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{{Short description|Dutch keyboard player, conductor, musicologist, teacher and editor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=
{{Infobox person
[[File:Gustav Leonhardt.jpg|thumb|right|Gustav Leonhardt at the [[MAfestival Brugge]]]]▼
| name = Gustav Leonhardt
| image = Gustav Leonhardt.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1928|05|30}}
| birth_place = [['s-Graveland]], Netherlands
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2012|01|16|1928|05|30}}
| death_place = [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands
| occupation = {{ubl| Conductor | Harpsichordist }}
| organizations = [[Leonhardt-Consort]]
}}
'''Gustav Maria Leonhardt''' (30 May 1928 – 16 January 2012)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gramophone.co.uk/classical-music-news/harpsichordist-and-conductor-gustav-leonhardt-has-died |title=Obituary |publisher=[[Gramophone (magazine)|Gramophone]]}}</ref> was a Dutch keyboardist, conductor, musicologist, teacher and editor. He was a leading figure in the historically informed performance movement to perform music on [[period instruments]].
Leonhardt professionally played many instruments, including the [[harpsichord]], [[pipe organ]], [[claviorganum]] (a combination of harpsichord and organ), [[clavichord]], [[fortepiano]], and
▲'''Gustav Maria Leonhardt''' (30 May 1928 – 16 January 2012)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gramophone.co.uk/classical-music-news/harpsichordist-and-conductor-gustav-leonhardt-has-died |title=Obituary |publisher=[[Gramophone (magazine)|Gramophone]]}}</ref> was a Dutch keyboardist, conductor, musicologist, teacher and editor. He was a leading figure in the historically informed performance movement to perform music on [[period instruments]].
▲Leonhardt professionally played many instruments, including the [[harpsichord]], [[pipe organ]], [[claviorganum]] (a combination of harpsichord and organ), [[clavichord]], [[fortepiano]] and [[piano]]. He also conducted orchestras and choruses.
==Biography==
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Leonhardt performed and conducted a variety of solo, chamber, orchestral, operatic, and choral music from the [[Renaissance]], [[Baroque]] and [[Classical music era|Classical]] periods. The many composers whose music he recorded as a harpsichordist, organist, clavichordist, fortepianist, chamber musician or conductor included [[Johann Sebastian Bach]], [[Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach]], [[Wilhelm Friedemann Bach]], [[Heinrich Biber]], [[John Blow]], [[Georg Böhm]], [[William Byrd]], [[André Campra]], [[François Couperin]], [[Louis Couperin]], [[John Dowland]], [[Jacques Duphly]], [[Antoine Forqueray]], [[Girolamo Frescobaldi]], [[Johann Jakob Froberger]], [[Orlando Gibbons]], [[André Grétry]], [[George Frideric Handel]], [[Jacques-Martin Hotteterre]], [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]], [[Claudio Monteverdi]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], [[Georg Muffat]], [[Johann Pachelbel]], [[Henry Purcell]], [[Jean-Philippe Rameau]], [[Christian Ritter]], [[Johann Rosenmüller]], [[Domenico Scarlatti]], [[Agostino Steffani]], [[Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck]], [[Georg Philipp Telemann]], [[Francisco Valls]], [[Antonio Vivaldi]], and [[Matthias Weckmann]].
Central to Leonhardt's career was [[Johann Sebastian Bach]]. Leonhardt first recorded music of the composer in the early 1950s, with recordings in 1953 of the ''[[Goldberg Variations]]'' and ''[[The Art of Fugue]]''. The latter embodies the thesis he had published the previous year arguing that the work was intended for the keyboard, a conclusion now widely accepted. The recordings helped establish his reputation as a distinguished harpsichordist and Bach interpreter. In 1954 he led the [[Leonhardt-Consort|Leonhardt Baroque Ensemble]] with the English [[countertenor]] [[Alfred Deller]] in a pioneering recording of two Bach [[cantata]]s. The
In 1971, Leonhardt and Harnoncourt undertook the project of recording the [[Bach cantatas (Teldec)|complete Bach cantatas]]; the two conductors divided up the cantatas and recorded their assigned cantatas with their own ensembles. The project, the first cycle on period instruments, ended up taking nineteen years, from 1971 to 1990. In addition, Leonhardt recorded Bach's ''[[St Matthew Passion]]'', [[Mass in B minor]], [[Magnificat (Bach)|Magnificat]], and the complete [[Secular cantata (Bach)|secular cantatas]], as well as the [[Harpsichord concertos (Bach)|harpsichord concerto]]s, [[Brandenburg Concertos]], and most of his chamber and keyboard music; he recorded Bach's ''[[Goldberg Variations]]'' (three times), Partitas (twice), ''[[The Art of Fugue]]'' (twice), ''[[The Well-Tempered Clavier]]'', [[French Suites (Bach)|French Suites]], [[English Suites (Bach)|English Suites]] (twice), [[Inventions and Sinfonias (Bach)|Inventions and Sinfonias]], and many other individual works for the harpsichord, clavichord, or organ. To the surprise of some of his associates,<ref>Rudolf Rausch, "Gustav Leonhardt" ''Ad Parnassum: A Journal of Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Instrumental Music'' 10 (19) April 2012, p.194-196</ref> Leonhardt accepted the role of Johann Sebastian Bach (played in a wig) in ''[[The Chronicle of Anna Magdalena Bach]]'', a 1968 film by [[Straub-Huillet|Jean-Marie Straub and Danièle Huillet]].
Between 1974 and 1990, Leonhardt served as editor of the primary scholarly collection of the works of Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, which is noted as SwWV or L.
==Influence and awards==
The keyboardist, conductor and scholar [[John Butt (musician)|John Butt]] said, "...
Butt argues that Leonhardt's influence is not necessarily a simple, direct matter, but that some of his students consciously or unconsciously tried to play differently than he did. In comparing recordings of Bach's [[Goldberg Variations]], Butt asserts that a "classic case" of the [[anxiety of influence]] is at work in the Goldberg recording by [[Ton Koopman]], in which "what is immediately evident is the incessant ornamentation added to virtually every measure, often regardless of whether there is already obvious ornamentation in the notation.... my immediate reaction is often that this performance's principal message is 'Not Leonhardt'."<ref name="Butt_in_Schulenberg">John Butt, "Bach Recordings since 1980: A Mirror of Historical Performance," in ''Bach Perspectives 4'', ed. David Schulenberg, University of Nebraska Press, 1999, p. 186, {{ISBN|0-8032-1051-5}}</ref> Similarly, he says that "[[Bob van Asperen]] takes [Leonhardt's] rhythmic subtlety to a new extreme and perhaps presents the most rhythmically nuanced account of the work [The Goldberg Variations], one that will be ideal to some and mannered to others."<ref name="Butt_in_Schulenberg"/> By contrast, Butt argues, the younger [[Christophe Rousset]] plays the [[Goldberg Variations]] in a "meat-and-potatoes" manner with "a steady rhythm, even articulation, and a matter-of-fact presentation with little extra ornamentation," demonstrating that "certainly Rousset does not seem to count among the 'radical reactivists' [to Leonhardt] such as Koopman and van Asperen."<ref name="Butt_in_Schulenberg"/>
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Leonhardt served as a member of the jury for the triennial International Harpsichord Concours of the [[Musica Antiqua Bruges]]. He was the only jury member who had participated in all sixteen juries from 1965 to 2010.
Among the awards given to him were the Medal of Honour for the Arts and Sciences from the Netherlands, presented to him by [[Queen Beatrix]] in 2009, and the 1980 Erasmus Prize, which he shared with Nicolaus Harnoncourt; it honored their recording of the complete Bach cantatas. (Leonhardt donated the money he received from the Erasmus Prize to Oudezijds 100,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oudezijds100.nl/english-info|title=Oudezijds 100|website=www.oudezijds100.nl}}</ref> an ecumenical Christian charity operating "in the red-light district [of] Amsterdam" that "addresses the issues of drug-addicts, prostitutes, refugees, and the homeless.").<ref>Gaetan Naulleau, "Gustav Leonhardt's Bach cantata recordings: project, reception and style," ''Early Music'' (2014) 42 (1): 37–54, p. 51</ref> Leonhardt was doctor honoris causa of the universities of Dallas, Amsterdam, Harvard, Metz and Padua. In 2007, he was made Commander of the [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] in France, and in 2008, Commander of the [[Order of the Crown (Belgium)|Order of the Crown]] in Belgium.
Leonhardt gave his last public performance on 12 December 2011 at the [[Théâtre des Bouffes du Nord]] in Paris. Thereafter, he announced his retirement due to illness and cancelled all of his 2012 engagements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/culture/20111213.OBS6572/musique-gustav-leonhardt-met-fin-a-sa-carriere.html |title=Gustav Leonhardt met fin à sa carrière – Le Nouvel Observateur |publisher=Tempsreel.nouvelobs.com |date=13 December 2011 |access-date=30 September 2013}}</ref> He died of cancer in Amsterdam on Monday, 16 January 2012, aged 83.
Two [[asteroid]]s were named after him: [[9903 Leonhardt]] and [[12637 Gustavleonhardt]].
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== Bibliography ==
[[File:Gustav Leonhardt, 2008.jpg|thumb|right|Gustav Leonhardt in
* ''The art of fugue: Bach's last harpsichord work'' (Nijhoff, 1952)
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* About ''The art of fugue'' (sleeve text for recording Deutsche Harmonia Mundi, 1969)
* "Introduction", in ''Early Music'', vol. 7, No. 4, Keyboard Issue 1 (October 1979)
* "Points
* ''Het huis Bartolotti en zijn bewoners'' [Bartolotti's house and its inhabitants], (Amsterdam, Meulenhoff, 1979)
==References==
{{Reflist|32em}}▼
==Further reading==
* Menno van Delft, "Memories of Leonhardt and the Keyboard", in ''The Galpin Society Journal'', March 2013, vol. 66, pp. 267–270.
* Jacques Drillon, ''Sur Leonhardt'' (Gallimard, Paris, 2009).
* Jed Wentz, 'On the Protestant Roots of Gustav Leonhardt's Performance Stye', in The Journal of the Riemenschneider Bach Institute, Vol. 48, No. 2 and Vol. 49, No. 1, 2018, 48–92.
==
▲{{Reflist|32em}}
==External links==▼
{{Commons category|Gustav Leonhardt}}▼
* [http://www.economist.com/node/21543464 Obituary] in [[The Economist]]
* [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jan/17/gustav-leonhardt Obituary] in [[The Guardian]]
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/9021331/Gustav-Leonhardt.html Obituary] in the [[Daily Telegraph]]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/18/arts/music/gustav-leonhardt-harpsichordist-dies-at-83.html Obituary] in the [[New York Times]]
▲==External links==
▲{{Commons category|Gustav Leonhardt}}
* {{IMDb name|0503015|Gustav Leonhardt}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120324215459/http://www.rayfieldallied.com/artists/gustav-leonhardt/ Rayfield Allied profile]
* [http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Leonhardt-Gustav.htm Short biography] at [http://www.bach-cantatas.com/ www.bach-cantatas.com]
* [http://users.libero.it/enrico.gustav/Leonhardt/home.htm Complete Discography]
* Performing Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier: modern harpsichordists, Gustav Leonhardt, and the "48" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209052734/http://bsherman.net/WTC.htm |date=9 February 2010 }}
*
* [http://westfield.org/public/newsletters/Westfield%20Newsletter%2023-1a%20(Gustav%20Leonhardt).pdf Tribute by Davitt Moroney] (accessed 27 September 2012)
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[[Category:Claviorganum players]]
[[Category:Dutch classical organists]]
[[Category:Male classical organists]]
[[Category:Dutch conductors (music)]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Dutch harpsichordists]]
[[Category:Fortepianists]]
[[Category:Honorary
[[Category:People from Wijdemeren]]
[[Category:Dutch performers of early music]]
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[[Category:Bach musicians]]
[[Category:Virgin Veritas artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Dutch male musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century conductors (music)]]
[[Category:20th-century organists]]
[[Category:21st-century Dutch male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century conductors (music)]]
[[Category:21st-century organists]]
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