presented here focuses on archaeological finds, especially on prehistoric to early medieval evidence from Central Europe, also mentioning some interesting examples from medieval and Early Modern times.
This is not a comprehensive study of all possible secondary uses of textiles, but it shall demonstrate different interesting case studies such as re-use and recycling of garments with examples from Bronze Age till early modern period. We also learn from Early Medieval evidence that textile rags have been employed for production processes e.g. of ceramic vessels, clay figurines or for thin bronze objects. In the salt-mines Hallstatt and Dürrnberg in Austria, hundreds of textile scraps have been found, left back in the mines after secondary use as make-shift binding material or sanitary items.
Worn-out textiles were used for caulking wooden ships, as sealing for water-management in prehistoric copper mines and as insulation material for medieval castles. At least, textile scraps also ended in medieval and early modern latrinae – after they have been used as “toilet-paper”. The evidence collected demonstrates a careful resource-management.

نجحت العديد من الدول فى الاستفادة من المخلفات بصفة عامة ومخلفات  البناء بصفة خاصة عن طريق إعادة تدوير تلك المخلفات وانتاج مواد بناء تقوم بنفس الدور التى تقوم به مواد البناء التقليدية فى توفيرإستغلال الموارد الطبيعية وتحقيق مبدأ الاستدامة للأجيال القادمة ، وذلك فى الوقت التى تعانى فيه مصر من وجود نسبة كبيرة من مخلفات البناء لايتم استغلالها و تتسب فى العديد من المشاكل البيئية والصحية وتحتاج فى الفترة القادمة الى استهلاك الكثير من الموارد الطبيعية لاستخدامها فى انتاج مواد البناء تستخدم فى اقامة  العديد من المشروعات بصفة عامة العمرانية ، وتدوير هذه المخلفات والاستفادة من التجارب الغربية واصدار كود استخدام المواد المعاد تدويرها  ستساعد فى الاقلال من استهلاك الموارد الطبيعية المستخدمة فى إنتاج مواد بناء جديدة والمحافظة عليها للأجيال القادمة .

In small-scale mining in northeastern Brazil, the exploitation of industrial minerals, where kaolin bearing pegmatites are mined, is common. The mineral processing of kaolin is based in mixer and classification by screen and cyclone. The overflow of cyclone is thickened and filtered by pressure filter. The product is dried for market. This work presents the results of tailings characterization. Mass balance was realized and recuperation of kaolin about 56% was identified. The feed grade of Al 2 O 3 in the plant is 21.20%. The kaolin product for market sold by the company presents 37.19% Al 2 O 3 and whiteness of 81.9%. The average Al 2 O 3 content of the tailing is 15.55%. Minerals identified are feldspar, muscovite, tourmaline, illite and kaolinite. The À325# fraction of the tailings present Al 2 O 3 grades with characteristics for market (Al 2 O 3-35%) and whiteness of 79.7%. Values from 7 to 34 wt% of this À325# fraction were determined in the tailing samples analyzed; these results validate the feasibility of reprocessing the tailings for using in the ceramic industry.

The Circular Economy package may contribute to economic growth with new job creation, added value, reduced greenhouse gas emissions and administrative burden. Focusing on higher materials recycling target, this paper appraises the economic implications. The hypothesis that higher recycling targets are associated with positive effects on job creation, production and added value net of the increasing management costs is confirmed. Although limited to Italy and in the light of its packaging waste management system the results suggest positive implications in these free domain. It is argued though that the path towards a greener and more circular economy needs a sound regulatory framework in order to make the transition towards a circular economy smoother.

This paper presents a method for analysis and design of steady state recycling (SSR) chromatography under arbitrary purity or yield requirements. The approach applies to SSR processes in mixed-recycle operation and allows for the direct prediction of the steady state and the design parameters without performing dynamic simulations. Therefore, it simplifies optimal design of SSR processes and evaluation of process performance, while allowing minimizing the startup time of the process.

Self-determination theory identifies a basic psychological need for autonomy as a central feature for understanding effective self-regulation and well-being. The authors explain why policy that promotes autonomous choice for behavior change is often more effective than the use of coercion, especially when evaluating policy on a broad level with a long-term perspective.

Carbon fiber composites are increasingly used in aerospace, motorcycles, sporting, and high-performance vehicles, and their end of life recycling is of growing interest. This study deals with the life cycle assessment (LCA) of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) waste streams. The embodied energy (EE) of recycling CFRP via two viable methods—i.e., pyrolysis and solvolysis—is studied. Both pyrolysis and solvolysis were studied for EE with different variants. Alongside fiber recovery from CFRP, the pyrolysis process calculations consider energy recovery from syngas and oil produced within the system. For pyrolysis, electric furnace and natural gas were primarily considered. For solvolysis, different solvent scenarios were considered, including (a) deionized water, (b) water and potassium hydroxide, (c) acetone and water, and (d) water with acetic acid and potassium hydroxide. Energy reduction from one generation to the next has also been highlighted. The EE for recycling CFRP is q...

As the collection of end-of-life (EOL) electrical and electronic products from households and businesses increases around the world, the search for economically and environmentally responsible and sustainable recovery and recycling processes intensifies ...

In this work, we simulated modified organoclay exfoliation and intercalation at an atomistic level, thus providing information about the rational choice of compatibilizers and polymer insertions behavior. Phase morphology and segregation domains have then been obtained ...

Eng-Poh Ng, Luc Delmotte and Svetlana Mintova* The environmentally benign synthesis of microporous aluminophosphate nanocrystals by a multicycle approach under microwave heating resulting in decreasing or almost eliminating the related waste is reported.

Wastewater treatment sludge contains valuable nutrients, yet represents a residue problem due to the amount of heavy metals, which is one of the factors preventing the use of sludge as fertilizer. In Sweden, the government has a declared aim of closing the ecocycles of nutrients to arable land, while at the same time the existing limit values are among the lowest in the world. This paper focuses on the opportunities for Swedish wastewater utilities (WWUs) to manage and reduce sources of heavy metals in order to get sludge approved and recycled.

This paper presents the results of an investigation on the combined effect of particle size and chemical composition on the colour of fly ash -a property that determines whether fly ash polymer composites can be engineered to have very light appearance satisfying the need for a wide range of commodity applications, particularly in the building material and computer housing industry. Four fly ash samples were collected from Tarong power plant Queensland, Australia, namely fly ash from first hopper (T59), classified fly ash from first hopper (T60), grinded and then classified fly ash from first hopper (T63) and fly ash from fourth hopper (T64). It was found that the particle size of T64 is smaller but still in the same order as T63. Colour measurement and chemical composition analysis of the different FA samples showed that there is a correlation between the particle size, chemical composition and colour of the fly ash. This information could be effectively used in fly ash recycling industry.

This paper is based study about different methods of FRP recycling and their advantages and disadvantages. This paper largely focuses on finding best possible method for recycling of Fibre Reinforced Polymer based on various factors such as technical analysis, economics of method and it's environmental impacts. Various methods are speculated on technical background to find out mechanical constraints while performing particular recycling process and then emissions and social impacts are analyzed to figure out suitability and workability of the process. This way various methods are studied and an attempt has been made to figure out detailing of every recycling method which will throw light on some unexplored regions for better understanding of recycling of FRP.

This paper discusses what is known about the life-cycle burdens of lithium ion batteries. Constituent-material production and the subsequent manufacturing of batteries are emphasized. Of particular interest is estimation of the impact of battery material recycling on battery manufacturing. Because some materials come from comparatively less plentiful resources, the recycling of lithium ion batteries and the potential impact on battery-production life-cycle burdens are discussed. This effort represents the early stage of lithium ion battery life-cycle analysis, in which processes are characterized preparatory to detailed data acquisition. Notwithstanding the lack of data on production of battery materials, it is estimated that the energy use and greenhouse gas emissions associated with battery manufacturing make up only a small percentage of a plug-in hybrid vehicle&#39;s total life-cycle energy use. Further, the recycling of battery materials potentially can significantly reduce the...

Concrete is a porous material. The size and distribution of pores in concrete varies, depending upon the quality of compaction, the materials, the water-to-cement ratio and the degree of hydration. Many of these pores are inter-connected creating larger and more complex pore systems. Water can penetrate this network and cause deterioration of the concrete structure. Silanes have been generally used in the past to help protect reinforced concrete exposed to an aggressive environment. The treatment works as a pore liner, thus ...

Preparation of thermoplastic natural rubber (TPNR) was carried out by blending high density polyethylene (HDPE) with natural rubber powder (NRP) obtained from spray drying of pre-vulcanized natural rubber latex. The blend ratio of NRP/HDPE was varied and the properties and recyclability of the TPNRs were investigated. The results reveal that, due to flow restriction of the crosslinked NRP, viscosity of the TPNR increases continuously with increasing NRP content. As expected, when NRP content is increased, properties of the TPNR are more rubber-like, as clearly observed from the stress-strain curve characteristics, the reductions in modulus and hardness and, most importantly, the significant improvement of permanent set. Although phase size of the dispersed NRP is relatively large, the tensile strength tends to increase gradually with increasing NRP content. The phenomenon of strain-induced crystallization is proposed to explain the results. It is also found that recycling has a noticeably detrimental influence on most properties of the TPNRs such as tensile strength, tear strength, hardness and tension set. This is thought to be a consequence of thermal degradation of the NRP during the recycling process.

The increasing demand for efficient management of used products after the end of their life cycle stems from the increasing awareness of modern society about possible threats against the environment. Used starter or lead Á/acid batteries contain lead up to 65%, which is also valuable after the end of their life cycle. Recycling of lead gives rise to some environmental problems associated with its collection, processing and recycling and, finally, entering the main (forward) supply chain. In this paper, the lead recovery from old batteries is examined using life cycle inventory analysis (LCIA). The reverse supply chain of used starter or lead Á/acid batteries is outlined and analyzed. A model for this product system is formulated, which is used to identify the lead emissions as well as all the environmental exchanges through materials balance. The proposed model formulation, which is appropriately adapted to the needs of the reverse supply chain, is used as a tool in a LCIA in order to identify those stages in the battery life cycle that give rise to the greatest environmental burdens. A similar analysis is also made for the case of disposal. The model may be used in order to assess all the associated impacts in an in-depth life cycle analysis (LCA). A preliminary comparison between the two end-of-life scenarios in terms of their environmental inputs and outputs is also attempted. Thus, based on several assumptions, an inventory analysis referring to the above chains has been conducted whose results have been summarized in an Inventory table, which produces comprehensive information about each life stage of the examined end-of-life scenarios.

En artículos previos se analizó el reciclado de barros y polvos de acería al oxígeno [1], polvos de horno eléctrico de arco [2] y refractarios [3]. En este trabajo se analiza el reciclado de los polvos y barros que se generan en la operación de los altos hornos. Estos materiales son atractivos para el reciclado interno por su alto contenido de hierro y de carbono, pero a su vez, dependiendo de la materia prima cargada,
de la operación del horno y del sistema de extracción de polvo, pueden presentar alto contenido de álcalis, finos y humedad, lo que limita su reciclado en el alto horno vía planta de sínter [4]. Se analiza por una parte sus características, mecanismos de formación y de separación del gas y luego se detallan los variados caminos disponibles para su reciclado dentro y fuera del proceso siderúrgico.

USM has envisioned &quot; sustainability &quot; as a core development theme of the university in light of global sustainability issues. In becoming a world-renowned university for sustainability, USM facilitates sustainability attainment through i) innovations and technology, and ii) changes in lifestyles. Subsequently, CGSS has launched a project that engages its surrounding communities via the dissemination of USM &quot; s sustainability lifestyle practices – focusing on the areas of recycling and composting involving awareness campaigns at stakeholders &quot; venues. It was initiated by conducting situational analyses with stakeholders, after which specific sustainability awareness/practices campaigns were then devised, encompassing the setting-up and monitoring of composting units and recycling bins at six schools (SMK Bukit Jambul, SMK Bukit Gambir, SMK Dato &quot; Haji Mohd Noor Ahmad, SK Minden Height, SK Sungai Gelugor and SK Bukit Gambir), commercial entities (Giant Superma...

800 | P a g e 3 0 M a y 2 0 1 5 w w w. g j a r. o r g ABSTRACT The need to recycle organic agricultural and urban wastes is not just for environmental issues but also for economical and sustainable advantages. The current studies were conducted during winter and summer seasons on lettuce and egg plant respectively of 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 at Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC), Dokki, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza governorate, Egypt. The main objectives were investigating the ability of use rice straw and vermicompost as a substrate instead of peat moss or perlite in substrate culture and to determine the effect of treatments on vegetative growth, nutrients content (nitrogen, phosphors, potassium), as well as total yield of lettuce and egg plant. Different sizes of chopped rice straw (8-10, 6-8, 4-6 and less than 2 mm) combined with three vermicompost levels (5%,10% and 15% v/v) were applied in horizontal bags of substrate culture. Lettuce plant (Lactuca ...

This paper quantifies the main impacts that the adoption of the best recycling practices together with a reduction in the consumption of single-use plastic bags and the adoption of a kerbside collection system could have on the 27 Member States of the EU. The main consequences in terms of employment, waste management costs, emissions and energy use have been quantified for two scenarios of polyethylene (PE) waste production and recycling. That is to say, a "business as usual scenario", where the 2012 performances of PE waste production and recycling are extrapolated to 2020, is compared to a "best practice scenario", where the best available recycling practices are modelled together with the possible adoption of the amended Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive related to the consumption of single-use plastic bags and the implementation of a kerbside collection system. The main results show that socioeconomic and environmental benefits can be generated across the EU by the implementation of the best practice scenario. In particular, estimations show a possible reduction of 4.4 million tonnes of non-recycled PE waste, together with a reduction of around €90 million in waste management costs in 2020 for the best practice scenario versus the business as usual scenario. An additional 35,622 jobs are also expected to be created. In environmental terms, the quantity of CO2 equivalent emissions could be reduced by around 1.46 million tonnes and the net energy requirements are expected to increase by 16.5 million GJ as a consequence of the reduction in the energy produced from waste. The main analysis provided in this paper, together with the data and the model presented, can be useful to identify the possible costs and benefits that the implementation of PE waste policies and Directives could generate for the EU.

The urban waste recycling program in Taiwan is discussed. During the past few years, the quantity of urban waste generated in Taiwan has greatly increased, about 8-10% per year. Approx., 50 wt.% or more of the waste items in urban waste are found to be valuable and worth recycling. Recycling is of much significance to Taiwan because of a lack of natural resources. Hence, ROC EPA has made many efforts to promote an urban waste recycling program, called the ' 'Hsi-Fu Recycling Project". (This project now has a new name called "Urban Waste Recovery and Its Monitoring Project".) The legal backing of this recycling project is Article 10.1 of the "(Solid) Waste Disposal Act", which was revised and promulgated in November 1988. "The product life cycle cost" and "beneficiary pays and polluter pays" are the two important basic concepts incorporated in this Article. Through the promotion of the ' 'Hsi-Fu Recycling Project", these two fundamental concepts are being practiced in Taiwan for some items in urban waste. Currently, only ten out of the 17 waste items under the "Hsi-Fu Recycling Project" are regulated by ROC EPA. While this waste recycling project is in progress, many problems have occurred. These problems have caused many impacts on the public, industries, and government authorities. To proclaim a great success in this waste recycling project, these problems must first be solved.

Since the early 1980s, a large number of studies on enzymes from the red king crab hepatopancreas were conducted. They have been relevant both from a fundamental point of view in terms of studying the enzymes of marine organisms and in terms of rational natural resource management aimed to obtain new valuable products from the processing of crab fishing waste. Most of these works were performed by Russian scientists due to the area and amount of waste of red king crab processing in Russia (or the Soviet Union). However, the close phylogenetic kinship and the similar ecological niches of commercial crab species and the production scale of the catch provide the bases for the successful transfer of experience in the processing of the red king crab hepatopancreas to other commercial crab species caught worldwide. This review describes the value of recycled commercial crab species, discusses processing problems, and suggests possible solutions for these issues. The main emphasis is made ...

This paper presents the findings of national e-waste assessments prepared in West Africa, which were developed under the framework of the Basel Convention "e-waste Africa project". West Africa faces a rising tide of e-waste generated by domestic consumption of new and used electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). In the five countries studied, between 650,000 and 1,000,000 tons of domestic e-waste are generated each year, which need to be managed to protect human health and the environment in the region. Aside from domestic consumption, the ewaste problem is exacerbated by an ongoing stream of used EEE from industrialized countries. Although the majority of this imported equipment is destined for re-use after testing and repair, there are significant volumes that prove unsuitable for re-use and further add to local e-waste generation. Study results suggest that West Africa serves as the major trading route of used EEE into the African continent, with Ghana and Nigeria as the main import hubs.

Physical-chemical processes for the capture and sequestration of CO 2 from fossil fuelfired power plant flue-gases are very expensive. Biological processes for CO 2 utilization involve plant photosynthesis and conversion of the biomass to fuels, with no net CO 2 production. Terrestrial plants cannot utilize flue gas CO 2 directly. Only submerged aquatic plants, particularly microalgae, can utilize CO 2 from power plant flue gases in a practical process. Microalgae have the potential for achieving high productivities and can be converted to gaseous and liquid fuels. A preliminary cost-analysis of such a process is presented that suggests that, if high productivities are achievable, overall costs would compare favorably with alternative physical-chemical processes for flue gas CO 2 capture and sequestration, but would be higher than CO 2 mitigation with terrestrial plants. Microalgae CO 2 utilization systems would be most applicable where land and water (seawater, brackish) resources, not readily utilized by agriculture, are available.

This paper investigates the current research in the field of the end-of-life vehicles (ELV) recycling network. The optimisation of the location of a network facilities in forward logistics in the automotive industry has received a lot of attention for many years but the reverse logistics for ELVs has been a subject of investigations since the beginning of 21st century. ELV recycling network design gained in popularity after the European Union and other countries like Japan, South Korea and recently China introduced legal obligations to organize a collecting or recycling network for used vehicles. When regulations are introduced, there is a need for a systemic solution to the problem, especially since the obligation to create a collection network is often accompanied by requirements related to its accessibility for vehicle owners or efficiency of operation. With the growing scope of legal regulations, companies or organisations responsible for the network are forced to redesign the existing recycling infrastructure in a given area so that it meets specific requirements. Initially, the most important criterion was network availability. Currently, the same importance is attached to economic, environmental and social aspects in order to meet the sustainability criteria. In this paper, forty one peer-reviewed published studies focused on network design were classified. Its main purpose is to provide an extensive review of state-of-the-art research published in the period 2000-2019. The scope of the review is limited to network design problems including facility location and flow allocation problems. Only papers that present mathematical models are considered. Studies on the ELV network design are classified based on: type of supply chain, type of network, optimisation problem, type of facilities, modelling technique, single/multi objectivity, objective function, period of time, solution approach and scope of implementation. The final part of the paper includes discussion of the methodology of the reviewed studies and some recommendations for future research area.

It is common understanding that recycling is one of the best solutions for a great variety of environmental problems, thus it is necessary to underline the fact that recycling processes also have their impact (Vezzoli, Manzzini, 2008). Therefore, to have less environmental impact, wood-based materials should be recycled by reuse, which implicates less processing and less energy consumption. In order to produce quality products made from recovered wood-based materials, the mechanical and technological properties of these materials have to be appropriate for meeting present quality requirements. This research aims at enriching the experimental data concerning the mechanical and technological properties of recovered wood-based materials, and to compare them to mechanical and technological properties of recently produced ones, in order to determine if and how they can be reused. The research was performed as part of the doctoral thesis "Furniture eco-design with recovered wood-based materials". Recovered particleboard (PB) manufactured in 1980, recovered from a desk continuously used for 30 years, was tested for MOE and MOR and compared to new PB, manufactured in 2008. Block board manufactured in the sixties, recovered from a shelf, was also tested and compared to data provided by literature and the Indian Standard IS 1659:2004 Specification for block boards. Modulus of rupture and * ADDRESS FOR CORRESPONDENCE: Deák Andrea, Fa culty of Wood Engineering, Tra ns i l va ni a Uni vers i ty of Bra s ov, Col i na Uni vers i ta ti i St., Bra s ov, 500068, Roma ni a. E-mail address: a ndrea .dea k@uni tbv.ro / Tel .: +40-749-222-397 Deák, A., Cionca, M. & Olărescu, A., M. Recycling by reusing wood-base materials. Modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity of recovered particleboard and blockboard, Global Journal on Advances in Pure & Applied Sciences [Online]. 2013, 01, pp 132-138. Available from: http://www.world-education-center.org/index.php/paas 133 modulus of elasti city tests were performed according to EN 310:1993. The values of MOR (19 N/mm²) and MOE (2900 N/mm²) for recovered PB were higher than for recently manufactured PB (14 N/mm² and 2626 N/mm²). For recovered block board the values of MOE (5573 N/mm² for test pieces with their length parallel to the outer layer, and 3945 N/mm² for specimens with their length perpendicular to the outer layer) are higher than specified in IS 1659. But the MOR value for test pieces with their length parallel to the outer layer (3 6 N/mm²) is lower than values provided by literature and MOR for specimens with their length perpendicular to the outer layer is less than half (18 N/mm²) compared to values in literature. The tests carried out show that recovered PB and block board can be reused successfully for manufacturing new products, due to the fact that MOE values are high for both of the materials and MOR is high for recovered PB. These results look promising for the possibility to reuse any recovered PB and block board.

Recycling is widely assumed to be environmentally beneficial, although the collection, sorting and processing of materials gives rise to some environmental impacts and energy use. Previously, plastic recycling are based on the material used. In this work, we propose a new approach to classify plastic bottle by implementing the viability of imaging technology for automated sorting. According to the original image of plastic bottle, there are obvious features that can discriminate between 2 classes of plastic bottles which are PET and Non-PET. The methodology involves an automatic detection of 'ROIs' from region segmented technique and proposed the histogram of pixel intensity algorithm in order to differentiate between 2 class of bottle; i.e PET and Non-PET according to the property of transparency and opacity. The proposed technique shows ability to perform plastic bottle classification with more than 80% accuracy was obtained from this research.

The present rate of economic growth is unsustainable without saving of fossil energy like crude oil, natural gas or coal. Thus mankind has to rely on the alternate/renewable energy sources like biomass, hydropower, geothermal energy, wind energy, solar energy, nuclear ...

The aluminium industry is facing a challenge in meeting the goal of halved greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, while the demand for aluminium is estimated to increase 2-3 times by the same year. Energy efficiency will play an important part in achieving the goal. The paper's aim was to investigate possible production-related energy efficiency measures in the aluminium industry. Mining of bauxite and production of alumina from bauxite are not included in the study. In total, 52 measures were identified through a literature review. Electrolysis in primary aluminium production, recycling and general measures constituted the majority of the 52 measures. This can be explained by the high energy intensity of electrolysis, the relatively wide applicability of the general measures and the fact that all aluminium passes through either electrolysis or recycling. Electrolysis shows a higher number of emerging/novel measures compared to the other processes, which can also be explained by its high energy intensity. Processing aluminium with extrusion, rolling, casting (shape-casting and casting of ingots, slabs and billets), heat treatment and anodising will also benefit from energy efficiency. However, these processes showed relatively fewer measures, which might be explained by the fact that to some extent, these processes are not as energy demanding compared, for example, to electrolysis. In many cases, the presented measures can be combined, which implies that the best practice should be to combine the measures. There may also be a future prospect of achieving carbon-neutral and coal-independent electrolysis. Secondary aluminium production will be increasingly important for meeting the increasing demand for aluminium with respect to environmental and economic concerns and strengthened competitiveness. Focusing on increased production capacity, recovery yields and energy efficiency in secondary production will be pivotal. Further research and development will be required for those measures designated as novel or emerging.

Overview of biodiversity in wastewaters Biodiversity is complex in wastewaters, involving micro/macro flora and fauna, and viruses. Interactions among the biota range from mutualism to predation. Community and trophic level cascades dominate the processes. Algal diversity in wastewaters Algae, include both micro and macrophytes. Crucial for the proper functioning of food webs. Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae predominate in most types of wastewaters. Fungi, bacteria and viruses also present with algae, but less investigated. Nutrient removal Chlorella spp.-most investigated alga in wastewaters, especially for N/P sequestration. Consortial approach more effective in nutrient recycling and bioremediation. Algal polycultures, algae-bacteria/algae-fungi consortia mostly utilized. Applications of harvested biomass Feasibility dependent upon type of wastewater, environmental/cultural conditions and end users. Untreated, primary and secondary treated wastewaters evaluated. 18-33% lipid content reported using Chlorella or mixed cultures. Potential for up-scaling and commercialization, but comparison of published work difficult due to heterogeneity in experimentation. Algae cultivation techniques Cultivation of algae in open ponds pose significant challenges. Microalgal communities more robust and productive. High rate algal ponds most advantageous and effective. Advanced Integrated Wastewater Pond Systems and Algal scrubbers gaining significance. Future perspective Algae based wastewater treatment gaining importance globally, especially in developing countries. Environment friendly option, which can reduce CO 2 emissions, generate valuable biomass using domestic, agricultural or industrial wastewaters. Biomass generated can meet energy needs as biocrude/biogas. Biofilms/algal mats ideal for treating low strength wastewaters. Life cycle assessments essential for enhancing economic and environmental sustainability. Cost-effective technologies need to be developed with reduced footprint area for algae cultivation to treat wastewater and produce biomass for biofuel applications.

Due to their boom and bust population dynamics and the enormous biomasses they can attain, jellyfish and ctenophores can have a large influence on the cycling of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). This review initially summarises the biochemical composition of jellyfish, and compares and contrasts the mechanisms by which non-zooxanthellate and zooxanthellate jellyfish acquire and recycle C, N

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) was studied as a model recalcitrant compound for a sequential chemical oxidation and biodegradation treatment, in a continuous laboratory-scale system that combined a Fenton's chemical reactor and a packed-bed bioreactor.