tumors (32%). High grade chondrosarcoma peaks in the fifth decade (44%), and chondroma in the thi... more tumors (32%). High grade chondrosarcoma peaks in the fifth decade (44%), and chondroma in the third decade (42%).
Background: Tumours of the eye and adnexa demonstrate great histologic variety and constitute a s... more Background: Tumours of the eye and adnexa demonstrate great histologic variety and constitute a serious threat to vision especially in children. Aims: The study aims to review the epidemiologic and pathologic characteristics of tumours of the eye and ocular adnexa in the paediatric age group (0-14 years). Methods: All the cases entered into the departmental records as tumours of the eye and ocular adnexa over a 10-year period in the age group 0-14 years were extracted. The patients' request cards with all relevant Haematoxylin & Eosin (H & E)-stained histology slides were retrieved. All the slides were reviewed and the cases were classified in accordance with the 4 th edition of the WHO Classification of Tumours of the Eye (2018). The collected data were subjected to descriptive statistical tabulation and analysis. Results: A total of 104 tumours of the eye and ocular adnexae were diagnosed in the paediatric age group, accounting for 40.5% of all eye and ocular adnexal tumours diagnosed over the study period. The male to female ratio was 1.7:1 and malignant tumours greatly outnumbered benign tumours by a ratio of 5.5:1. Majority (76%) of the tumours occurred in the retina with retinoblastoma representing all the tumours diagnosed in this location. Rhabdomyosarcoma was the most common paediatric orbital tumour accounting for over half (53.8%) of all tumours in the orbit. Tumours of the conjunctiva and the eyelid were infrequent with benign soft tissue tumours (vascular, neural and lipomatous tumours) being the major tumours at these sites. Conclusion: Retinoblastoma is the single most common tumour in this age group.
The African continent is facing enormous challenges from cancer crisis, and the lack of reliable ... more The African continent is facing enormous challenges from cancer crisis, and the lack of reliable population database on cancer incidence and mortality hinders high quality decision on prevention and management modalities. The objective of this study is to analyze the trend of malignant tumors in a population of rural Africans attending Ahmadu Bello University Teaching (ABUTH) Hospital Zaria, Nigeria with particular emphasis on the first eighteen (18) frequently diagnosed cancers over a period of 46 consecutive years (1972 - 2019) excluding the year 1988. Histologically diagnosed cancers from the population-based cancer registry of the ABUTH Zaria were included in this study. There were 19, 884 histologically diagnosed cancers over 46 years in ABUTH Zaria with the following in descending order: Cervical cancer 2,335 (12%, [squamous cell carcinoma = 1, 809; others = 529]), Breast cancer 1,982 (10% [invasive ductal carcinoma = 1,589; others = 393]), Lymphoma 1,927 (10% [non–Hodgkin’s l...
Background: Cancer has become a major global public health problem. There are approximately 150,0... more Background: Cancer has become a major global public health problem. There are approximately 150,000 cases of endometrial cancer diagnosed each year, making endometrial carcinoma the fifth most common cancer in women. The predisposing factor was linked to reproductive history with duration and type of oestrogen exposure. Endometrial cancer is often diagnosed early. There has not been a comprehensive clinico-pathological study/ documentation of endometrial cancer in the study center. Materials and Method: This is a retrospective histopathological review of endometrial cancer seen over 20- year period obtained from endometrial curettage and hysterectomy specimens submitted to the Department of pathology. Histology slides were retrieved, reviewed and classified using the WHO classification of tumours of the endometrium. Analysis of the collected data was carried out using SPSS Version 15.0, and data were presented in frequency distribution tables and figures. Result: A total of 1,505 ca...
Background: Ocular surface squamous neoplasia is a heterogenous group of proliferative squamous l... more Background: Ocular surface squamous neoplasia is a heterogenous group of proliferative squamous lesions on the ocular surface with varying biologic behaviours. This study aims to report the clinical profile and pathologic characteristics of cases of OSSN seen at a tertiary referral centre in North West NigeriaMethods: A retrospective review of all cases of OSSN diagnosed over a 10-year period was doneResults: OSSN accounted for 68 out of 91 ocular surface lesions affecting twice as many males as females and a peak incidence in the 30-39 years age group. They frequently presented as higher grade and higher stage lesions with invasive squamous cell carcinoma being the most frequently diagnosed OSSN. They also frequently show association with HIV infection and a relatively long duration of symptoms before presentationConclusion: OSSN occur in a relatively young age group in our environment. Certain clinical and epidemiological features appear to [predict the occurrence of higher grade ...
Introduction: Childhood cancers as a growing public health challenge and is increasingly being re... more Introduction: Childhood cancers as a growing public health challenge and is increasingly being recognized worldwide, including the developing nations. Each year, the number of pediatric cancers recorded in Africa shows an increase trend with the small round blue cells of childhood been the most common. About 90 percent of children with pediatric solid tumors die either of the complications of the tumor, chemotherapy or financial burden. Since mutation rate in pediatric cancer is lower than adult cancers, with targetable mutations identified in less than 50% of cases, we believe that using precision cancer medicine and to some extent implementational science can help reduce this burden in Africa. Methods: Forty-six cases of pediatric cancer were reviewed over a five-year period (2016- 2020). Their case notes were retrieved and data on site, tumor type, mode of diagnosis, drugs given, complications, follow-up visits and financial implications were accessed. Data was analyzed using sps...
Multiple symmetric lipomatosis (MSL) is a very uncommon disease. Its etiopathogenesis is uncertai... more Multiple symmetric lipomatosis (MSL) is a very uncommon disease. Its etiopathogenesis is uncertain, although it has been linked to a variety of factors. Its main characteristic is the overgrowth of fat in form of an unencapsulated lesion. Most of the cases reported are in the head and neck region. We report a case that occurred in the breasts of a 62-year-old man. A clinical diagnosis of gynecomastia was initially made. Partial mastectomy was done and MSL was reported on histopathologic examination. Our literature search revealed no previous case of MSL in the breast reported from our environment.
Background: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) has a consistent global association with nasopharyngeal carc... more Background: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) has a consistent global association with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The detection of EBV in NPC has been shown to have diagnostic and prognostic importance. Latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) immunochemical staining is a well-recognized, rapid, and effective method of EBV detection. This study aims to determine the EBV status of NPC seen over 22 years, from 1992 to 2013 in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH). Materials and Methods: It was a retrospective study of all NPCs diagnosed at the Department of Pathology, ABUTH from January 1, 1992 to December 31, 2013. The paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of all histologically diagnosed NPCs within the study period were retrieved and examined. Cases in which the tissue blocks were missing, badly damaged, or had insufficient tissue were excluded from the study. Histopathological diagnosis was in accordance to the 2005 World Health Organization classification. EBV detection was done using ...
Evasion of apoptosis is associated with treatment resistance and metastasis in colorectal cancer ... more Evasion of apoptosis is associated with treatment resistance and metastasis in colorectal cancer (CRC). Various cellular processes are associated with evasion of apoptosis. These include overexpression of pro-apoptotic proteins (including p53 and PD-L1), anti-apoptotic proteins (BIRC7/Livin and Bcl-2), chemokine receptors (including DARC), and dysregulation of DNA mismatch repair proteins (including MSH2 and PMS2). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of folinic acid, 5-FU and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) as a single agent and aspirin plus FOLFOX in various combinations on the aforementioned proteins in human CRC, SW480 cell line and rat models of N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea (NMU)-induced CRC. In addition, effects of the NMU-induced CRC and chemotherapeutic regimens on haematological and biochemical parameters in the rat models were studied. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and immunoblot techniques were used to study the expression pattern of the related proteins in the hum...
Background: Melanoma is a malignant tumour that arises from melanocytic cells. The incidence is i... more Background: Melanoma is a malignant tumour that arises from melanocytic cells. The incidence is increasing worldwide in white population where fair skin people receive excessive sun exposure. Although relatively uncommon in Africa-Americans, recent trends shows increase incidence in Africa- Americans. Data on the incidence and biology of melanoma are few in Africa. This study review the variants and sites of melanoma in a resource poor setting in Nigeria with some immunohistochemical stains performed. Method: All cases of melanoma diagnosed in the Department of Pathology in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria over a three year period (2016-2018) were retrieved. Patient's information including site and age were also retrieved from their case notes. Immunohistochemistry using two antibodies S-100, HMB-45 was done. Results: A total 38 cases were seen during the study period with a male female ratio of 1:1.1. The age range was 5-80 years with a mean age of 48.8±18.1. The most common site...
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has disproportionately overburden Africans with advanced stage at diagnos... more Colorectal cancer (CRC) has disproportionately overburden Africans with advanced stage at diagnosis and higher mortality rate due in part to issues that include grossly inadequate resources for management and poor understanding of the pathobiology of the disease. Accumulating evidences support the effectiveness of Aspirin in prevention and inhibition of CRC occurrence and cellular growth respectively. The utilisation of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based regimens which include folinic acid, 5-FU and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) combination in CRC management have not completely halt the distant recurrences and poor prognosis of CRC. In this study, we highlighted evidences that prove Aspirin plus FOLFOX to be promising alternative for clinical trial in Black men with CRC. Our study aims in this research were: to identify the expression pattern of BIRC7 in human CRC cells, SW480 cell line and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU)-induced CRC in rat; to determine the relationship between BIRC7 and BCL2, p53, PDL-1, MSH1, PMS2, DARC and Annexin V expression in CRC. to examine the efficacy of Aspirin plus neoadjuvant FOLFOX on the BIRC7 in CRC cells in-vivo in rat. Results show significant (P = 0.0001) expression of the BIRC7 in the CRC tissues compared to normal sections. When comparing this expression with Data from TCGA data bank, we observed a significant increase in BIRC7 expression in Caucasian than the Black and Indian and The expression pattern of the BIRC7 was significantly higher (P = 0.0001) in CRC not otherwise specified compared to mucinous CRC histology. The SW480 cell line show increased expression of the BIRC7 protein in-vitro. There was significant expression of the BIRC7 in the NMU-induced CRC cells compared the normal colonic lesion. There was increased expression of the BCL-2 and reduced expression of p53 in the human CRC cases and in the NMU-induced CRC cells model. There was increased expression of the Annexin V, absence of the MSH1, PMS2, PDL1 and DARC protiens in the CRC sections. Aspirin plus FOLFOX may serve as an important adjuvant treatment component for colorectal cancer metastasis and local recurrence in Blacks, Caucasian and Asians. There is need to explore the potential of Aspirin plus FOLFOX for clinical trial in colorectal cancer management in Blacks and other population using approach from our findings. Citation Format: Faruk Mohammed, Sani Ibrahim, Sirajo Mohammed Aminu, Ahmed Adamu, Adamu Abdullahi, Abdulmumini Hassan Rafindadi, Yawale Iliyasu, John Idoko, Abdullahi Jubril Randawa, Mohammed Sani Shehu, Atara Ntekim, Abdullahi Mohammed, Aishatu Maude Suleiman, Yahaya Ukwenya, Khalid Zahir Shah, Ahmad Bello, Sani Abubakar, Kasimu Umar Adoke, Cheh Augustin Awasum, Ahmad Mai, Hussaini Yusuf Maitama, Dauda Maigatari. Aspirin plus FOLFOX for colorectal cancer management: A promising alternative for clinical trial in Africans with the disease [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 720.
Background: Melanoma disease burden is confounded by its propensity for mimicry of many cancers h... more Background: Melanoma disease burden is confounded by its propensity for mimicry of many cancers histologically. Afflicted cancer patients in our setting present with advanced diseases. Thus, accurate diagnosis is mandatory for the treatment and management of these deadly diseases. This study was aimed at confirming the histological diagnosis of melanoma over a ten year period in a tertiary institution in Nigeria, using immunohistochemical (IHC) markers and to establish the immunohistochemical profile of melanoma cases in our setting. Design: All morphologically diagnosed cases of melanoma from 1 st January 2005 to 31 st December 2014 formed the study material. All the relevant tissue blocks and slides stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) were retrieved from the departmental records. IHC staining using HMB45, Melan A, S100 and Vimentin was done on all relevant stored paraffin embedded tissue blocks for a confirmatory diagnosis of melanoma. Results: Eighty eight cases of melanoma were diagnosed during the study period. 72 cases met the study criteria. There were 26 males and 46 females with a male: female ratio of 1.0:1.8. The ages ranged from 16 to 85 years with a mean age of 54 years. The highest incidence was in the 6 th decade of life. The foot was the commonest site with 38 (52.9%) cases, while 7 (9.8%) cases were seen in the rest of the lower limbs. There were 6 (8.2%) cases in the lymph nodes and 5 (6.8%) in the groin. Clark's level was applicable to 61 (84.7%) cases. There were 4 (6.6%) cases in level III, 20 (32.8%) cases in level IV and 37 (60.7%) cases in level V. No case was seen in levels I and II. Histologically, 46 (63.0%) cases were distributed in sheets predominantly and 18 (25.0%) cases were in nests, while pseudopapillary had 4 (5.6%) cases, trabecular had 3 (4.2%) cases and pseudoglandular had only 1 (1.4%) case. Immunohistochemical staining showed S100 and Vimentin had 98.6% positivity rates each, while HMB45 had 94.4% positivity rate and Melan A had 87.5% positivity rate. 62 (86.1%) cases were positive for all 4 markers, 5 (6.9%) cases were positive for a combination of vimentin, S100 and HMB45. Only 2 (2.8%) cases were positive for a combination of vimentin and S100. A single case (1.4%) was positive for Vimentin only. Conclusions: The study showed S100 and Vimentin with highest positivity rates. It is recommended that S100 and HMB45 or Vimentin should be part of the confirmatory diagnostic parameters of melanoma in resource constraint setting.
Studies have shown improved/increased intake of dietary fiber and low fecal pH are associated wit... more Studies have shown improved/increased intake of dietary fiber and low fecal pH are associated with a lowered risk for colorectal cancer. This study aimed to compare dietary fiber intake, fecal neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content, acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and fecal pH level of colorectal cancer patients and matched apparently healthy control group in rural Africans in Zaria, Nigeria. Twenty-one subjects of mean age 44.7 years who are diagnosed with colorectal cancer by histology and 14 apparently healthy matched control groups with mean age 45.2 years were recruited for this study. A predefined semi structured food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to access the dietary fiber intake by the subjects. The fecal NDF content was analyzed by extracting 1 g of fecal sample with a mixture of ethanol/ether and refluxed with decalin and sodium sulphite. The extract was suctioned and washed with acetone to yield the total NDF. The NDF was refluxed wit...
Prostate cancer (CaP) is the most common male gender cancer and present with a 5-year prevalence,... more Prostate cancer (CaP) is the most common male gender cancer and present with a 5-year prevalence, incidence and mortality rate in Nigerian Black men. There is disproportionate prevalence and poor understanding of CaP in Black men globally. The Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC) has documented significant CaP burden among Nigerian black men in Nigeria and in the Diaspora. Notably, African ancestry is one of the most important risk factors of CaP globally. Increased levels of cortisol, a stress-related catabolic hormone is significantly associated to prostate specific antigen and poor prognosis in prostate cancer patients. Cortisol causes degradation of muscle proteins into amino-acids. Amino acids such as leucine, serves as a source of fuel for aggressive prostate cancer cells in a Warburg effect model through the L-amino acid transporters (LATs). The annexins are calcium and phospholipid binding proteins implicated in cancer development and progression. Overexpression ...
Background: Cancer of the breast is globally the most common female cancer including in Nigeria. ... more Background: Cancer of the breast is globally the most common female cancer including in Nigeria. Newer treatment modalities are based on tumor immunophenotyping, thus the need to characterize these tumors among women with the disease in Northern Nigeria. Aims: This study aims to classify carcinomas of the breast diagnosed in the pathology laboratory of a teaching hospital based on their expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2/neu (HER2/neu) overexpression. Methodology: The histology slides of 478 carcinomas of the breast as well as the ER, PR, and HER2 immunohistochemistry records of 118 stained cases were retrieved and reviewed. Results: Age range of cases was from 20 to 80 years (mean = 46.9 ± 13). The most common histomorphologic entity was invasive carcinoma (NST) which accounted for 73.2% of cases. These were followed in frequency by invasive lobular carcinoma accounting for 6.8% of cases and invasive papillary carcinoma representing 6.5% of cases. Overall, 169 cases (37.6%) were Grade III tumors while Grades II and I tumors accounted for 35.1% and 27.3% of cases, respectively. Triple-negative tumors were the most common molecular subtype and comprised 46.6% of all cases. Luminal B (LUMB) was the least common and accounted for 8% of all cases. HER2 overexpression and LUMA were seen in 17.9% and 28.8% of cases, respectively. Conclusion: Carcinoma of the breast in the population studied occurs at a younger age than among Caucasians. The tumors are characterized by preponderance of invasive carcinoma (NST), high histological grade, and triple-negative phenotype.
The shared practice of pathology via the Internet holds great potential for pathologists in sub-S... more The shared practice of pathology via the Internet holds great potential for pathologists in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and their global partners. Application of the Internet is constrained by issues of bandwidth, cost, and power. The penetration of mobile telephony and the arrival of smartphones have changed the use of Internet and social media in Africa and therefore the work of the 4 African pathologists featured in this article. As pathology in SSA struggles for visibility and usefulness, the Internet and its electronic applications provide a critical infrastructure as well as a podium for pathologists across the continent.
tumors (32%). High grade chondrosarcoma peaks in the fifth decade (44%), and chondroma in the thi... more tumors (32%). High grade chondrosarcoma peaks in the fifth decade (44%), and chondroma in the third decade (42%).
Background: Tumours of the eye and adnexa demonstrate great histologic variety and constitute a s... more Background: Tumours of the eye and adnexa demonstrate great histologic variety and constitute a serious threat to vision especially in children. Aims: The study aims to review the epidemiologic and pathologic characteristics of tumours of the eye and ocular adnexa in the paediatric age group (0-14 years). Methods: All the cases entered into the departmental records as tumours of the eye and ocular adnexa over a 10-year period in the age group 0-14 years were extracted. The patients' request cards with all relevant Haematoxylin & Eosin (H & E)-stained histology slides were retrieved. All the slides were reviewed and the cases were classified in accordance with the 4 th edition of the WHO Classification of Tumours of the Eye (2018). The collected data were subjected to descriptive statistical tabulation and analysis. Results: A total of 104 tumours of the eye and ocular adnexae were diagnosed in the paediatric age group, accounting for 40.5% of all eye and ocular adnexal tumours diagnosed over the study period. The male to female ratio was 1.7:1 and malignant tumours greatly outnumbered benign tumours by a ratio of 5.5:1. Majority (76%) of the tumours occurred in the retina with retinoblastoma representing all the tumours diagnosed in this location. Rhabdomyosarcoma was the most common paediatric orbital tumour accounting for over half (53.8%) of all tumours in the orbit. Tumours of the conjunctiva and the eyelid were infrequent with benign soft tissue tumours (vascular, neural and lipomatous tumours) being the major tumours at these sites. Conclusion: Retinoblastoma is the single most common tumour in this age group.
The African continent is facing enormous challenges from cancer crisis, and the lack of reliable ... more The African continent is facing enormous challenges from cancer crisis, and the lack of reliable population database on cancer incidence and mortality hinders high quality decision on prevention and management modalities. The objective of this study is to analyze the trend of malignant tumors in a population of rural Africans attending Ahmadu Bello University Teaching (ABUTH) Hospital Zaria, Nigeria with particular emphasis on the first eighteen (18) frequently diagnosed cancers over a period of 46 consecutive years (1972 - 2019) excluding the year 1988. Histologically diagnosed cancers from the population-based cancer registry of the ABUTH Zaria were included in this study. There were 19, 884 histologically diagnosed cancers over 46 years in ABUTH Zaria with the following in descending order: Cervical cancer 2,335 (12%, [squamous cell carcinoma = 1, 809; others = 529]), Breast cancer 1,982 (10% [invasive ductal carcinoma = 1,589; others = 393]), Lymphoma 1,927 (10% [non–Hodgkin’s l...
Background: Cancer has become a major global public health problem. There are approximately 150,0... more Background: Cancer has become a major global public health problem. There are approximately 150,000 cases of endometrial cancer diagnosed each year, making endometrial carcinoma the fifth most common cancer in women. The predisposing factor was linked to reproductive history with duration and type of oestrogen exposure. Endometrial cancer is often diagnosed early. There has not been a comprehensive clinico-pathological study/ documentation of endometrial cancer in the study center. Materials and Method: This is a retrospective histopathological review of endometrial cancer seen over 20- year period obtained from endometrial curettage and hysterectomy specimens submitted to the Department of pathology. Histology slides were retrieved, reviewed and classified using the WHO classification of tumours of the endometrium. Analysis of the collected data was carried out using SPSS Version 15.0, and data were presented in frequency distribution tables and figures. Result: A total of 1,505 ca...
Background: Ocular surface squamous neoplasia is a heterogenous group of proliferative squamous l... more Background: Ocular surface squamous neoplasia is a heterogenous group of proliferative squamous lesions on the ocular surface with varying biologic behaviours. This study aims to report the clinical profile and pathologic characteristics of cases of OSSN seen at a tertiary referral centre in North West NigeriaMethods: A retrospective review of all cases of OSSN diagnosed over a 10-year period was doneResults: OSSN accounted for 68 out of 91 ocular surface lesions affecting twice as many males as females and a peak incidence in the 30-39 years age group. They frequently presented as higher grade and higher stage lesions with invasive squamous cell carcinoma being the most frequently diagnosed OSSN. They also frequently show association with HIV infection and a relatively long duration of symptoms before presentationConclusion: OSSN occur in a relatively young age group in our environment. Certain clinical and epidemiological features appear to [predict the occurrence of higher grade ...
Introduction: Childhood cancers as a growing public health challenge and is increasingly being re... more Introduction: Childhood cancers as a growing public health challenge and is increasingly being recognized worldwide, including the developing nations. Each year, the number of pediatric cancers recorded in Africa shows an increase trend with the small round blue cells of childhood been the most common. About 90 percent of children with pediatric solid tumors die either of the complications of the tumor, chemotherapy or financial burden. Since mutation rate in pediatric cancer is lower than adult cancers, with targetable mutations identified in less than 50% of cases, we believe that using precision cancer medicine and to some extent implementational science can help reduce this burden in Africa. Methods: Forty-six cases of pediatric cancer were reviewed over a five-year period (2016- 2020). Their case notes were retrieved and data on site, tumor type, mode of diagnosis, drugs given, complications, follow-up visits and financial implications were accessed. Data was analyzed using sps...
Multiple symmetric lipomatosis (MSL) is a very uncommon disease. Its etiopathogenesis is uncertai... more Multiple symmetric lipomatosis (MSL) is a very uncommon disease. Its etiopathogenesis is uncertain, although it has been linked to a variety of factors. Its main characteristic is the overgrowth of fat in form of an unencapsulated lesion. Most of the cases reported are in the head and neck region. We report a case that occurred in the breasts of a 62-year-old man. A clinical diagnosis of gynecomastia was initially made. Partial mastectomy was done and MSL was reported on histopathologic examination. Our literature search revealed no previous case of MSL in the breast reported from our environment.
Background: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) has a consistent global association with nasopharyngeal carc... more Background: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) has a consistent global association with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The detection of EBV in NPC has been shown to have diagnostic and prognostic importance. Latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) immunochemical staining is a well-recognized, rapid, and effective method of EBV detection. This study aims to determine the EBV status of NPC seen over 22 years, from 1992 to 2013 in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH). Materials and Methods: It was a retrospective study of all NPCs diagnosed at the Department of Pathology, ABUTH from January 1, 1992 to December 31, 2013. The paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of all histologically diagnosed NPCs within the study period were retrieved and examined. Cases in which the tissue blocks were missing, badly damaged, or had insufficient tissue were excluded from the study. Histopathological diagnosis was in accordance to the 2005 World Health Organization classification. EBV detection was done using ...
Evasion of apoptosis is associated with treatment resistance and metastasis in colorectal cancer ... more Evasion of apoptosis is associated with treatment resistance and metastasis in colorectal cancer (CRC). Various cellular processes are associated with evasion of apoptosis. These include overexpression of pro-apoptotic proteins (including p53 and PD-L1), anti-apoptotic proteins (BIRC7/Livin and Bcl-2), chemokine receptors (including DARC), and dysregulation of DNA mismatch repair proteins (including MSH2 and PMS2). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of folinic acid, 5-FU and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) as a single agent and aspirin plus FOLFOX in various combinations on the aforementioned proteins in human CRC, SW480 cell line and rat models of N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea (NMU)-induced CRC. In addition, effects of the NMU-induced CRC and chemotherapeutic regimens on haematological and biochemical parameters in the rat models were studied. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and immunoblot techniques were used to study the expression pattern of the related proteins in the hum...
Background: Melanoma is a malignant tumour that arises from melanocytic cells. The incidence is i... more Background: Melanoma is a malignant tumour that arises from melanocytic cells. The incidence is increasing worldwide in white population where fair skin people receive excessive sun exposure. Although relatively uncommon in Africa-Americans, recent trends shows increase incidence in Africa- Americans. Data on the incidence and biology of melanoma are few in Africa. This study review the variants and sites of melanoma in a resource poor setting in Nigeria with some immunohistochemical stains performed. Method: All cases of melanoma diagnosed in the Department of Pathology in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria over a three year period (2016-2018) were retrieved. Patient's information including site and age were also retrieved from their case notes. Immunohistochemistry using two antibodies S-100, HMB-45 was done. Results: A total 38 cases were seen during the study period with a male female ratio of 1:1.1. The age range was 5-80 years with a mean age of 48.8±18.1. The most common site...
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has disproportionately overburden Africans with advanced stage at diagnos... more Colorectal cancer (CRC) has disproportionately overburden Africans with advanced stage at diagnosis and higher mortality rate due in part to issues that include grossly inadequate resources for management and poor understanding of the pathobiology of the disease. Accumulating evidences support the effectiveness of Aspirin in prevention and inhibition of CRC occurrence and cellular growth respectively. The utilisation of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based regimens which include folinic acid, 5-FU and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) combination in CRC management have not completely halt the distant recurrences and poor prognosis of CRC. In this study, we highlighted evidences that prove Aspirin plus FOLFOX to be promising alternative for clinical trial in Black men with CRC. Our study aims in this research were: to identify the expression pattern of BIRC7 in human CRC cells, SW480 cell line and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU)-induced CRC in rat; to determine the relationship between BIRC7 and BCL2, p53, PDL-1, MSH1, PMS2, DARC and Annexin V expression in CRC. to examine the efficacy of Aspirin plus neoadjuvant FOLFOX on the BIRC7 in CRC cells in-vivo in rat. Results show significant (P = 0.0001) expression of the BIRC7 in the CRC tissues compared to normal sections. When comparing this expression with Data from TCGA data bank, we observed a significant increase in BIRC7 expression in Caucasian than the Black and Indian and The expression pattern of the BIRC7 was significantly higher (P = 0.0001) in CRC not otherwise specified compared to mucinous CRC histology. The SW480 cell line show increased expression of the BIRC7 protein in-vitro. There was significant expression of the BIRC7 in the NMU-induced CRC cells compared the normal colonic lesion. There was increased expression of the BCL-2 and reduced expression of p53 in the human CRC cases and in the NMU-induced CRC cells model. There was increased expression of the Annexin V, absence of the MSH1, PMS2, PDL1 and DARC protiens in the CRC sections. Aspirin plus FOLFOX may serve as an important adjuvant treatment component for colorectal cancer metastasis and local recurrence in Blacks, Caucasian and Asians. There is need to explore the potential of Aspirin plus FOLFOX for clinical trial in colorectal cancer management in Blacks and other population using approach from our findings. Citation Format: Faruk Mohammed, Sani Ibrahim, Sirajo Mohammed Aminu, Ahmed Adamu, Adamu Abdullahi, Abdulmumini Hassan Rafindadi, Yawale Iliyasu, John Idoko, Abdullahi Jubril Randawa, Mohammed Sani Shehu, Atara Ntekim, Abdullahi Mohammed, Aishatu Maude Suleiman, Yahaya Ukwenya, Khalid Zahir Shah, Ahmad Bello, Sani Abubakar, Kasimu Umar Adoke, Cheh Augustin Awasum, Ahmad Mai, Hussaini Yusuf Maitama, Dauda Maigatari. Aspirin plus FOLFOX for colorectal cancer management: A promising alternative for clinical trial in Africans with the disease [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 720.
Background: Melanoma disease burden is confounded by its propensity for mimicry of many cancers h... more Background: Melanoma disease burden is confounded by its propensity for mimicry of many cancers histologically. Afflicted cancer patients in our setting present with advanced diseases. Thus, accurate diagnosis is mandatory for the treatment and management of these deadly diseases. This study was aimed at confirming the histological diagnosis of melanoma over a ten year period in a tertiary institution in Nigeria, using immunohistochemical (IHC) markers and to establish the immunohistochemical profile of melanoma cases in our setting. Design: All morphologically diagnosed cases of melanoma from 1 st January 2005 to 31 st December 2014 formed the study material. All the relevant tissue blocks and slides stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) were retrieved from the departmental records. IHC staining using HMB45, Melan A, S100 and Vimentin was done on all relevant stored paraffin embedded tissue blocks for a confirmatory diagnosis of melanoma. Results: Eighty eight cases of melanoma were diagnosed during the study period. 72 cases met the study criteria. There were 26 males and 46 females with a male: female ratio of 1.0:1.8. The ages ranged from 16 to 85 years with a mean age of 54 years. The highest incidence was in the 6 th decade of life. The foot was the commonest site with 38 (52.9%) cases, while 7 (9.8%) cases were seen in the rest of the lower limbs. There were 6 (8.2%) cases in the lymph nodes and 5 (6.8%) in the groin. Clark's level was applicable to 61 (84.7%) cases. There were 4 (6.6%) cases in level III, 20 (32.8%) cases in level IV and 37 (60.7%) cases in level V. No case was seen in levels I and II. Histologically, 46 (63.0%) cases were distributed in sheets predominantly and 18 (25.0%) cases were in nests, while pseudopapillary had 4 (5.6%) cases, trabecular had 3 (4.2%) cases and pseudoglandular had only 1 (1.4%) case. Immunohistochemical staining showed S100 and Vimentin had 98.6% positivity rates each, while HMB45 had 94.4% positivity rate and Melan A had 87.5% positivity rate. 62 (86.1%) cases were positive for all 4 markers, 5 (6.9%) cases were positive for a combination of vimentin, S100 and HMB45. Only 2 (2.8%) cases were positive for a combination of vimentin and S100. A single case (1.4%) was positive for Vimentin only. Conclusions: The study showed S100 and Vimentin with highest positivity rates. It is recommended that S100 and HMB45 or Vimentin should be part of the confirmatory diagnostic parameters of melanoma in resource constraint setting.
Studies have shown improved/increased intake of dietary fiber and low fecal pH are associated wit... more Studies have shown improved/increased intake of dietary fiber and low fecal pH are associated with a lowered risk for colorectal cancer. This study aimed to compare dietary fiber intake, fecal neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content, acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and fecal pH level of colorectal cancer patients and matched apparently healthy control group in rural Africans in Zaria, Nigeria. Twenty-one subjects of mean age 44.7 years who are diagnosed with colorectal cancer by histology and 14 apparently healthy matched control groups with mean age 45.2 years were recruited for this study. A predefined semi structured food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to access the dietary fiber intake by the subjects. The fecal NDF content was analyzed by extracting 1 g of fecal sample with a mixture of ethanol/ether and refluxed with decalin and sodium sulphite. The extract was suctioned and washed with acetone to yield the total NDF. The NDF was refluxed wit...
Prostate cancer (CaP) is the most common male gender cancer and present with a 5-year prevalence,... more Prostate cancer (CaP) is the most common male gender cancer and present with a 5-year prevalence, incidence and mortality rate in Nigerian Black men. There is disproportionate prevalence and poor understanding of CaP in Black men globally. The Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC) has documented significant CaP burden among Nigerian black men in Nigeria and in the Diaspora. Notably, African ancestry is one of the most important risk factors of CaP globally. Increased levels of cortisol, a stress-related catabolic hormone is significantly associated to prostate specific antigen and poor prognosis in prostate cancer patients. Cortisol causes degradation of muscle proteins into amino-acids. Amino acids such as leucine, serves as a source of fuel for aggressive prostate cancer cells in a Warburg effect model through the L-amino acid transporters (LATs). The annexins are calcium and phospholipid binding proteins implicated in cancer development and progression. Overexpression ...
Background: Cancer of the breast is globally the most common female cancer including in Nigeria. ... more Background: Cancer of the breast is globally the most common female cancer including in Nigeria. Newer treatment modalities are based on tumor immunophenotyping, thus the need to characterize these tumors among women with the disease in Northern Nigeria. Aims: This study aims to classify carcinomas of the breast diagnosed in the pathology laboratory of a teaching hospital based on their expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2/neu (HER2/neu) overexpression. Methodology: The histology slides of 478 carcinomas of the breast as well as the ER, PR, and HER2 immunohistochemistry records of 118 stained cases were retrieved and reviewed. Results: Age range of cases was from 20 to 80 years (mean = 46.9 ± 13). The most common histomorphologic entity was invasive carcinoma (NST) which accounted for 73.2% of cases. These were followed in frequency by invasive lobular carcinoma accounting for 6.8% of cases and invasive papillary carcinoma representing 6.5% of cases. Overall, 169 cases (37.6%) were Grade III tumors while Grades II and I tumors accounted for 35.1% and 27.3% of cases, respectively. Triple-negative tumors were the most common molecular subtype and comprised 46.6% of all cases. Luminal B (LUMB) was the least common and accounted for 8% of all cases. HER2 overexpression and LUMA were seen in 17.9% and 28.8% of cases, respectively. Conclusion: Carcinoma of the breast in the population studied occurs at a younger age than among Caucasians. The tumors are characterized by preponderance of invasive carcinoma (NST), high histological grade, and triple-negative phenotype.
The shared practice of pathology via the Internet holds great potential for pathologists in sub-S... more The shared practice of pathology via the Internet holds great potential for pathologists in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and their global partners. Application of the Internet is constrained by issues of bandwidth, cost, and power. The penetration of mobile telephony and the arrival of smartphones have changed the use of Internet and social media in Africa and therefore the work of the 4 African pathologists featured in this article. As pathology in SSA struggles for visibility and usefulness, the Internet and its electronic applications provide a critical infrastructure as well as a podium for pathologists across the continent.
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