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Redistribution of the percentage of tropical cyclone energy in the globe

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Abstract

Tropical cyclone (TC) risk often varies with changes in the distribution of TC energy within and between basins. Little is known how global tropical cyclone energy is redistributed under global warming. By studying the contribution of individual basin TCs to the global TC activity, the study reveals the process of energy redistribution among different tropical cyclone categories. Results indicate that the distribution of accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) varies among the different tropical cyclone categories in a given basin. The percentage of the ACE in an individual basin has undergone significant redistribution over several decades. The changes in impact factors in specific basins during the active tropical cyclone season are discussed in relation to those factors in other basins, and they are found to vary among the basins. Furthermore, the models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) show trends in the distribution of TC energy in the future.

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Data availability

TC data is available online at https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ibtracs/. Monthly SST data at https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.noaa.ersst.v5.html. Monthly wind, specific humidity, and air temperature fields at https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.ncep.reanalysis.html. Monthly ocean heat content for the upper 300 m data at https://www.cen.uni-hamburg.de/en/icdc/data/ocean/easy-init-ocean/ecmwf-oras5.html. Model data at https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/search/cmip6/, and the CMIP6 models employed in this study are listed in Table A1 in the Supporting Information.

Code availability

Computer code used for the analysis was written in NCL, all types of figures that occur in this study can be found in NCL application examples (available online at https://www.ncl.ucar.edu/Applications/). More specific codes in this study are available to readers upon request.

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Acknowledgements

This work is jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42192555, 42105014), and Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2024QD041). We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme, which, through its Working Group on Coupled Modelling, coordinated and promoted CMIP6. We thank the climate modeling groups for producing and making available their model output, the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) for archiving the data and providing access, and the multiple funding agencies who support CMIP6 and ESGF.

Funding

This work is jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42192555, 42105014), and Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2024QD041).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China

    Qiuyun Wang

  2. Key Laboratory of Mesoscale Severe Weather/Ministry of Education and School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China

    Zhe-Min Tan

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  1. Qiuyun Wang
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Z.-M.T. and Q.Y.W. designed the study and contributed to the data analysis, interpretation, and writing of the paper.

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Correspondence to Zhe-Min Tan.

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Wang, Q., Tan, ZM. Redistribution of the percentage of tropical cyclone energy in the globe. Clim Dyn 62, 10525–10542 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07458-x

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