Renewable Energy-Aware Sustainable Cellular Networks with Load Balancing and Energy-Sharing Technique

Md. Sanwar Hossain, Khondoker Ziaul Islam, Abu Jahid, Khondokar Mizanur Rahman, Sarwar Ahmed and Mohammed H. Alsharif
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Md. Sanwar Hossain: Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT), Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
Khondoker Ziaul Islam: Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT), Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
Abu Jahid: Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
Khondokar Mizanur Rahman: School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Millennium Point, Curzon Street, Birmingham B4 7XG, UK
Sarwar Ahmed: Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT), Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
Mohammed H. Alsharif: Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea

Sustainability, 2020, vol. 12, issue 22, 1-33

Abstract: With the proliferation of cellular networks, the ubiquitous availability of new-generation multimedia devices, and their wide-ranging data applications, telecom network operators are increasingly deploying the number of cellular base stations (BSs) to deal with unprecedented service demand. The rapid and radical deployment of the cellular network significantly exerts energy consumption and carbon footprints to the atmosphere. The ultimate objective of this work is to develop a sustainable and environmentally-friendly cellular infrastructure through compelling utilization of the locally available renewable energy sources (RES) namely solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), and biomass generator (BG). This article addresses the key challenges of envisioning the hybrid solar PV/WT/BG powered macro BSs in Bangladesh considering the dynamic profile of the RES and traffic intensity in the tempo-spatial domain. The optimal system architecture and technical criteria of the proposed system are critically evaluated with the help of HOMER optimization software for both on-grid and off-grid conditions to downsize the electricity generation cost and waste outflows while ensuring the desired quality of experience (QoE) over 20 years duration. Besides, the green energy-sharing mechanism under the off-grid condition and the grid-tied condition has been critically analyzed for optimal use of green energy. Moreover, the heuristic algorithm of the load balancing technique among collocated BSs has been incorporated for elevating the throughput and energy efficiency (EE) as well. The spectral efficiency (SE), energy efficiency, and outage probability performance of the contemplated wireless network are substantially examined using Matlab based Monte–Carlo simulation under a wide range of network configurations. Simulation results reveal that the proper load balancing technique pledges zero outage probability with expected system performance whereas energy cooperation policy offers an attractive solution for developing green mobile communications employing better utilization of renewable energy under the proposed hybrid solar PV/WT/BG scheme.

Keywords: renewable energy; energy-sharing; load balancing; green cellular network; energy efficiency; spectral efficiency; outage probability; sustainability (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2020
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Citations: View citations in EconPapers (6)

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