Papers by Pedro Jaureguiberry
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Sep 20, 2022
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jun 21, 2023
Report of the three-day workshop and a 'Conversations with the Earth: Celebrating Biodiversity th... more Report of the three-day workshop and a 'Conversations with the Earth: Celebrating Biodiversity through the Arts' Evening convened at the 6 th IPBES Plenary, Medellín, Colombia (17-24 March 2018). The event brought together a global transdisciplinary team of emerging biodiversity and ecosystem services experts to shape transformative thinking about the relationships between nature and human well-being, with a particular focus on the role of culture and Nature's Contributions to People.
Functional Ecology
1. Plant fire syndromes are usually defined as combinations of fire response traits, the most com... more 1. Plant fire syndromes are usually defined as combinations of fire response traits, the most common being resprouting (R) and seeding (S). Plant flammability (F), on the other hand, refers to a plant's effects on communities and ecosystems. Despite its important ecological and evolutionary implications, F has rarely been considered to define plant fire syndromes and, if so, usually separated from response syndromes. 2. We propose a three-dimensional model that combines R, S and F, encapsulating both plant response to fire regimes and the capacity to promote them. Each axis is divided into three possible standardized categories, reflecting low, medium and high values of each variable, with a total of 27 possible combinations of R, S and F. 3. We hypothesized that different fire histories should be reflected in the position of species within the three-dimensional space, and that this should help assess the importance of fire as an evolutionary force in determining R-S-F syndromes. 4. To illustrate our approach, we compiled information on the fire syndromes of 24 dominant species of different growth forms from the Chaco seasonally dry forest of central Argentina, and we compared them to 33 species from different Mediterranean-type climate ecosystems (MTCEs) of the world. 5. Chaco and MTCEs species differed in the range (7 syndromes vs. 13 syndromes, respectively) and proportion of extreme syndromes (i.e. species with extreme values of R, S and/or F) representing 29% of species in the Chaco vs. 45% in the MTCEs. 6. In addition, we explored the patterns of R, S and F of 4032 species from seven regions with contrasting fire histories, and found significantly higher frequencies of extreme values (predominantly high) of all three variables in MTCEs compared to the other regions, where intermediate and low values predominated, broadly supporting our general hypothesis. 7. The proposed three-dimensional approach should help standardize comparisons of fire syndromes across taxa, growth forms and regions with different fire histories. This will contribute to the understanding of the role of fire in the evolution of plant traits and assist vegetation modelling in the face of changes in fire regimes.
Functional Ecology, 2023
1. Plant fire syndromes are usually defined as combinations of fire response traits, the most com... more 1. Plant fire syndromes are usually defined as combinations of fire response traits, the most common being resprouting (R) and seeding (S). Plant flammability (F), on the other hand, refers to a plant's effects on communities and ecosystems. Despite its important ecological and evolutionary implications, F has rarely been considered to define plant fire syndromes and, if so, usually separated from response syndromes.
2. We propose a three-dimensional model that combines R, S and F, encapsulating both plant response to fire regimes and the capacity to promote them. Each axis is divided into three possible standardized categories, reflecting low, medium and high values of each variable, with a total of 27 possible combinations of R, S and F.
3. We hypothesized that different fire histories should be reflected in the position of species within the three-dimensional space, and that this should help assess the importance of fire as an evolutionary force in determining R-S-F syndromes.
4. To illustrate our approach, we compiled information on the fire syndromes of 24 dominant species of different growth forms from the Chaco seasonally dry forest of central Argentina, and we compared them to 33 species from different Mediterranean-type climate ecosystems (MTCEs) of the world.
5. Chaco and MTCEs species differed in the range (7 syndromes vs. 13 syndromes, respectively) and proportion of extreme syndromes (i.e. species with extreme values of R, S and/or F) representing 29% of species in the Chaco vs. 45% in the MTCEs.
6. In addition, we explored the patterns of R, S and F of 4032 species from seven regions with contrasting fire histories, and found significantly higher frequencies of extreme values (predominantly high) of all three variables in MTCEs compared to the other regions, where intermediate and low values predominated, broadly supporting our general hypothesis.
7. The proposed three-dimensional approach should help standardize comparisons of fire syndromes across taxa, growth forms and regions with different fire histories. This will contribute to the understanding of the role of fire in the evolution of plant traits and assist vegetation modelling in the face of changes in fire regimes.
Science Advances, 2022
Effective policies to halt biodiversity loss require knowing which anthropogenic drivers are the ... more Effective policies to halt biodiversity loss require knowing which anthropogenic drivers are the most important direct causes. Whereas previous knowledge has been limited in scope and rigor, here we statistically synthesize empirical comparisons of recent driver impacts found through a wide-ranging review. We show that land/sea use change has been the dominant direct driver of recent biodiversity loss worldwide. Direct exploitation of natural resources ranks second and pollution third; climate change and invasive alien species have been significantly less important than the top two drivers. The oceans, where direct exploitation and climate change dominate, have a different driver hierarchy from land and fresh water. It also varies among types of biodiversity indicators. For example, climate change is a more important driver of community composition change than of changes in species populations. Stopping global biodiversity loss requires policies and actions to tackle all the major d...
Plant-aphid-parasitoid interactions and parasitism rates were assessed in adjacent cultivated and... more Plant-aphid-parasitoid interactions and parasitism rates were assessed in adjacent cultivated and noncultivated habitats in an organic vegetable farm in a chaco serrano woodland, Córdoba, Argentina. Seven aphid species on eight vegetable species were found in the cultivated habitat. Macrosiphum euphorbiae was present on all vegetable species. Four parasitoid species were recorded, of which Diaretiella rapae was the most common. It provided 21.32% of parasitism on Brevicoryne brassicae. In the non-cultivated habitat, 36 plant species hosted 22 aphid species and five parasitoid species. The aphid Myzus persicae was present on 17 plant species of eight different families. Macrosiphoniella artemisiae was the most abundant aphid species, with the associated Aphidius sp. being the most abundant parasitoid. Aphidius polygonaphis provided 10% of parasitism on Uroleucon aeneus. We report several wild plant species as important reservoirs of parasitoids, which are potential controllers of man...
La sociedad usualmente concibe a los incendios como catástrofes naturales, con efectos negativos ... more La sociedad usualmente concibe a los incendios como catástrofes naturales, con efectos negativos para los organismos y los ambientes. Esta visión, favorecida por el sensacionalismo de los medios de comunicación, quizás tiene sus bases en percibir al fuego como un disturbio aislado en el tiempo y en el espacio, que elimina la totalidad de los organismos vivos, dejando solo cenizas y suelos estériles. Sin embargo, los incendios forman parte de la naturaleza, modelando la distribución de los ecosistemas terrestres y generando biodiversidad. El estudio del régimen de fuego, es decir las características de los incendios en una región determinada incluyendo su variabilidad temporal y espacial, es una concepción más holística que permite entender mejor la compleja relación entre el fuego y los ecosistemas. Existen regímenes de incendios que son sostenibles desde el punto de vista ecológico, por ejemplo los incendios de pastizales en los Parques Nacionales El Palmar o Quebrada del Condorito...
Boletin de la Sociedad Argentina de Botanica, 2019
El fuego es un factor ecológico de gran relevancia en muchos ecosistemas del mundo, afectando la ... more El fuego es un factor ecológico de gran relevancia en muchos ecosistemas del mundo, afectando la dinámica de la vegetación a distintas escalas, desde individuos hasta comunidades. El comportamiento de las plantas en relación al fuego comprende, por un lado, su efecto sobre el ecosistema a través de su inflamabilidad; y por otro lado su respuesta a través del rebrote y el reclutamiento de nuevos individuos. A su vez, estos aspectos fundamentales dependen de las características morfo-anatómicas, fisiológicas y fenológicas de las plantas, y de sus interacciones y compromisos que determinan distintas combinaciones o síndromes en relación al factor fuego. Sin embargo, el avance en la ecología del fuego muchas veces se ha visto dificultado por la falta de protocolos estandarizados y accesibles para cuantificar estos aspectos fundamentales en un gran número de especies, y permitir avanzar en la identificación y comparación de patrones ecológicos y evolutivos entre distintas floras. Aquí nos enfocamos en resultados experimentales obtenidos para 34 especies leñosas y herbáceas dominantes en el Chaco seco de Argentina central. Por un lado, presentamos un aparato y protocolo asociado que permite la medición estandarizada de la inflamabilidad de individuos enteros o porciones de hasta 70 cm de largo; al preservar la arquitectura de las plantas este método es considerablemente más realistaque otros métodos que miden pequeños fragmentos como hojas o ramas. Por otro lado,presentamos dos índices cuantitativos parala medición de la capacidad de rebrote, basados en relaciones alométricas simples entre la cantidad y el diámetro de los tallos principales y de los rebrotes, considerando también variables indicadoras de severidad. Estos protocolos son de bajo costo y tecnología, y requieren de una logística de campo sencilla,permitiendo evaluar de forma estandarizada un gran número de especies en poco tiempo. Adicionalmente, presentamos un protocolo general para evaluar en laboratorio la respuesta germinativa de semillas ante factores asociados al fuego como el golpe de calor y el humo. Finalmente, presentamos un modelo tridimensional que combina las mediciones de inflamabilidad, rebrote y germinación, y muestra los "síndromes de fuego" presentes en las especies evaluadas. Las metodologías presentadas deberían facilitar la adquisición de datos estandarizados para un gran número de especies de diferentes floras y ecosistemas, permitiendo comparar aspectos fundamentales de las plantas en relación al factor fuego, y contribuyendo potencialmente a varios campos de investigación más allá de la ecología del fuego, tales como ecología funcional, ecología evolutiva y el modelado de la vegetación a distintas escalas.Fil: Jaureguiberry, Pedro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Díaz, Sandra Myrna. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaXXXVII Jornadas Argentinas de BotánicaSan Miguel de TucumánArgentinaSociedad Argentina de Botánic
Fire Ecology, 2021
Background Fire is an important driver of ecosystem dynamics worldwide. However, knowledge on bro... more Background Fire is an important driver of ecosystem dynamics worldwide. However, knowledge on broad-scale patterns of ecosystem and organism responses to fires is still scarce. Through a systematic quantitative review of available studies across South America, we assessed fire effects on biodiversity and abundance of different organisms (i.e., plants, fungi, invertebrates, and vertebrates), plant fitness, and soil properties under four climate types, and time since the last fire (i.e., early and late post fire). We addressed: (1) What fire effects have been studied across South America? (2) What are the overall responses of biodiversity, abundance, fitness, and soil properties to fires? (3) How do climate and time since fire modulate those responses? Results We analyzed 160 articles reporting 1465 fire responses on paired burned and unburned conditions. We found no effect of fire on biodiversity or on invertebrate abundance, a negative effect on woody plant species and vertebrate ab...
This document contains the draft Chapter 2.2 of the IPBES Global Assessment on Biodiversity and E... more This document contains the draft Chapter 2.2 of the IPBES Global Assessment on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Governments and all observers at IPBES-7had access to these draft chapters eight weeks prior to IPBES-7. Governments accepted the Chapters at IPBES-7 based on the understanding that revisions made to the SPM during the Plenary, as a result of the dialogue between Governments and scientists, would be reflected in the final Chapters. IPBES typically releases its Chapters publicly only in their final form, which implies a delay of several months post Plenary. However, in light of the high interest for the Chapters, IPBES is releasing the six Chapters early (31 May 2019) in a draft form. Authors of the reports are currently working to reflect all the changes made to the Summary for Policymakers during the Plenary to the Chapters, and to perform final copyediting.
This document contains the draft Chapter 1 of the IPBES Global Assessment on Biodiversity and Eco... more This document contains the draft Chapter 1 of the IPBES Global Assessment on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Governments and all observers at IPBES-7 had access to these draft chapters eight weeks prior to IPBES-7. Governments accepted the Chapters at IPBES-7 based on the understanding that revisions made to the SPM during the Plenary, as a result of the dialogue between Governments and scientists, would be reflected in the final Chapters. IPBES typically releases its Chapters publicly only in their final form, which implies a delay of several months post Plenary. However, in light of the high interest for the Chapters, IPBES is releasing the six Chapters early (31 May 2019) in a draft form. Authors of the reports are currently working to reflect all the changes made to the Summary for Policymakers during the Plenary to the Chapters, and to perform final copy editing.
Conti, G., Enrico, L., Jaureguiberry, P., Cuchietti, A., Lipoma, M. L., Cabrol, D. 2018. The role... more Conti, G., Enrico, L., Jaureguiberry, P., Cuchietti, A., Lipoma, M. L., Cabrol, D. 2018. The role of functional diversity in the provision of multiple ecosystem services: An empirical analysis in the dry Chaco of Cordoba, central Argentina. Ecosistemas 27(3):60-74.Doi.: 10.7818/ECOS.1491 The ecological relevance of the study of functional diversity (FD) as a driver of ecosystem processes and ecosystem services (ES) has been widely recognized, since it has been proven to be a useful approach to understand how plants respond to different naturalor anthropogenic changes and how they alter ecosystem processes determining the provision of key ES. However, it still lacks of empirical evidence that support this theoretical relationship in forest ecosystems under management. In this work, using as anexample the dry Chaco forest of central Argentina, we attempt to quantify the joint provision of multiple ecosystem services locally perceived and valued, evaluating and discussing the use of pl...
Austral Ecology, 2021
Cacti are conspicuous plants across arid and semi-arid ecosystems of the American continent and a... more Cacti are conspicuous plants across arid and semi-arid ecosystems of the American continent and are currently under threat due to human pressures, such as habitat loss, illegal collection and changes in fire regimes. Although much of their habitat is highly fire prone, there are strikingly few studies on their germination response to fire cues. The aim of this work was to analyse the effect of heat shock (simulating wildfires) on the ‘germination %’ and the ‘mean germination time’ of 13 cactus species of two growth forms (six columnar and seven globose) from a fire-prone cactus diversity hotspot in Córdoba Mountains, central Argentina. We also analysed the effect of growth form and seed mass on species responses. Seeds were subjected to the following treatments: 70°C/5 min, 70°C/10 min, 105°C/5 min, 105°C/10 min and a control (i.e. no heat). Germination decreased under at least one treatment in seven species, increased in three species, had contrasting changes in one species, and showed no effect of treatments in two species. Germination was faster in eight species, slower in one species and showed no effects of treatments in four species. Germination was significantly higher for globose species following the 70°C/10 min treatment and for columnar species under the treatment of 110°C/10 min; while germination time did not differ between growth forms. Seed mass did not have a significant effect on germination, and only affected germination time under the 70ºC treatments, under which lighter seeds germinated faster than heavier seeds. Our results show that the studied species exhibited a high diversity of responses, with most of the species presenting tolerance to heat shock, and that under certain conditions growth form and seed mass are important traits related to species responses to heat shock treatments.Fil: Roca, Julieta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Jaureguiberry, Pedro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Gurvich, Diego Ezequiel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentin
One Earth, 2021
Multicultural representation is a stated goal of many global scientific assessment processes. The... more Multicultural representation is a stated goal of many global scientific assessment processes. These processes aim to mobilize a broader, more diverse knowledge base and increase legitimacy and inclusiveness of these assessment processes. Often, enhancing cultural diversity is encouraged through involvement of diverse expert teams and sources of knowledge in different languages. In this article, we examined linguistic diversity, as one representation of cultural diversity, in the eight published assessments of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). Our results show that the IPBES assessment outputs are disproportionately filtered through English-language literature and authors from Anglophone countries. To incorporate more linguistic diversity into global ecosystem assessment processes, we present actionable steps for global science teams to recognize and incorporate non-English-language literature and contributions from non-Anglophones. Our findings highlight the need for broad-scale actions that enhance inclusivity in knowledge-synthesis processes through balanced representation of different knowledge holders and sources.
Forest Ecology and Management, 2020
Abstract Qualitative measures of resprouting capacity often fail to capture inter- and intra-spec... more Abstract Qualitative measures of resprouting capacity often fail to capture inter- and intra-species variation, whereas available quantitative methods can be complex and time-consuming, hindering broad-scale comparative studies. Here, we propose two quantitative indices that can be applied in a standard way in different regions. We sampled 1046 plants of 20 dominant species (6 shrubs, 7 trees and 7 tree/shrubs) from the seasonally dry forests of the arid Chaco, central-western Argentina. Sampling was conducted in burned field sites one growing season after fire. For each sampled plant we measured the diameter of the main burned trunk (MTD) and main resprout (MRD), and the number of burned trunks (TN) and resprouts (RN); we then built estimated composite diameters for trunks and resprouts (ECTD and ECRD) and we calculated two alternative Resprouting Capacity Indices: RCI 1 (ECRD/ECTD); and RCI 2 (MRD/MTD). The indices were validated against a measure of Resprouting Vigour (RV) that included detailed measurement of all trunks and resprouts for a subset of sampled plants. In all cases, variables indicative of fire severity were measured and included in the analyses. The RCIs and RV were highly related, both at the species and growth form levels. Fire severity had no significant effect on these relationships, but growth form affected RCI 2. All species were capable of resprouting, showing considerable inter-species variation for the two proposed RCIs. Species rank differed considerably between RCIs and survival-only estimations. RCI 1 was higher in tree/shrubs (i.e. species regarded as trees or shrubs) and trees than in shrubs. All species showed decreasing resprouting capacity with increasing ECTD. Our results support the use of the proposed RCIs as a robust tool to assess resprouting capacity, providing more details than survival-based assessments. Choosing one or the other implies a trade-off between accuracy and simplicity, and may depend on the scale and objective of the study, and resprouting patterns of studied species. Species, growth form and individual plant size are relevant in explaining post-fire resprouting capacity and survival.
Environmental Science & Policy, 2020
Despite increasing scientific understanding of the global environmental crisis, we struggle to ad... more Despite increasing scientific understanding of the global environmental crisis, we struggle to adopt the policies science suggests would be effective. One of the reasons for that is the lack of inclusive engagement and dialogue among a wide range of different actors. Furthermore, there is a lack of consideration of differences between languages, worldviews and cultures. In this paper, we propose that engagement across the science-policy interface can be strengthened by being mindful of the breadth and depth of the diverse human-nature relations found around the globe. By examining diverse conceptualizations of "nature" in more than 60 languages, we identify three clusters: inclusive conceptualizations where humans are viewed as an integral component of nature; non-inclusive conceptualizations where humans are separate from nature; and deifying conceptualizations where nature is understood and experienced within a spiritual dimension. Considering and respecting this rich repertoire of ways of describing, thinking about and relating to nature can help us communicate in ways that resonate across cultures and worldviews. This repertoire also provides a resource we can draw on when defining policies and sustainability scenarios for the future, offering opportunities for finding solutions to global environmental challenges.
Austral Ecology, 2018
Fire is a key ecological factor affecting plant dynamics. In the last decades, fire occurrence in... more Fire is a key ecological factor affecting plant dynamics. In the last decades, fire occurrence in the Chaco region has increased noticeably, challenging the adaptive capacity of plants to regenerate after a fire. Broad-leaved forb species have been much less studied than woody and graminoids, although they are an important component of fire dynamics. Here we analyzed the germination response to heat shock of 70ºC and 110ºC, smoke and their combination in10 broad-leaved herbaceous species frequently occurring in the Chaco Serrano of Córdoba province, central Argentina, including five annual (Bidens subalternans, Conyza bonariensis, Schkuhria pinnata, Tagetes minuta and Zinnia peruviana) and five perennial species (Borreria eryngioides, Sida rhombifolia, Solidago chilensis, Taraxacum officinale and Verbena litoralis). We also compared the response of annual vs perennial species. Six species had highest germination when treated with heat and smoke combined, whereas two had lowest germination under this treatment, indicating synergistic and antagonistic interaction of these factors, respectively. Most of the species tolerated heat shock (i.e. germination was similar to that in control treatment), whereas others had higher germination in response to heat shock, especially under the moderate 70ºC treatment. Germination was higher than control (i.e. no heat and no smoke) after smoke treatment in four species. Perennial species showed higher average germination than annuals in both heat treatments and in the control. Annual species had higher average germination for all treatments involving smoke. The high variability observed at the species level, and the limited number of species studied calls for precaution in interpreting and extrapolating results. Nevertheless, our study shows a general positive response of both perennial and annual species to fire cues, suggesting an advantage of these species for colonizing post-fire environments, and being favoured under scenarios of increasingly frequent low-to-medium intensity fires.
Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2017
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Papers by Pedro Jaureguiberry
2. We propose a three-dimensional model that combines R, S and F, encapsulating both plant response to fire regimes and the capacity to promote them. Each axis is divided into three possible standardized categories, reflecting low, medium and high values of each variable, with a total of 27 possible combinations of R, S and F.
3. We hypothesized that different fire histories should be reflected in the position of species within the three-dimensional space, and that this should help assess the importance of fire as an evolutionary force in determining R-S-F syndromes.
4. To illustrate our approach, we compiled information on the fire syndromes of 24 dominant species of different growth forms from the Chaco seasonally dry forest of central Argentina, and we compared them to 33 species from different Mediterranean-type climate ecosystems (MTCEs) of the world.
5. Chaco and MTCEs species differed in the range (7 syndromes vs. 13 syndromes, respectively) and proportion of extreme syndromes (i.e. species with extreme values of R, S and/or F) representing 29% of species in the Chaco vs. 45% in the MTCEs.
6. In addition, we explored the patterns of R, S and F of 4032 species from seven regions with contrasting fire histories, and found significantly higher frequencies of extreme values (predominantly high) of all three variables in MTCEs compared to the other regions, where intermediate and low values predominated, broadly supporting our general hypothesis.
7. The proposed three-dimensional approach should help standardize comparisons of fire syndromes across taxa, growth forms and regions with different fire histories. This will contribute to the understanding of the role of fire in the evolution of plant traits and assist vegetation modelling in the face of changes in fire regimes.
2. We propose a three-dimensional model that combines R, S and F, encapsulating both plant response to fire regimes and the capacity to promote them. Each axis is divided into three possible standardized categories, reflecting low, medium and high values of each variable, with a total of 27 possible combinations of R, S and F.
3. We hypothesized that different fire histories should be reflected in the position of species within the three-dimensional space, and that this should help assess the importance of fire as an evolutionary force in determining R-S-F syndromes.
4. To illustrate our approach, we compiled information on the fire syndromes of 24 dominant species of different growth forms from the Chaco seasonally dry forest of central Argentina, and we compared them to 33 species from different Mediterranean-type climate ecosystems (MTCEs) of the world.
5. Chaco and MTCEs species differed in the range (7 syndromes vs. 13 syndromes, respectively) and proportion of extreme syndromes (i.e. species with extreme values of R, S and/or F) representing 29% of species in the Chaco vs. 45% in the MTCEs.
6. In addition, we explored the patterns of R, S and F of 4032 species from seven regions with contrasting fire histories, and found significantly higher frequencies of extreme values (predominantly high) of all three variables in MTCEs compared to the other regions, where intermediate and low values predominated, broadly supporting our general hypothesis.
7. The proposed three-dimensional approach should help standardize comparisons of fire syndromes across taxa, growth forms and regions with different fire histories. This will contribute to the understanding of the role of fire in the evolution of plant traits and assist vegetation modelling in the face of changes in fire regimes.