- • Acciona: 6% of 2018 revenues refer to Central and South America.
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- • Acerinox: 48% of 2019 revenues refer to the Americas.
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- • ACS: 5% of total sales in 2019 refer to South America. • Siemens Gamesa: has 4 locations in South America: 2 in Brazil, 1 in Chile and 1 in Mexico.
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- • Brazil and Argentina, January 2006: the indexes rise to around 150. Neither of these spikes correspond to speciï¬Âc events. January 2006 is the beginning of the government of Evo Morales in Bolivia and of Michelle Bachelet in Chile. The articles in the Spanish press warn more generally about the possibility of a period of higher policy uncertainty in the LA region due to the upcoming general elections in some LA countries and the possible rise of populist governments. The Brazilian elections took place in October 2006, when Luis Ignacio Lula da Silva was reelected president. In Argentina, the general elections took place in October 2007, and Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner won the elections.
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- • Cie automotive: 9.5% of total sales in 2019 refer to Brazil.
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- • Iberdrola: 19% of EBITDA on December 2018 refer to Brazil.
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- • In 2019, 45% of BBVAs income was attributed to Mexico.
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- • Inditex: el 15% of total sales in 2018 refer to Americas. • Melia Hotels is a world wide hotel company and 4% of rooms are in Brazil.
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- • Indra Sistemas: 20% of total revenues in 2019 refer to Americas.
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- • Naturgy builds infrastructure in the LA region: 19% of its 2019 proï¬Âts refer to southern LA infrastructure (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Peru), and 6% to northern LA infrastructure (Mexico and Panama).
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- • Viscofan:in 14.5% of total sales and rendered services in 2018 refer to South America.
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- Ahir, H., N. Bloom, and D. Furceri (2019). The World Uncertainty Index. Working Paper 19–027, Standford Institute for Economic Policy Research.
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Baker, S. R., N. Bloom, and S. J. Davis (2016). Measuring Economic Policy Uncertainty*.
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- Bhattarai, S., A. Chatterjee, and W. Y. Park (2019). Global spillover effects of us uncertainty. Journal of Monetary Economics.
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Biljanovska, N., F. Grigoli, and M. Hengge (2017). Fear Thy Neighbor: Spillovers from Economic Policy Uncertainty. Working Paper 17/240, International Monetary Fund.
Bloom, N. (2009a). The impact of uncertainty shocks. Econometrica 77(3), 623–685.
- Bloom, N. (2009b). The Impact of Uncertainty Shocks. Econometrica 77(3), 623–685.
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Bloom, N. (2014). Fluctuations in Uncertainty. Journal of Economic Perspectives 28(2), 153–76.
Bloom, N., M. Floetotto, N. Jaimovich, I. Saporta-Eksten, and S. J. Terry (2018). Really Uncertain Business Cycles. Econometrica 86(3), 1031–1065.
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Caggiano, G., E. Castelnuovo, and J. M. Figueres (2020). Economic Policy Uncertainty Spillovers in Booms and Busts. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 82(1), 125– 155.
Camacho, M. and G. Perez Quiros (2011). Spain-Sting: Spain Short-Term Indicator of Growth. The Manchester School 79, 594–616.
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- Finally, we estimate the impulse responses of the so-computed Latin American “EPU shock†on the Spanish economy by means of local projections, following the procedure in JordaÌ (2005). That is, we estimate sequential regressions in which the dependent variable (in turn, the Spanish EPU and the Spanish GDP) is shifted several steps ahead (up to 8 Figure H.2: Local projections: impulse responses of Spanish GDP to Latin American EPU shocks (a) Argentina (b) Brazil (c) Mexico Notes: Conï¬Âdence intervals at the 5% level reported. American country (among Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico), the EPU for Spain, the Spanish 10-year sovereign debt spread over the German Bund, the real Spanish GDP, the inflation rate, and the bilateral exchange rate.
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Ghirelli, C., J. J. PeÃŒÂrez, and A. Urtasun (2019). A new economic policy uncertainty index for Spain. Economics Letters 182, 64 – 67.
- Gil-LeoÃŒÂn, J. and D. Silva-PinzoÃŒÂn (2019). IÃŒÂndice de incertidumbre de polıÌÂtica econoÃŒÂmica (EPU) para Colombia, 2000–2017. Ensayos de EconomıÌÂa 29(55), 37–56.
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- Gilchrist, S., J. W. Sim, and E. Zakrajsěk (2014, April). Uncertainty, ï¬Ânancial frictions, and investment dynamics. Working Paper 20038, National Bureau of Economic Research.
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- International Monetary Fund (2019, October). World Economic Outook. Technical report, IMF, Washington DC.
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JordaÃŒÂ, s. (2005, March). Estimation and Inference of Impulse Responses by Local Projections. American Economic Review 95(1), 161–182.
Kelly, B., L. PaÃŒÂstor, and P. Veronesi (2016). The Price of Political Uncertainty: Theory and Evidence from the Option Market. The Journal of Finance 71(5), 2417–2480.
Mariano, R. S. and Y. Murasawa (2003). A new coincident index of business cycles based on monthly and quarterly series. Journal of Applied Econometrics 18(4), 427–443.
Mueller, H. and C. Rauh (2018). Reading Between the Lines: Prediction of Political Violence Using Newspaper Text. American Political Science Review 112(2), 358–375.
- Trung, N. B. (2019). The spillover effect of the US uncertainty on emerging economies: a panel VAR approach. Applied Economics Letters 26(3), 210–216.
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