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Line 249: Various advanced reusable spacecraft and hypersonic aircraft designs have been proposed to employ heat shields made from temperature-resistant metal [[alloy]]s that incorporate a refrigerant or cryogenic fuel circulating through them. Such a TPS concept was proposed for the [[Rockwell X-30\|X-30 National Aerospace Plane]] (NASP) in the mid-80s.~~<ref>~~{{~~cite web \|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/nasp.htm \|title=X-30 National Aerospace Plane (NASP) \|access-date=29 August 2022 \|website=globalsecurity.org~~cn}}~~</ref>~~ The NASP was supposed to have been a [[scramjet]] powered hypersonic aircraft, but failed in development.{{cn}} In 2005 and 2012, two unmanned [[lifting body]] craft with actively cooled hulls were launched as a part of the German [[Sharp Edge Flight Experiment]] (SHEFEX).{{cn}} In early 2019, [[SpaceX]] was developing an actively cooled heat shield for its [[SpaceX Starship\|Starship]] spacecraft where a part of the thermal protection system will be a [[transpiration cooling\|transpirationally cooled]] outer-skin design for the reentering spaceship.<ref name=sdc20190123>[https://www.space.com/43101-elon-musk-explains-stainless-steel-starship.html Why Elon Musk Turned to Stainless Steel for SpaceX's Starship Mars Rocket] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203064031/https://www.space.com/43101-elon-musk-explains-stainless-steel-starship.html \|date=February 3, 2019 }}, Mike Wall, space.com, 23 January 2019, accessed 23 March 2019.</ref><ref name=trati20190123>[https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-ceo-elon-musk-starship-transpiring-steel-heat-shield-interview/ SpaceX CEO Elon Musk explains Starship's "transpiring" steel heat shield in Q&A] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041422/https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-ceo-elon-musk-starship-transpiring-steel-heat-shield-interview/ \|date=January 24, 2019 }}, Eric Ralph, ''Teslarati News'', 23 January 2019, accessed 23 March 2019</ref> However, SpaceX abandoned this approach in favor of a modern version of heat shield tiles later in 2019.<ref name="musk20190924">{{cite tweet \|last=Musk \|first=Elon \|author-link=Elon Musk \|user=elonmusk \|number=1176561209971101696 \|date=24 September 2019 \|title=@OranMaliphant @Erdayastronaut Could do it, but we developed low cost reusable tiles that are much lighter than transpiration cooling & quite robust\|access-date=9 May 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427153543/https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1176561209971101696 \|archive-date=27 April 2021 \|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="musk20190724">{{cite tweet \|last=Musk \|first=Elon \|author-link=Elon Musk \|user=elonmusk \|number=1154229558989561857 \|date=24 July 2019 \|title=@Erdayastronaut @goathobbit Thin tiles on windward side of ship & nothing on leeward or anywhere on booster looks like lightest option\|access-date=9 May 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427154113/https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1154229558989561857 \|archive-date=27 April 2021 \|url-status=live}}</ref>

Atmospheric entry: Difference between revisions

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