Ica (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈika]) (Quechua: Ika) is a city and the capital of the Department of Ica in southern Peru. While the area was long inhabited by varying cultures of indigenous peoples, the Spanish conquistador Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera claimed its founding in 1563.
Ica | |
|---|---|
      Huacachina Oasis, Lord of Luren Temple, San Francisco Church, El Catador Winery, Plaza de Armas at night and Huacachina Dunes. | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
  Ica Location in Peru | |
| Coordinates: 14°04′S 75°44′W / 14.067°S 75.733°W | |
| Country |  Peru |
| Region | Ica |
| Province | Ica |
| Founded | 17 June 1563 |
| Founded by | Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera |
| Government | |
| • Type | Democracy |
| • Mayor | Emma Luisa Mejía Venegas (2019–2022) |
| Area | |
• Total | 7,894 km2 (3,048 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 406 m (1,332 ft) |
| Population (2017) | |
• Total | 282,407 |
• Estimate (2015)[1] | 244,390 |
| • Density | 36/km2 (93/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Iqueño/a |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (PET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (PET) |
| Area code | 56 |
| Website | www.muniica.gob.pe |
As of the 2017 census, it had a population of over 282,407. The city suffered extensive damage and loss of life during the 2007 Peru earthquake.
History
edit
In 2007, researchers found the fossil remains of a prehistoric penguin, Icadyptes salasi, which inhabited the Atacama Desert about 30 million years ago. Scientists estimate it was about 4.5 or 5 feet (137 or 152 cm) tall, with a 1-foot-long (30.5 cm) beak.[2]
Evidence of prehistoric indigenous civilizations has been found in the nearby deserts, such as that of Paracas. Other cultures include the Chincha and the Inca, the latter of whom ruled this area beginning in the 14th century. Numerous pre-Columbian archeological artifacts are now displayed in the Museo Regional de Ica.
The Inca were still in power when the Spanish conquistadors invaded the territory. The Spanish colonial city was founded on 17 June 1563 by Gerónimo Luis de Cabrera as Villa de Valverde. It was ruled by Spain under colonial rulers until Peru achieved independence in 1821.
On 15 August 2007, a magnitude 8.0 earthquake occurred off the coast of Peru, severely damaging buildings, houses and infrastructure in Ica. Initially 17 people died and 70 were killed when a church collapsed. Pisco was even more severely damaged and many people were buried under buildings that had collapsed. Some 80% of the city's buildings were destroyed.[3]
Geography
editThe city is located on the Ica River about 300 km (190 mi) to the south of Lima, along the desert coast of southern Peru. Further south along the Pan-American Highway lies the city of Nazca.
Climate
editIca lies on the border of the Atacama desert and has one of the driest climates in the world Köppen BWh, with only around 1 centimetre of rainfall for the whole year. Temperatures are hot during the summer months (December – March) and warm through the winter months (June – September).
| Climate data for Ica (San Camilo), elevation 407 m (1,335 ft), (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.9 (89.4) |
33.0 (91.4) |
33.4 (92.1) |
31.9 (89.4) |
29.2 (84.6) |
26.0 (78.8) |
25.2 (77.4) |
26.1 (79.0) |
27.8 (82.0) |
29.2 (84.6) |
30.0 (86.0) |
31.0 (87.8) |
29.6 (85.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 17.8 (64.0) |
18.7 (65.7) |
17.8 (64.0) |
15.5 (59.9) |
12.4 (54.3) |
10.8 (51.4) |
10.3 (50.5) |
10.4 (50.7) |
10.9 (51.6) |
12.1 (53.8) |
13.4 (56.1) |
15.6 (60.1) |
13.8 (56.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 5.0 (0.20) |
2.2 (0.09) |
1.2 (0.05) |
0.2 (0.01) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.4 (0.02) |
0.3 (0.01) |
0.2 (0.01) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.01) |
0.2 (0.01) |
10.1 (0.41) |
| Source: National Meteorology and Hydrology Service of Peru[4] | |||||||||||||
Transportation
editIca can be reached from Lima by the Pan-American Highway, a journey of 320 kilometres (200 mi).
The Tren de la Costa is planned.
Tourism
editIca and surrounding areas are the traditional source of Pisco brandy. Ica is the site of the Museo Regional de Ica, a regional museum with exhibits ranging from prehistoric artifacts to the Spanish colonial era. On display are pre-Columbian funerary bundles and mummies. The elongated skulls from the Paracas and pre-Inca cultures suggest ritual deformation, perhaps to mark an elite class. Some skulls also bear evidence of trepanning, a kind of early brain surgery to relieve internal pressure or remove damaged skull matter suffered in battle.
A collection of furniture, paintings and artifacts date from the Spanish colonial era.
The Department of Ica encompasses considerable desert, giving it unique opportunities for tourism. The nearby Huacachina oasis is located in the midst of sand dunes. The city of Ica attracts international travelers, as well as resort seekers from Peru. Some young visitors try sandboarding; others travel the dunes in sand buggies.
Agriculture
editThe many days of sunshine have made Ica the center of an important agricultural region. Commodity crops are cotton, grapes, asparagus, avocado, mango, olives and other produce. It is known by Peruvians as the "Land of Eternal Sun".
Although the area has four seasons, the climate is warm and dry. Visitors say that it feels like a northern summer year-round. The climate of the city can help in easing asthma, which is aggravated by damp and humid climates and their associated allergens.
The desert city has drawn water for domestic and agricultural needs from an aquifer fed by glacial melt water. The regional usage is exceeding the inflow of water into the aquifer. Because the aquifer is quickly drying up, activists have called for more efficient irrigation, or adding dams and water diversions.[5]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Perú: Población estimada al 30 de junio y tasa de crecimiento de las ciudades capitales, por departamento, 2011 y 2015. Perú: Estimaciones y proyecciones de población total por sexo de las principales ciudades, 2012-2015 (Report). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. March 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
- ^ Minard, Anne (25 June 2007). "Photo Gallery: Giant Prehistoric Penguins Found". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 28 June 2007.
- ^ James Gancer [1], [2]
- ^ "Normales Climaticás Estándares y Medias 1991-2020". National Meteorology and Hydrology Service of Peru. Archived from the original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
- ^ "Despite Economic Gains, Peru's Asparagus Boom Threatening Water Table". PRI's The World. 23 January 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
External links
edit
- Ica and the Huacachina Oasis Archived 14 June 2005 at the Wayback Machine, Trekker
- "History of Peru, Ica", TampoPampa
- Museo Regional de Ica Website