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'''Prognathism''' is a positional relationship of the [[Human mandible|mandible]] or [[maxilla]] to the skeletal base where either of the jaws protrudes beyond a predetermined imaginary line in the [[coronal plane]] of the skull.{{clarify|reason=Should it be sagittal plane? Do both jaws normally extend ventrally beyond any line in the coronal plane?|date=December 2022}}
In the case of ''mandibular'' prognathism (never maxillary prognathism) this is often also referred to as
Mandibular prognathism is typically pathological, whereas maxillary prognathism is often found as a result of normal human population variation.
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Not all alveolar prognathism is anomalous, and significant differences can be observed among different ethnicities.{{Sfn|Vioarsdóttir|O'Higgins|Stringer|2002|pp=211–229}}
Harmful habits such as [[thumb sucking]] or [[tongue thrust]]ing can result in or exaggerate an alveolar prognathism, causing teeth to misalign.<ref name=SinghEtAl2020>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Tenali Sushmitha |last2=Sridevi |first2=Enuganti |last3=Sankar |first3=Avula Jogendra Sai |last4=Kakarla |first4=Pranitha |last5=Vallabaneni |first5=Siva Sai Krishna |last6=Sridhar |first6=Mukthineni |date=2020 |title=Cephalometric Assessment of Dentoskeletal Characteristics in Children with Digit-sucking Habit |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7450188/ |journal=International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=221–224 |doi=10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1761 |issn=0974-7052 |pmc=7450188 |pmid=32904107}}</ref> Functional appliances can be used in growing children to help modify bad habits and neuro-muscular function, with the aim of correcting this condition.
Alveolar prognathism can also easily be corrected with fixed orthodontic therapy. However, relapse is quite common, unless the cause is removed or a long-term retention is used.<ref name=SahilEtAl2021>{{
===Maxillary prognathism===
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Prognathism, if not extremely severe, can be treated in growing patients with orthodontic functional or orthopaedic appliances. In adult patients this condition can be corrected by means of a combined surgical/orthodontic treatment, where most of the time a mandibular advancement is performed. The same can be said for mandibular prognathism.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}
On average, Neanderthals were far more prognathic than modern humans regarding the maxilla. This maxillary prognathism, along with their wide noses, suggests that their faces were not adapted to cold climate.<ref>{{Cite web |
{{Anchor|Mandibular prognathism}}
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[[Mandible|Mandibular]] prognathism is a potentially disfiguring genetic disorder where the lower [[jaw]] outgrows the upper, resulting in an extended [[chin]] and a [[crossbite]]. In both humans and animals, it can be the result of [[inbreeding]].{{Sfn|Vilas|Ceballos|Al-Soufi|González-García|2019|pp=563-571}}
Unlike alveolar or maxillary prognathism, which are common traits in some populations, mandibular prognathism is typically pathological. However, it is more common among East Asian populations but overall, the condition is polygenic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Shilpa Devdatt |last2=Bhad |first2=Wasundhara A. |last3=Doshi |first3=Umal H. |date=2020 |title=Association Between Mandibular Prognathism and MATRILIN-1 Gene in Central India Population: A Cross-sectional Study |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0301574220956421#:~:text=Genetic%20predisposition%20in%20the%20causation,MP)%20is%20an%20established%20fact.&text=It%20is%20an%20autosomal%2Ddominant%20trait%20with%20incomplete%20penetrance.&text=Prevalence%20of%20MP%20is%20found,particularly%20in%20eastern%20Asian%20races. |journal=Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=28–32 |doi=10.1177/0301574220956421 |via=Sage Journals|doi-access=free }}</ref>
In brachycephalic or flat-faced dogs, like [[shih tzu]]s and [[Boxer (dog)|boxers]], it can lead to problems such as underbite.{{Sfn|Beuchat|2015}}
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* [[Dental pathology]]
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