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{{Short description |Set of ritualized behaviours in animals}}
{{more citations needed |date=March 2007}}
[[Image:Feather of male Pavo cristatus (Indian peafowl).jpg |thumb |right |250px |Many male birds have brightly coloured plumage for display. This [[feather]] is from a male [[Indian peafowl]] ''Pavo cristatus''.]]
[[File:Extravagant-female-sexual-display-in-a-Megaselia-Rondani-species-(Diptera-Phoridae)-biodiversity data journal-3-e4368-g004.ogv |thumb |250px |Sexual display by a ''[[Megaselia]]'' female.]]
'''
== In animals ==
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==== Insects ====
Communication is very important for animals all throughout the animal kingdom, even those with fairly simple nervous systems and body plans. For example, since female [[Mantidae|praying mantids]] are [[Sexual cannibalism|sexually cannibalistic]], the male will typically avail of a concealment form of display behaviour.<ref name=":12"/> This is a series of creeping movements executed by the male as it approaches the female with freezing of the body whenever the female looks towards the male. However, according to laboratory studies conducted by Loxton in 1979, one type of [[Mantis|praying mantis]], ''Ephestiasula arnoena'', shows both male and female counterparts performing overt and ritualized behaviour before mating.<ref name=":12" /> Both displayed a semaphore behaviour, meaning both displayed their front legs in a boxing fashion before the slow approach of the male from behind.<ref name=":12" /> This semaphore display in ''E. arnoenais''key in communicating between both mantids that both are ready for copulation and, by extension, the continuance of their genetic line.▼
▲Communication is
Along with the display behaviour shown by the praying mantid, flies belonging to the genus ''[[Megaselia]]'' also show such behaviour.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Brian|last2=Porras|first2=Wendy|date=2015-03-06|title=Extravagant female sexual display in a Megaselia Rondani species (Diptera: Phoridae)|journal=Biodiversity Data Journal|volume=3|issue=3|pages=e4368|doi=10.3897/bdj.3.e4368|pmid=25859128|pmc=4385884|issn=1314-2828}}</ref> Contrary to the typically female-selected mating that occurs for most organisms, these flies have females that show the display behaviour and males that choose the mate. Females have a bright orange colouring that attracts the male and also perform a series of fluttering wing movements that make the insect appear to "dance" and make the openings on their abdomens to swell in order to attract a male.<ref name=":3" /> It is also interesting to note that there is experimental evidence that implies the female may also release pheromones that attract the male; this is an instance of chemical display behaviour that plays a large role in animal communication.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=DISNEY|first=R. HENRY L.|date=2003-09-12|title=The dorsal abdominal glands and the higher classification of the Phoridae (Diptera)|journal=Zootaxa|volume=293|issue=1|pages=1|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.293.1.1|issn=1175-5334}}</ref>▼
▲
Auditory courtship behavior is seen in fruit flies like ''[[Anastrepha suspensa |A. suspensa]]'' when they perform calling and pre-copulatory songs before mating. Both of these sounds are created by rapid flapping of the males wings.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Webb |first1=J. C. |last2=Sivinski |first2=J. |last3=Litzkow |first3=C. |date=1984-06-01 |title=Acoustical Behavior and Sexual Success in the Caribbean Fruit Fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) |journal=Environmental Entomology |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=650–656 |doi=10.1093/ee/13.3.650 |issn=1938-2936}}</ref>
==== Arachnids ====
Many arachnids show ritualized displays. For example, the arachnid family [[Jumping spider |Salticidae]] consists of jumping spiders with keen vision which results in very clear display behaviours for courting in particular.<ref name=":03"/> [[Jumping spider |Salticids]] are very similar in appearance to ants that live in the same area and therefore use their appearance to avoid predators. Since this similarity in appearance is so obvious, salticid spiders can use display behaviours to communicate both with members of their own species and also with members of the ants that they mimic.<ref name=":03"
=== Vertebrates ===
==== Birds
Birds
==== Mammals ====
Along with invertebrates and birds, vertebrates like the [[Harbor seal|harbour seal]] also show display behaviour. Since the harbour seal resides in an aquatic environment, the display behaviours expressed are slightly different from those seen in terrestrial mammal species . Male harbour seals show specific vocalization and diving behaviours while demonstrating such behaviours for possible mates.<ref name=":22"/> As seals are distributed over such a large area, these display behaviours can slightly change geographically as males try to appeal to the largest number of females possible over a large geographical range. Dive displays, head flicks, and various vocalizations all work together in a display behaviour that signifies to the females in a colony that the males are ready to mate.<ref name=":22" />▼
▲Along with invertebrates and birds, vertebrates like the [[Harbor seal |harbour seal]] also show display behaviour. Since the harbour seal resides in an aquatic environment, the display behaviours expressed are slightly different from those seen in terrestrial mammal species
== Factors influencing display behaviour in animals ==▼
==Among humans==▼
Humans typically advertise their suitability as mates in acquiring wealth or fame. The [[Papuan peoples|Papuan]] ''big men'' would stage elaborate [[meal|feasts]] to show the extent of their [[social influence|influence]] and [[power (sociology)|power]]. The [[potlatch]]es of the [[Pacific Northwest]] were held for much of the same effect.▼
Display is a set of conspicuous behaviours that allows for the attraction of mates but also can result in the attraction of predators. As a result, animals have certain environmental and social cues that they can use to decide when is the most beneficial time to show such behaviours; they use these triggers to minimize cost ([[Anti-predator adaptation |predator avoidance]]) and maximize gain (mate attraction).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Brooke |first1=P. N. |last2=Alford |first2=R. A. |last3=Schwarzkopf |first3=L. |date=2000-12-04 |title=Environmental and social factors influence chorusing behaviour in a tropical frog: examining various temporal and spatial scales |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=79–87 |doi=10.1007/s002650000256 |s2cid=43653765 |issn=0340-5443}}</ref>
The first factor is temporal. Depending on the time of the season, animals (more specifically, [[Micrixalus |tropical frogs]], in this study) show strong seasonal trends in display behaviour favouring times closer to the beginning of the mating season.<ref name=":5" /> This is plausible as this allows the most time for the attraction of a mate and the decline in calling to the end of the season is also valid because most organisms will have a mate by then and not have any need to continue such display behaviour. Depending upon the species and evolutionary histories, environmental factors such as temperature, elevation, and precipitation can affect the presence of these behaviours.<ref name=":5" />
Along with environmental cues, social cues can also play a role in the demonstration of display behaviour. For example, [[Aggression |aggressive]] display behaviour in the [[crayfish]] ''Orconectes virilistends'' to be triggered by impositions of other crayfish on previously established territory.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rubenstein |first1=Daniel I. |last2=Hazlett |first2=Brian A. |date=1974-01-01 |title=Examination of the Agonistic Behaviour of the Crayfish Orconectes Virilis By Character Analysis |journal=Behaviour |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=193–215 |doi=10.1163/156853974x00453 |issn=0005-7959}}</ref> Such displays consist of a preliminary raising of claws between 4 and 5 times and if this is not sufficient to warn the other to not encroach on the territory then tactile engagement will occur. In this case, display behaviour is a preliminary step to the engagement of aggressive tactile behaviour whereas many cases of display behaviour result in the engagement of mating rituals.
▲
==Tournament species==
[[File:Susa group, mountain gorilla.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Male mountain gorilla]]▼
Tournament species in [[zoology]] are those [[species]] in which members of one sex (usually [[male]]s) compete in order to mate.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Wingfield|first=J. C.|last2=Sapolsky|first2=R. M.|date=2003-08-01|title=Reproduction and Resistance to Stress: When and How|journal=Journal of Neuroendocrinology|language=en|volume=15|issue=8|pages=711–724|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2826.2003.01033.x|issn=1365-2826}}</ref> In tournament species, the reproductive success of the small group of competition winners is predominantly higher than that of the large group of losers.<ref name=":0" />▼
▲[[File:Susa group, mountain gorilla.jpg |thumb |right |240px |Male mountain gorilla]]
▲Tournament species in [[zoology]] are those [[species]] in which members of one sex (usually [[male]]s) compete in order to mate.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |
In some species, members of the competing sex come together in special display areas called [[Lek (animal behavior) |leks]]. In other species, competition is more direct, in the form of fighting between males.
In a small number of species, females compete for males; these include species of [[Jacanidae |jacana]], species of [[phalarope]], and the [[spotted hyena]]. In all these cases, the female of the species shows traits that help in same-sex battles: larger bodies, aggressiveness, territorialism.
Most species fall on a continuum between tournament species and [[pair-bonding]] species.
==See also==
* [[Aposematism]]
* [[Lek mating]]
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{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Signalling theory}}
[[Category:Signalling theory]]
[[Category:Zoology]]
[[Category:Mock combat]]
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