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{{Buddhism}}
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'''Buddhism''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ʊ|d|ɪ|z|əm}} {{respell|BUUD|ih|zəm}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|ˈ|b|uː|d|-}} {{respell|BOOD|-}}),{{sfnp|Wells|2008|p=}}{{sfnp|Roach|2011|p=}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/buddhism|title=buddhism noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes {{pipe}} Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com|access-date=19 March 2023|archive-date=13 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213071447/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/buddhism|url-status=live}}</ref> also known as '''Buddha Dharma''', is an [[Indian religion]]{{efn|"Indian religions" is a term used by scholars to describe those religions that originated on the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jonathan H. X. Lee|author2=Kathleen M. Nadeau |title=Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas00leej/page/504 |year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-35066-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas00leej/page/504 504]}}, Quote: "The three other major Indian religions – Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism – originated in India as an alternative to Brahmanic/Hindu philosophy"</ref><ref>[[Jan Gonda]] (1987), ''Indian Religions: An Overview – Buddhism and Jainism'', Encyclopedia of Religion, 2nd Edition, Volume 7, Editor: Lindsay Jones, Macmillan Reference, {{ISBN|0-02-865740-3}}, p. 4428</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=[[K. T. S. Sarao]]|author2=Jefferey Long |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Religions: Buddhism and Jainism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m0_njwEACAAJ |year=2017 |publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-94-024-0851-5}}, Quote: "Buddhism and Jainism, two religions which, together with Hinduism, constitute the three pillars of Indic religious tradition in its classical formulation."</ref> Early Buddhism originated on the eastern [[Indo-Gangetic plain]], spanning parts of both modern-day [[India]] and [[Nepal]].{{fact|date=March 2024}}}} and [[philosophical tradition]] based on [[Pre-sectarian Buddhism|teachings]] attributed to [[the Buddha]], a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century [[Before the Common Era|BCE]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Siderits |first1=Mark |title=Buddha |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/buddha/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |date=2019 |access-date=22 October 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521121053/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/buddha/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the [[Major religious groups|world's fourth-largest religion]],<ref>"Buddhism". (2009). In ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Retrieved 26 November 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition.</ref>{{sfnp|Lopez|2001|p=239}} with over 520 million followers, known as '''Buddhists''', who comprise seven percent of the global population.<ref name="Pew_2012a">{{cite web |work=Global Religious Landscape |title=Buddhists |date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-buddhist/ |access-date=13 March 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408011020/https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-buddhist/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.gordonconwell.edu/resources/documents/1IBMR2015.pdf |title=Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal |journal=International Bulletin of Missionary Research |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=28–29 |date=January 2015 |doi=10.1177/239693931503900108 |s2cid=148475861 |access-date=2015-05-29 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141543/http://www.gordonconwell.edu/resources/documents/1IBMR2015.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017|via=Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary}}</ref> It arose in the eastern [[Gangetic plain]] as a {{Transliteration|sa|[[śramaṇa]]}} movement in the 5th century BCE, and gradually spread throughout much of Asia. Buddhism has subsequently played a major role in Asian culture and spirituality, eventually spreading to [[Western world|the West]] in the 20th century.<ref name="brit">{{cite web |last1=Reynolds |first1=Frank |last2=Tucci |first2=Giuseppe |title=Buddhism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism |website=Britannica |access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref>
The [[Tripiṭaka|Buddhist canon]] is vast, with many different textual collections in different languages (such as [[Sanskrit]], [[Pali]], [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibetan]], and [[Chinese language|Chinese]]).<ref>[https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/the-buddhist-canon British Library ''The development of the Buddhist 'canon'''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407060443/https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/the-buddhist-canon |date=7 April 2021 }} at bl.uk. Retriebved 10 February 2023.</ref> [[Schools of Buddhism|Buddhist schools]] vary in their interpretation of the paths to liberation ({{Transliteration|sa|[[Buddhist paths to liberation|mārga]]}}) as well as the relative importance and "canonicity" assigned to various [[Buddhist texts]], and their specific teachings and practices.{{sfnp|Williams|1989|pp=275ff}}{{sfnp|Robinson|Johnson|1997|p=xx}} Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: [[Theravada|Theravāda]] ({{Literal translation|School of the Elders}}) and [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] ({{Literal translation|Great Vehicle}}). The Theravada tradition emphasizes the attainment of {{Transliteration|sa|[[Nirvana (Buddhism)|nirvāṇa]]}} ({{Literal translation|extinguishing}}) as a means of transcending the individual self and ending the cycle of death and rebirth ({{Transliteration|sa|[[Saṃsāra (Buddhism)|saṃsāra]]}}),{{sfnp|Gethin |1998|pp=27–28, 73–74}}{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|p=99}}{{sfnp|Powers|2007|pp=392–393, 415}} while the Mahayana tradition emphasizes the [[Bodhisattva|Bodhisattva ideal]], in which one works for the liberation of all sentient beings. Additionally, [[Vajrayāna]] ({{Literal translation|Indestructible Vehicle}}), a body of teachings incorporating esoteric [[tantra|tantric]] techniques, may be viewed as a separate branch or tradition within Mahāyāna.<ref name="White 2000 21">{{cite book |editor-last=White |editor-first=David Gordon |year=2000 |page=21 |title=Tantra in Practice |publisher=Princeton University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hayV4o50eUEC&pg=PA21 |isbn=978-0-691-05779-8 |access-date=8 July 2015 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055825/https://books.google.com/books?id=hayV4o50eUEC&pg=PA21 |url-status=live }}</ref>
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==Etymology==
The names Buddha Dharma and '''Bauddha Dharma''' come from [[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|बुद्ध धर्म}} and {{lang|sa|बौद्ध धर्म}} respectively ("doctrine of the Enlightened One" and "doctrine of Buddhists"). The term '''Dharmavinaya''' comes from Sanskrit: {{lang|sa|धर्मविनय}}, literally meaning "doctrines [and] disciplines".<ref>{{Cite
[[The Buddha]] ("the Awakened One") was a [[Śramaṇa]] who lived in [[South Asia]] c. 6th or 5th century BCE.{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=7–8}}{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|2013|pp=ix–xi}} Followers of Buddhism, called ''Buddhists'' in English, referred to themselves as ''Sakyan''-s or ''Sakyabhiksu'' in ancient India.<ref>''Beyond Enlightenment: Buddhism, Religion, Modernity'' by Richard Cohen. Routledge 1999. {{ISBN|0-415-54444-0}}. p. 33. "Donors adopted Sakyamuni Buddha's family name to assert their legitimacy as his heirs, both institutionally and ideologically. To take the name of Sakya was to define oneself by one's affiliation with the buddha, somewhat like calling oneself a Buddhist today.</ref><ref>''Sakya or Buddhist Origins'' by Caroline Rhys Davids (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1931) p. 1. "Put away the word "Buddhism" and think of your subject as "Sakya." This will at once place you for your perspective at a true point. You are now concerned to learn less about 'Buddha' and 'Buddhism,' and more about him whom India has ever known as Sakya-muni, and about his men who, as their records admit, were spoken of as the Sakya-sons, or men of the Sakyas."</ref> Buddhist scholar Donald S. Lopez asserts they also used the term ''Bauddha'',<ref>Lopez, Donald S. (1995). ''Curators of the Buddha'', University of Chicago Press. p. 7</ref> although scholar Richard Cohen asserts that that term was used only by outsiders to describe Buddhists.<ref>''Beyond Enlightenment: Buddhism, Religion, Modernity'' by Richard Cohen. Routledge 1999. {{ISBN|0-415-54444-0}}. p. 33. Bauddha is "a secondary derivative of buddha, in which the vowel's lengthening indicates connection or relation. Things that are bauddha pertain to the buddha, just as things Saiva related to Siva and things Vaisnava belong to Visnu. ... baudda can be both adjectival and nominal; it can be used for doctrines spoken by the buddha, objects enjoyed by him, texts attributed to him, as well as individuals, communities, and societies that offer him reverence or accept ideologies certified through his name. Strictly speaking, Sakya is preferable to bauddha since the latter is not attested at Ajanta. In fact, as a collective noun, bauddha is an outsider's term. The bauddha did not call themselves this in India, though they did sometimes use the word adjectivally (e.g., as a possessive, the buddha's)."</ref>
==The Buddha==
[[File:BRP Lumbini Mayadevi temple.jpg|thumb|[[Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini|Mayadevi Temple]] marking the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]'s birthplace in [[Lumbini]]]]▼
[[File:Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png|right|thumb|Ancient kingdoms and cities of South Asia and Central Asia during the time of the Buddha (c. 500 BCE) – modern-day India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan]]▼
{{Main|The Buddha}}
[[File:Tapa Shotor seated Buddha (Niche V1).jpg|thumb|[[The Buddha]], [[Tapa Shotor]] monastery in [[Hadda, Afghanistan|Hadda]], Afghanistan, 2nd century CE]]
▲[[File:BRP Lumbini Mayadevi temple.jpg|thumb|[[Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini|
Details of the Buddha's life are mentioned in many [[Early Buddhist Texts]] but are inconsistent. His social background and life details are difficult to prove, and the precise dates are uncertain, although the 5th century BCE seems to be the best estimate.{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=13–14}}{{Refn|group=note|Buddhist texts such as the [[Jataka tales]] of the Theravada Buddhist tradition, and early biographies such as the ''[[Buddhacarita]]'', the [[Lokottaravāda|Lokottaravādin]] ''[[Mahāvastu]]'', the [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivādin]] ''[[Lalitavistara Sūtra]]'', give different accounts about the life of the Buddha; many include stories of his many rebirths, and some add significant embellishments.{{sfnp|Swearer|2004|p=177}}{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=15–24}} Keown and Prebish state, "In the past, modern scholars have generally accepted 486 or 483 BCE for this [Buddha's death], but the consensus is now that they rest on evidence which is too flimsy.{{sfnp|Keown|Prebish|2010|pp=105–106}} Scholars are hesitant to make unqualified claims about the historical facts of the Buddha's life. Most accept that he lived, taught and founded a monastic order, but do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies."{{sfnp|Buswell|2004|p=352}}{{sfnp|Lopez|1995|p=16}}{{sfnp|Carrithers|1986|p=10}}{{sfnp|Armstrong|2004|p=xii}}}}
▲[[File:Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png
Early texts have the Buddha's family name as "Gautama" (Pali: Gotama), while some texts give Siddhartha as his surname. He was born in [[Lumbini]], present-day [[Nepal]] and grew up in [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]],{{refn|group=note|The exact identity of this ancient place is unclear. Please see [[Gautama Buddha]] article for various sites identified.}} a town in the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Ganges Plain]], near the modern Nepal–India border, and he spent his life in what is now modern [[Bihar]]{{Refn|group=note|Bihar is derived from ''Vihara'', which means monastery.{{sfnp|Gombrich|1988|p=49}}}} and [[Uttar Pradesh]].{{sfnp|Gombrich|1988|p=49}}{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=13–14}} Some hagiographic legends state that his father was a king named [[Śuddhodana|Suddhodana]], his mother was [[Maya (mother of the Buddha)|Queen Maya.]]<ref name="Thomas2013p16">{{cite book|author=Edward J. Thomas |title=The Life of Buddha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zfb9AQAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-20121-9 |pages=16–29 }}</ref> Scholars such as [[Richard Gombrich]] consider this a dubious claim because a combination of evidence suggests he was born in the [[Shakya]] community, which was governed by a [[Gaṇasaṅgha|small oligarchy or republic-like council]] where there were no ranks but where seniority mattered instead.{{sfnp|Gombrich|1988|pp=49–50}} Some of the stories about the Buddha, his life, his teachings, and claims about the society he grew up in may have been invented and interpolated at a later time into the Buddhist texts.{{sfnp|Gombrich|1988|pp=18–19, 50–51}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Kurt Tropper |title=Tibetan Inscriptions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKFbFXQSqqUC |year=2013|publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-90-04-25241-7 |pages=60–61 with footnotes 134–136}}</ref>
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===Three marks of existence===
{{main|Three marks of existence}}[[File:Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Dharmacakra Discourse.jpeg|thumb|right|alt=color manuscript illustration of Buddha teaching the [[Four Noble Truths]], Nalanda, Bihar, India|The Buddha teaching the Four Noble Truths. [[Sanskrit]] manuscript. [[Nalanda]], [[Bihar]], India]]Most schools of Buddhism teach [[three marks of existence]]:{{sfnp|Gombrich|2005a|p=47, Quote: "All phenomenal existence [in Buddhism] is said to have three interlocking characteristics: impermanence, suffering and lack of soul or essence."}}
* ''[[Dukkha]]'': unease, suffering
* ''Anicca'': [[impermanence]]
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===''Śīla'' – Buddhist ethics===
{{Main|Buddhist ethics}}
[[File:Buddhist_alms_in_Si_Phan_Don.jpg|thumb|Buddhist monks collect alms in [[Si Phan Don]],
''Śīla'' (Sanskrit) or ''sīla'' (Pāli) is the concept of "moral virtues", that is the second group and an integral part of the Noble Eightfold Path.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=83–84}} It generally consists of right speech, right action and right livelihood.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=83–84}}
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====Precepts====
{{main|Five precepts}}
Buddhist scriptures explain the five precepts ({{
The five precepts are seen as a basic training applicable to all Buddhists. They are:{{sfnp|Williams|2005c|p=398}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Bodhi Bhikkhu |url=https://archive.org/details/greatdisciplesof00nyan/|title=Great Disciples of the Buddha: Their Lives, Their Works, Their Legacy|publisher=Wisdom Publications|year=1997|isbn=978-0-86171-128-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/greatdisciplesof00nyan/page/387 387, fn. 12]}}</ref>{{sfnp|Harvey|2000|p=67}}
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# "I undertake the training-precept to abstain from alcoholic drink or drugs that are an opportunity for heedlessness." According to Harvey, intoxication is seen as a way to mask rather than face the sufferings of life. It is seen as damaging to one's mental clarity, mindfulness and ability to keep the other four precepts.{{sfnp|Harvey|2000|p=77}}
Undertaking and upholding the five precepts is based on the principle of [[ahimsa|non-harming]] ([[Pāli]] and {{
====Vinaya====
{{main|Vinaya}}
[[File:Buddhist Ordination Ceremony.jpg|thumb|left|An ordination ceremony at [[Wat Yannawa]] in Bangkok. The Vinaya codes regulate the various sangha acts, including ordination.]]
Vinaya is the specific code of conduct for a ''sangha'' of monks or nuns. It includes the [[Patimokkha]], a set of 227 offences including 75 rules of decorum for monks, along with penalties for transgression, in the Theravadin tradition.{{sfnp|Gombrich|1988|p=109}} The precise content of the ''[[Vinaya Pitaka]]'' (scriptures on the Vinaya) differs in different schools and tradition, and different monasteries set their own standards on its implementation. The list of ''pattimokkha'' is recited every fortnight in a ritual gathering of all monks.{{sfnp|Gombrich|1988|p=109}} Buddhist text with vinaya rules for monasteries have been traced in all Buddhist traditions, with the oldest surviving being the ancient Chinese translations.{{sfnp|Gombrich|1988|p=93}}
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Buddhism is also growing by conversion. In India, more than 85% of the total Buddhists have converted from Hinduism to Buddhism,<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/dalits-who-converted-to-buddhism-better-off-in-literacy-and-well-being/745230/|title=Dalits who converted to Buddhism better off in literacy and well-being: Survey|date=2 July 2017|access-date=10 November 2019|archive-date=3 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903210259/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/dalits-who-converted-to-buddhism-better-off-in-literacy-and-well-being/745230/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="thequint.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/india/2017/06/17/dalits-converting-to-buddhism|title=Dalits Are Still Converting to Buddhism, but at a Dwindling Rate|date=17 June 2017|website=The Quint|access-date=31 July 2017|archive-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729095011/https://www.thequint.com/india/2017/06/17/dalits-converting-to-buddhism|url-status=live}}</ref> and they are called [[neo-Buddhist]]s or [[Ambedkarite]] Buddhists.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="thequint.com"/> In New Zealand, about 25–35% of the total Buddhists are converts to Buddhism.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org.nz/assets/Uploads/Our-futures-submissionPaul-Morris.pdf |title=The 2013 Census and religion |website=royalsociety.org.nz |access-date=13 August 2021 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228042454/https://royalsociety.org.nz/assets/Uploads/Our-futures-submissionPaul-Morris.pdf |archive-date=28 February 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Taonga|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|title=Buddhists|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/diverse-religions/page-3|access-date=2020-06-12|website=teara.govt.nz|archive-date=17 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017102131/https://teara.govt.nz/en/diverse-religions/page-3|url-status=live}}</ref> Buddhism has also spread to the [[Nordic countries]]; for example, the Burmese Buddhists founded in the city of [[Kuopio]] in [[North Savonia]] the first Buddhist monastery of [[Finland]], named the Buddha Dhamma Ramsi monastery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=71,7596,0,0,1,0 |title=Buddhist Channel {{pipe}} Buddhism News, Headlines {{pipe}} World {{pipe}} Burmese Buddhist monastery opens in Finland |publisher=Buddhistchannel.tv |date=5 January 2009 |access-date=9 April 2021 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428140017/https://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=71,7596,0,0,1,0 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Criticism==
{{Main|Criticism of Buddhism}}
Traditional Buddhist texts often portray women as deceitful and lustful.{{which?|date=November 2024}} The Buddha is quoted describing women's bodies as impure and filthy.{{where?|date=November 2024}} Scholars like [[Isaline Blew Horner]] and Diana Mary Paul note discrimination against female Buddhist practitioners in [[Middle kingdoms of India|ancient India]]. In modern Japan, Kawahashi Noriko observes that Buddhist communities hold harmful views of women as inherently incompetent and are dependent on men for liberation. These perspectives perpetuate gender bias, ignoring women's experiences and feminist critiques.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yuichi |first1=Kajiyama |title=Women in Buddhism |journal=The Eastern Buddhist |date=1982 |volume=15 |issue=2 |page=53 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44361658 |access-date=2 November 2023 |issn=0012-8708}}</ref>
==See also==
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