The Unemployed with Jobs and without Jobs

Robert E. Hall () and Marianna Kudlyak
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Robert E. Hall: Stanford University

No 15136, IZA Discussion Papers from Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)

Abstract: Potential workers are classified as unemployed if they seek work but are not working. The unemployed population contains two groups—those with jobs and those without jobs. Those with jobs are on furlough or temporary layoff. This group expanded tremendously in April 2020, at the trough of the pandemic recession. They wait out periods of non-work with the understanding that their jobs still exist and that they will be recalled. We show that the resulting temporary-layoff unemployment mostly dissipated by the end of 2020. Potential workers without jobs constitute what we call jobless unemployment. Shocks that elevate jobless unemployment have much more persistent effects. Historical major adverse shocks, such as the financial crisis in 2008, created mostly jobless unemployment and consequently caused extended periods of elevated unemployment. Jobless unemployment reached its pandemic peak in November 2020, at 4.9%, modest by historical standards, and has declined at a faster-than-historical pace since.

Keywords: recall; business cycle; recovery; unemployment; recession; layoffs; temporary layoff; COVID-19 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: E32 J63 J64 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 37 pages
Date: 2022-03
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-lab and nep-mac
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Citations: View citations in EconPapers (19)

Published - published in: Labour Economics, 2022, 79, 102244

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Related works:
Journal Article: The unemployed with jobs and without jobs (2022)
Working Paper: The Unemployed with Jobs and without Jobs (2022)
Working Paper: The Unemployed with Jobs and without Jobs (2021)
Working Paper: The Unemployed With Jobs and Without Jobs (2020)
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