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{{short description|Species of bird}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}▼
{{Use New Zealand English|date=July 2024}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021">{{
| image =
|
▲| genus = ''[[Marsh tern|Chlidonias]]''
▲| binomial_authority = ([[George Robert Gray|Gray]], 1845)
| synonyms = ''Sterna albostriata''
}}
The '''black-fronted tern''' ('''''Chlidonias albostriatus'''''), also known as '''sea martin''', '''ploughboy''', '''inland tern''', '''riverbed tern''' or '''tarapiroe''',<ref name="RWNZ">Rod Morris and [[Alison Ballance]], ''"Rare Wildlife of New Zealand"'', Random House, 2008</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2021}} is a small [[tern]] generally found in or near bodies of fresh water in New Zealand,
==Taxonomy==
German naturalist [[Johann Reinhold Forster]] [[species description|described]] the black-fronted tern from a specimen collected at [[Queen Charlotte Sound (New Zealand)|Queen Charlotte Sound]], Marlborough in 1832, giving it the binomial name ''Sterna antarctica'',<ref>{{cite journal | first=Johann Reinhold| last= Forster|year= 1832 | journal= Isis von Oken |volume= 11|page= 1223 | title=Sterna antarctica |url=
[[File:Sterna albostriata.jpg|alt=Illustration of Black-fronted tern|left|thumb|''A History of the Birds of New Zealand'', Buller, 1888]]
The first valid description of the species was by [[George Robert Gray]] in 1845, who called it ''Hydrochelidon albostriata''.<ref name=gray1845>{{cite book|last =Gray |first=George Robert | title = Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Erebus and Terror, Under the Command of Sir James C. Ross, 1839-43 | publisher = Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans| year = 1845 |location = London| page=19 | url=https://books.google.com
Its taxonomic placement was unclear for many years, as its plumage and migration inland to nest suggested it belonged with the [[marsh tern]]s of the genus ''Chlidonias'' yet it did not nest in marshes like the other members of that genus. [[Martin Moynihan (biologist)|Martin Moynihan]] described it as "the most puzzling case", ultimately placing it in ''Sterna'' as he suspected the similarity of its breeding plumage to that of ''C. hybrida'' was due to similarity in environment and observed that the nonbreeding plumage resembled that of other members of ''Sterna''.<ref>{{cite journal | title=A revision of the family Laridae (Aves) | journal= American Museum
▲The first valid description of the species was by [[George Robert Gray]] in 1845, who called it ''Hydrochelidon albostriata''.<ref name=gray1845>{{cite book|last =Gray |first=George Robert | title = Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Erebus and Terror, Under the Command of Sir James C. Ross, 1839-43 | publisher = Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans| year = 1845 |location = London| page=19 | url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=AF9ZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA19}}</ref> Its specific name is derived from the [[Latin]] ''albus'' "white", and ''striatus'' "striped".<ref>{{cite book|author = Simpson DP| title = Cassell's Latin Dictionary | publisher = Cassell Ltd.| year = 1979|edition = 5th|location = London| isbn=0-304-52257-0}}</ref>
The species has several vernacular names. Gray noted in 1845 that the Maori called it ''tarapiroe''.<ref name=gray1845/> It is called ploughboy or ploughman's friend for its habit of foraging for earthworms and grubs in newly ploughed soil.<ref>{{cite
▲Its taxonomic placement was unclear for many years, as its plumage and migration inland to nest suggested it belonged with the [[marsh tern]]s of the genus ''Chlidonias'' yet it did not nest in marshes like the other members of that genus. [[Martin Moynihan]] described it as "the most puzzling case", ultimately placing it in ''Sterna'' as he suspected the similarity of its breeding plumage to that of ''C. hybrida'' was due to similarity in environment and observed that the nonbreeding plumage resembled that of other members of ''Sterna''.<ref>{{cite journal | title=A revision of the family Laridae (Aves) | journal= American Museum novitates | issue= 1928 | last=Moynihan| first= Martin | year=1959 | url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/5365//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N1928.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y }}</ref> Gochfeld and Berger (1996) followed in keeping it in ''Sterna'', while [[Charles Sibley]] and [[Burt Monroe]] placed it in ''Chlidonias''. A 2005 molecular study by Bridge and colleagues placed it as a basal member of the marsh terns, settling the issue.<ref name=Bridge2005 >{{cite journal|last=Bridge |first=Eli S. |author2=Jones, Andrew W. |author3=Baker, Allan J.|year=2005 |title= A phylogenetic framework for the terns (Sternini) inferred from mtDNA sequences: implications for taxonomy and plumage evolution | url = http://www.cmnh.org/site/Files/Ornithology/MPETerns.pdf| format = PDF| doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.010 | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=35 |pages=459–469|pmid=15804415|issue=2}}</ref>
▲The species has several vernacular names. Gray noted in 1845 that the Maori called it ''tarapiroe''.<ref name=gray1845/> It is called ploughboy or ploughman's friend for its habit of foraging for earthworms and grubs in newly ploughed soil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/gulls-terns-and-skuas/3|title=Black-fronted terns|year=2009|work=What's the Story? Encyclopedia of New Zealand|publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga|accessdate=31 December 2009}}</ref>
==Description==
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==Distribution and habitat==
Within New Zealand, the black-fronted tern is found from the southern tip of the [[North Island]], and along much of the eastern [[South Island]] from [[Marlborough
==Breeding==
The breeding range is restricted to South Island only. It lives along riverbanks and can forage out to 10 km (6 mi) at sea in the nonbreeding season.<ref name="birdlife"/>
Fieldwork on the [[Wairau River]] in Marlbrorough showed that the [[swamp harrier]] (''Circus approximans'') is a common raider of black-fronted tern nests for eggs, with the native [[kelp gull]] (''Larus dominicanus'') and [[South Island oystercatcher]]s (''Haematopus finschi'') also raiding. Introduced mammals such as the cat (''Felis catus''), stoat (''Mustela erminea''), hedgehog (''Erinaceus europaeus occidentalis'') and black rat (''Rattus rattus'') have also been recorded.<ref>{{cite journal |
==Conservation==
Numbers of black-fronted terns are decreasing across its range, and the species is classified as endangered. Threats include several species introduced to New Zealand
==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:NZBirds1.JPG|A black-fronted tern nest.
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==References==
{{
{{Taxonbar|from=Q998588}}
[[Category:Chlidonias|black-fronted tern]]
[[Category:Birds of
[[Category:Birds described in 1845|black-fronted tern]]
[[Category:Taxa named by George Robert Gray|black-fronted tern]]
[[Category:Endemic birds of New Zealand]]
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