{{about|the process of determining electoral boundaries in the United States|the process in other countries|Redistribution (election)}}

{{Politics of the United States}}

 

The [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Section 2, Clause 3|U.S. Constitution in Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3]] provides for [[proportional representation]] in the House of Representatives. The [[Reapportionment Act of 1929]] required that the number of seats in the U.S. House of Representatives be kept at a constant 435, and a 1941 act made the reapportionment among the states by population automatic after every decennial census.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Apportionment Legislation 1890{{snd}}Present |date= 2008 |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/history/www/reference/apportionment/apportionment_legislation_1890_-_present.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017161546/https://www.census.gov/history/www/reference/apportionment/apportionment_legislation_1890_-_present.html |archive-date=17 October 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> Reapportionment occurs at the federal level followed by redistricting at the state level. According to {{ussc|name=Colegrove v. Green|328|549|1946|el=no}}, [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Section 4: Congressional elections|Article I, Section 4]] left to the legislature of each state the authority to establish congressional districts;<ref name="History-proportional">{{Cite web| title=Proportional Representation| url=http://history.house.gov/Institution/Origins-Development/Proportional-Representation/| publisher=Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives| location=Washington, D.C.| accessdate=September 21, 2018 }}</ref> however, such decisions are subject to judicial review.<ref name="Goldman-1986" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Warren |first=Earl |title=Reynolds v. Sims |publisher=Justia |language=en |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/377/533/ |access-date=4 December 2022 }}</ref> In most states redistricting is subject to political maneuvering, but some state legislatures have created independent commissions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who draws the lines? |website=All About Redistricting |language=en |url=https://redistricting.lls.edu/redistricting-101/who-draws-the-lines/ |access-date=4 December 2022 }}</ref>