From Refugees to Citizens: Labor Market Returns to Naturalization

Francesco Fasani, Tommaso Frattini () and Maxime Pirot
Additional contact information
Tommaso Frattini: University of Milan
Maxime Pirot: University of Milan

No 16651, IZA Discussion Papers from Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)

Abstract: Is naturalization an effective tool to boost refugees' labor market integration? We address this novel empirical question by exploring survey data from 21 European countries and leveraging variation in citizenship laws across countries, time, and migrant groups as a source of exogenous variation in the probability of naturalization. We find that obtaining citizen status allows refugees to close their gaps in labor market outcomes relative to non-refugee migrants while having non-significant effects on the latter group. We then further explore the heterogeneity of returns to citizenship in a Marginal Treatment Effect framework, showing that migrants with the lowest propensity to naturalize would benefit the most if they did. This reverse selection on gains can be explained by policy features that make it harder for more vulnerable migrant groups to obtain citizenship, suggesting that a relaxation of eligibility constraints would yield benefits for both migrants and host societies.

Keywords: citizenship; forced migration; asylum policy (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: F22 J15 J61 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 66 pages
Date: 2023-12
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-eec, nep-eur, nep-int, nep-lab and nep-ure
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Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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Related works:
Working Paper: From Refugees to Citizens: Labor Market Returns to Naturalization (2024)
Working Paper: From Refugees to Citizens: Labor Market Returns to Naturalization (2023)
Working Paper: From Refugees to Citizens: Labor Market Returns to Naturalization (2023)
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