In other experiments, low-glucose tumor microenvironments were also unable to activate two proteins, BAX and BAK, sitting on the surface of mitochondria, a cell's fuel generator.

Michelle Bak, a doctoral student in information sciences, and information sciences professor Jessie Chin reported their research in the Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association.

Bak and Chin wanted to know if they also could be useful for promoting behavior change.

Without information that engaged with the users' motivations, the language models failed to generate a sense of readiness and the emotional impetus to progress with behavior change, Bak and Chin reported.

"The large language model-based chatbots provide resources on getting external help, such as social support. They're lacking information on how to control the environment to eliminate a stimulus that reinforces problem behavior," Bak said.