Ergun (Chinese: 额尔古纳市; Mongolian: ᠡᠷᠬᠥᠨᠠ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ), formerly Ergun Right Banner (Chinese: 额尔古纳右旗), is a county-level city in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, containing the autonomous region's northernmost point. The city has an area of 28,958 square kilometres (11,181 sq mi),[3] and a population of 79,155 as of the 2019.[4]: 20–1
Ergun
额尔古纳市 • ᠡᠷᠬᠥᠨᠠ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ | |
|---|---|
 Village on the Argun River | |
 Ergun in Hulunbuir | |
  Ergun Location in Inner Mongolia  Ergun Ergun (China) | |
| Coordinates: 50°14′35″N 120°10′52″E / 50.243°N 120.181°E | |
| Country | China |
| Autonomous region | Inner Mongolia |
| Prefecture-level city | Hulunbuir |
| Municipal seat | Labdalin Subdistrict |
| Area | |
| 28,400 km2 (11,000 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 303.00 km2 (116.99 sq mi) |
| Population (2020)[2] | |
| 68,482 | |
| • Density | 2.4/km2 (6.2/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 38,100 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 022050 |
| Area code | 0470 |
| Website | www |
| Ergun City | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 额尔古纳市 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 額爾古納市 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Former name | |||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 额尔古纳右旗 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 額爾古納右旗 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Mongolian name | |||||||
| Mongolian Cyrillic | Эргүнэ хот | ||||||
| Mongolian script | ᠡᠷᠬᠥᠨᠠ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ | ||||||
| |||||||
| Russian name | |||||||
| Russian | Аргунь | ||||||
History
editFor most of its history, the region of present-day Ergun has been governed by ethnic minority regimes.[5] The area first came under Chinese control during the Qing dynasty, when it was administered as part of Hulunbuir.[5]
In 1908, the Jilalin Administrative Bureau (Chinese: 吉拉林设治局; pinyin: Jílālín Shèzhì Jú) was established to govern the area.[5]
In 1920, the area was re-organized as the Qiqan Administrative Bureau (Chinese: 奇乾设治局; pinyin: Qíqián Shèzhì Jú), but the area was re-organized again in 1921 as Qiqan County (Chinese: 奇乾县; pinyin: Qíqián Xiàn).[5]
In 1933, the area was re-organized as Ergun Right Banner (Chinese: 额尔古纳右旗; pinyin: É'ěrgǔnà Yòu Qí).[5] From 1948 to 1966, Ergun Right Banner was merged with Ergun Left Banner, which occupied present-day Genhe, as Ergun Left Banner.[5] In 1994, Ergun Right Banner was abolished and the county-level city of Ergun was established.[5]
21st century
editBy 2000, the city administered five towns, one township, and two ethnic townships.[5] In 2001, the city was restructured to administer one subdistrict, two towns, one township, and two ethnic townships.[5]
In 2006, Xincheng Subdistrict (Chinese: 新城街道; pinyin: Xīnchéng Jiēdào) was renamed to Labdalin Subdistrict, and Shangkuli Township (Chinese: 上库力乡; pinyin: Shàngkùlì Xiāng) was upgraded to Shangkuli Subdistrict.[5]
In 2011, Shiwei Russian Ethnic Township (Chinese: 室韦俄罗斯族民族乡; pinyin: Shìwéi Èluósī Zú Mínzú Xiāng) was abolished and Enhe Russian Ethnic Township and Mengwu Shiwei Sum were established.[5] Engh Had was also established.[5]
In 2013, Qiqan Township was established.[5]
Geography
editAdministratively, Ergun is part of the prefecture-level city of Hulunbuir, and spans 11.4% of Hulunbuir's area.[3][6] It occupies 28,958 square kilometres (11,181 sq mi), bounded to the north and west by the Argun River, which forms China's border with Russia's Zabaykalsky Krai (formerly, Chita Oblast).[3][7] The city's border with Russia spans 675 kilometres (419 mi).[3] Ergun is also bordered by Genhe to the east, and the county-level city of Mohe in Heilongjiang to the northeast.[3]
The city stands at the foothills of the Greater Khingan Mountains.[3] 73.4% of the city's area is forested, with much of it being virgin forests.[3][6] 17% of the city's area is natural grassland, particularly in the city's south, and 6% is cultivated.[3]
Apart from the Argun River, major rivers in the city include the Delbur River, the Gen River, the Hawu'er River, the Jiliu River, the Wuma River, and the Engh Had River, all of which are tributaries of the Argun River.[3]
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Jiqian (labelled as Ch'i-kan 奇乾) (1951) -
Map including part of Ergun (AMS, 1951)
Ergun Wetlands
editThe city hosts Ergun Wetlands (formerly known as the Genhe Wetlands), a plain delta formed by the Argun River, the Gen River, the Delbur River, and the Hawu'er River.[citation needed] The Ergun Wetlands is one of the largest wetlands in Asia, lying about 3 km to the west of Labdalin Subdistrict, Ergun's urban area and seat of government.[citation needed]
After the end of September the wetlands wither and turn dark.[8] A panoramic view of the wetlands is afforded from a tourist scenic view overlooking the area from a hill 720 meters above sea level.[9]
The encroachment of urban development has made preservation of the wetland difficult but were bolstered by a wetland protection law in 2012.[10]
Climate
editThe city experiences an average annual temperature of −3.1 °C (26.4 °F), and an average annual precipitation of 375 millimetres (14.8 in).[3]
| Climate data for Ergun, elevation 581 m (1,906 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | −2.1 (28.2) |
2.4 (36.3) |
17.1 (62.8) |
28.4 (83.1) |
35.2 (95.4) |
39.0 (102.2) |
37.9 (100.2) |
35.2 (95.4) |
33.4 (92.1) |
26.0 (78.8) |
11.8 (53.2) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
39.0 (102.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −22.0 (−7.6) |
−15.2 (4.6) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
9.7 (49.5) |
19.0 (66.2) |
24.9 (76.8) |
26.5 (79.7) |
24.4 (75.9) |
18.0 (64.4) |
7.5 (45.5) |
−7.7 (18.1) |
−19.8 (−3.6) |
5.1 (41.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −28.0 (−18.4) |
−22.7 (−8.9) |
−11.1 (12.0) |
2.7 (36.9) |
11.7 (53.1) |
18.0 (64.4) |
20.3 (68.5) |
17.8 (64.0) |
10.4 (50.7) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−13.8 (7.2) |
−25.1 (−13.2) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −32.7 (−26.9) |
−28.7 (−19.7) |
−18.1 (−0.6) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
3.9 (39.0) |
10.6 (51.1) |
14.2 (57.6) |
11.7 (53.1) |
3.9 (39.0) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−18.9 (−2.0) |
−29.6 (−21.3) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −45.4 (−49.7) |
−44.0 (−47.2) |
−36.7 (−34.1) |
−20.5 (−4.9) |
−10.7 (12.7) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
3.5 (38.3) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
−10.3 (13.5) |
−21.1 (−6.0) |
−41.3 (−42.3) |
−44.5 (−48.1) |
−45.4 (−49.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 4.8 (0.19) |
3.3 (0.13) |
5.5 (0.22) |
12.4 (0.49) |
23.9 (0.94) |
55.1 (2.17) |
98.7 (3.89) |
84.4 (3.32) |
33.5 (1.32) |
16.1 (0.63) |
7.2 (0.28) |
6.4 (0.25) |
351.3 (13.83) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 9.1 | 5.5 | 5.0 | 6.1 | 7.7 | 11.4 | 14.8 | 12.8 | 9.4 | 6.4 | 8.2 | 10.9 | 107.3 |
| Average snowy days | 11.4 | 8.0 | 7.6 | 6.3 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.7 | 5.6 | 11.3 | 14.1 | 66.7 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 72 | 71 | 65 | 50 | 45 | 59 | 69 | 71 | 64 | 61 | 72 | 74 | 64 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 164.9 | 207.5 | 273.1 | 260.3 | 273.1 | 275.9 | 251.2 | 244.0 | 221.7 | 208.0 | 165.0 | 136.1 | 2,680.8 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 62 | 72 | 73 | 62 | 57 | 56 | 51 | 55 | 60 | 64 | 62 | 55 | 61 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration[11][12] | |||||||||||||
Administrative divisions
editErgun is divided into 2 subdistricts, 3 towns, 1 township, 2 ethnic townships and 1 sum.[13] The city's seat of government is located in Labdalin Subdistrict.[3][14]
| Name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Mongolian (Hudum Script)[citation needed] | Mongolian (Cyrillic)[citation needed] | Population (2010)[5] | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subdistricts | ||||||
| Labdalin Subdistrict | 拉布大林街道 | Lābùdàlín Jiēdào | ᠯᠠᠪᠳᠠᠯᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ | Лавталин зээл гудамж | 35,727 | |
| Shangkuli Subdistrict | 上库力街道 | Shàngkùlì Jiēdào | ᠱᠠᠩ ᠺᠦ᠋ ᠯᠢ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ | Шан кү ли зээл гудамж | 6,708 | |
| Towns | ||||||
| Heishantou | 黑山头镇 | Hēishāntóu Zhèn | ᠾᠧᠢ ᠱᠠᠨ ᠲᠧᠦ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ | Гей шин дүү балгас | 2,029 | |
| Moridaga | 莫尔道嘎镇 | Mò'ěrdàogā Zhèn | ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠳᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ | Мордоо балгас | 17,970 | |
| Engh Had | 恩和哈达镇 | Ēnhéhādá Zhèn | ᠡᠩᠬᠡ ᠬᠠᠳᠠ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ | Энх хад балгас | N/A | |
| Township | ||||||
| Qiqian Township | 奇乾乡 | Qíqián Xiāng | ᠴᠢᠴᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩ | Чичан шиян | N/A | |
| Ethnic township | ||||||
| Sanhe Hui Ethnic Township | 三河回族乡 | Sānhé Huízú Xiāng | ᠰᠠᠨ ᠾᠧ ᠬᠣᠲᠣᠩ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩ | Сан ге хотон үндэстэний шиян | 10,648 | |
| Enhe Russian Ethnic Township | 恩和俄罗斯族民族乡 | Ēnhé Èluósīzú Mínzúxiāng | ᠡᠩᠬᠡ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩ | Энх огус үндэстэний шиян | N/A | (Russian) Эньхэ-Русская национальная волость |
| Sum | ||||||
| Mengwu Xiboge Sum | 蒙兀室韦苏木 | Méngwùshìwéi Sūmù | ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠰᠢᠭᠤᠢ ᠰᠤᠮᠤ | Монгол шугуй сум | N/A | |
| Other Township-level Divisions | ||||||
| Inner Mongolia Labdalin Ranch | 内蒙古拉布大林农牧场 | Nèi Ménggǔ Lābùdàlín Nóngmùchǎng | N/A | |||
| Inner Mongolia Sanhe Stallion Ranch | 内蒙古三河种马场 | Nèi Ménggǔ Sānhé Zhǒngmǎchǎng | ||||
| Inner Mongolia Shangkuli Farm | 内蒙古上库力农场 | Nèi Ménggǔ Shàngkùlì Nóngchǎng | ||||
| Inner Mongolia Suqin Ranch | 内蒙古苏沁农牧场 | Nèi Ménggǔ Sūqìn Nóngmùchǎng | ||||
Demographics
editErgun is one of the least populated county-level divisions of Inner Mongolia, with a population of 79,155 as of 2019, making it the 87th most populated of the autonomous region's 103 divisions.[4]: 20–1 This figure reflects a 1.0% decline from the 2018 population of 79,942.[4]: 20–37 [15] As of 2010, Ergun had a population of 76,667.[5]
Ethnicity
edit| Ethnic group | 2000[5] | 2006[16] | 2018[15] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | Percentage | Number | Percentage | Number | Percentage | |
| Han Chinese | 62,224 | 77.43% | 64,591 | 75.84% | 58,778 | 73.53% |
| Mongol | 4,839 | 6.02% | 7,294 | 8.56% | 7,897 | 9.88% |
| Hui | 6,616 | 8.23% | N/A | N/A | 6,583 | 8.23% |
| Russian | 2,713 | 3.38% | 2,468 | 2.90% | 2,613 | 3.27% |
| Manchu | 2,713 | 3.38% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Daur | 763 | 0.95% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Korean | 182 | 0.23% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Evenk | 156 | 0.19% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Oroqen | 63 | 0.08% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Miao | 55 | 0.07% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Tujia | 29 | 0.04% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Sibe | 3 | <0.01% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Yi | 2 | <0.01% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Other | 0 | 0.00% | 10,809 | 12.69% | 4,071 | 5.09% |
| Total | 80,358 | 100.00% | 85,162 | 100.00% | 79,942 | 100.00% |
In Ergun's towns and villages along the Argun River are thousands of descendants of intermarriages between Han Chinese men and Russian women.[17] This Russian descended population forms a large portion of the total number of Russians in China. One of these locations is Enhe Russian Ethnic Township, the sole official ethnic Russian township.[17]
Economy
editErgun's gross domestic product was ¥4.059 billion as of 2019,[4]: 20–37 [18] and ¥4.519 billion as of 2018.[15] As of 2018, 42.1% of the city's gross domestic product came from its primary sector, 11.1% came from its secondary sector, and 46.8% came from its tertiary sector.[15] The city's public budget revenue in 2019 was ¥150.55 million, ranking 91st out of Inner Mongolia's 103 county-level divisions.[4]: 20–4 Its consumer retail sales totaled ¥1.826 billion, and its foreign trade totaled 56.32 million USD.[15]
| Sector | 2018[15] | 2019[4]: 20–37 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (RMB) | Percent of whole | Total (RMB) | Percent of whole | |
| Primary | 1.902 billion | 42.09% | 1.70576 billion | 42.02% |
| Secondary | 0.502 billion | 11.11% | 0.45242 billion | 11.14% |
| Tertiary | 2.115 billion | 46.80% | 1.90133 billion | 46.84% |
| Total | 4.519 billion | 100.00% | 4.05951 billion | 100.00% |
The average household disposable income of Ergun's residents totaled ¥30,371 in 2019, a 7.8% increase from the ¥28,173 reported in 2018.[4]: 20–37 [15] For urban households, this number stood at ¥30,953 in 2019,[4]: 20–37 a 7.0% increase from the ¥28,928 reported in 2018,[4]: 20–37 [15] which ranked 75th of the 101 county-level divisions in Inner Mongolia for which this statistic was reported.[4]: 20–5 Rural households in Ergun average ¥28,470 in disposable income as of 2019,[4]: 20–37 a 10.0% increase from 2018,[4]: 20–37 which ranked the 3rd highest of the 90 county-level divisions in Inner Mongolia which reported this statistic.[4]: 20–6
As of 2019, there are 99,140 mobile telephone subscriptions in Ergun (1.25 per capita), and 28,962 internet subscriptions (0.37 per capita).[4]: 20–37
Mineral deposits in Ergun include coal, gold, lead, zinc, iron, tungsten, copper, and fluorite.[3]
Agriculture
editThe total value of Ergun's agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and aquaculture industry as of 2018 was ¥3.072 billion.[15]
In 2019, Ergun produced 263,482 tons of grain, the 37th most of the 96 county-level divisions of Inner Mongolia which reported this statistic.[4]: 20–2 The city produced 9,255 tons of meat the same year, ranking 74th of Inner Mongolia's 103 county-level divisions.[4]: 20–3
Tourism
editErgun has a significant tourism industry, attracting 5.733 million tourists in 2019 alone.[18]
The Ergun Wetland Scenic Area (Chinese: 额尔古纳湿地景区) is designated as a AAAA Tourist Attraction.[6]
Enhe Russian Ethnic Township has become a major tourist destination in recent years, attracting about 500,000 tourists in 2017 alone.[19] Much of the town's tourism is derived from its small rural character, as well as its unique intersection of Russian and Chinese culture.[19] Due to the cold climate of the region, most of the ethnic township's tourism takes place in summer months.[19]
Ergun also hosts the ancient ruins of the city of Heishantou and portions of the Great Wall of Jin.[3]
Education
editAs of 2019, the city has 10 primary schools and 5 secondary schools.[4]: 20–37
Secondary schools include:[20]
- Ergun City No. 2 Secondary School (额尔古纳市第二中学)
- Ergun City No. 3 Secondary School (额尔古纳市第三中学)
- Ergun City Moridaga Secondary School (额尔古纳市莫尔道嘎中学)
- Ergun City Sanhe Secondary School (额尔古纳市三河中学)
Primary schools include:[20]
- Ergun City No. 1 Primary School (额尔古纳市第一小学)
- Ergun City No. 2 Primary School (额尔古纳市第二小学)
- Ergun City No. 3 Primary School (额尔古纳市第三小学)
- Ergun City Enhe Primary School (额尔古纳市恩和小学)
- Ergun City Heishantou Primary School (额尔古纳市黑山头小学)
- Ergun City Moridaga Primary School 1 (额尔古纳市莫尔道嘎一小)
- Ergun City Sanhe Primary School (额尔古纳市三河小学)
- Ergun City Shangkuli Primary School (额尔古纳市上库力小学)
- Ergun City Shiwei Primary School (额尔古纳市室韦小学)
- Ergun City Suqin Primary School (额尔古纳市苏沁小学)
Healthcare
editAs of 2019, Ergun's medical institutions have 414 beds, and are staffed by 597 personnel.[4]: 20–37
Transportation
editErgun hosts 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) of highway as of 2019.[4]: 20–37 Inner Mongolia Provincial Highway 201 and Inner Mongolia Provincial Highway 301 both run through Ergun.[3]
Ergun has two international border crossings: one in Shiwei, and another in Heishantou.[7]
References
edit- ^ a b Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, ed. (2019). China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2017. Beijing: China Statistics Press. p. 46. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
- ^ Inner Mongolia: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n 额尔古纳市概况地图 [Ergun Overview]. xzqh.org (in Chinese). 2016-01-04. Archived from the original on 2021-02-09. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s 内蒙古统计年鉴—2020 [Inner Mongolia Statistical Yearbook 2020]. tj.nmg.gov.cn (in Chinese). Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regional Bureau of Statistics. 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p 额尔古纳市历史沿革 [Ergun City Organizational History]. xzqh.org (in Chinese). 2016-01-04. Archived from the original on 2021-02-09. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
- ^ a b c 市情概况 [City Situation] (in Chinese). Ergun Municipal People's Government. 2020-03-11. Archived from the original on 2021-02-09. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
- ^ a b 市情概述 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 2012-11-28. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
- ^ Wang, Kaihao (October 17, 2013). "River valley produces wetlands wonder". China Daily.
- ^ "Ergun wetland in Inner Mongolia, one of the largest in Asia". ecns.com. November 11, 2013.
- ^ Wang, Qian; Zheng, Jinran (May 14, 2012). "Ergun wetland threatened by development, urbanization". China Daily.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ^ 2022年统计用区划代码（额尔古纳） [2020 Statistical Division Codes (Ergun)] (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of China. 2022.
- ^ 额尔古纳市拉布大林街道办事处 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 2011-07-10. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i 额尔古纳市2018年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 [Ergun City 2018 Economic and Social Development Report] (in Chinese). Ergun Municipal People's Government. 2019-04-01. Archived from the original on 2019-04-13. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
- ^ 额尔古纳市概况 [Description of Ergun City]. Hulunbuir People's Government (in Simplified Chinese).[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b Entangled Histories: The Transcultural Past of Northeast China (PDF). London: Springer. 2014. pp. 47–58.
- ^ a b 额尔古纳经济发展概况 [Ergun Economic Development Overview] (in Chinese). Ergun Municipal People's Government. 2020-03-11. Archived from the original on 2021-02-09. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
- ^ a b c Zhang, Wei (2017-08-03). 中国唯一俄罗斯民族乡：异域风情范儿的边疆小镇 [China's only Russian Ethnic Township: An exotic frontier town]. www.chinanews.com (in Chinese). China News Service. Archived from the original on 2021-02-09. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
- ^ a b 义务教育学校名录 [List of Compulsory Education Schools]. gk.eegn.gov.cn (in Chinese (China)). Ergun Municipal People's Government. 2021-11-26. Archived from the original on 2022-02-16. Retrieved 2022-02-16.