The three countries have formed their own alliance to fight the insurgents, and have also relied on help from Russian mercenaries.

Critics say President Toudera's government is supported by the Russian mercenaries and other groups in exchange for exploiting the country’s resources.

"We are shown this macho, tough person who is unwilling to crack under pressure or give away national secrets – then is very capable as a mercenary or independent military operator."

The Russian government has sent weapons, helicopters and mercenaries from the Wagner group to help Mali fight Islamist insurgents and rebels.

Russia, which has been seeking to gain more influence in Africa, has in recent years sent thousands of mercenaries to West and Central Africa to protect military regimes and help them fight insurgents.