Situs ambiguus: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Abnormal placement of organs in the chest and abdomen}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Situs ambiguus
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'''Situs ambiguus''' ({{ety|la||ambiguous site}}), or '''heterotaxy''', is a rare [[congenital defect]] in which the major [[viscera]]lvisceral [[Organ (anatomy)|organs]] are distributed abnormally within the [[chest]] and [[abdomen]]. Clinically, heterotaxy spectrum generally refers to any defect of [[Leftleft-right asymmetry]] and arrangement of the visceral organs; however, classical heterotaxy requires multiple organs to be affected. This does not include the congenital defect [[situs inversus]],<ref name="usnlm">{{cite web | url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/heterotaxy-syndrome | title=heterotaxy syndrome | publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] | access-date=23 May 2016}}</ref> which results when arrangement of all the organs in the abdomen and chest are mirrored, so the positions are opposite the normal placement. Situs inversus is the mirror image of [[situs solitus]], which is normal asymmetric distribution of the abdominothoracic visceral organs. Situs ambiguus can also be subdivided into left-isomerism and right isomerism based on the defects observed in the [[spleen]], [[lungs]] and [[Atrium (heart)|atria]] of the [[heart]].
 
Individuals with situs inversus or situs solitus do not experience fatal dysfunction of their organ systems, as general [[anatomy]] and [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] of the abdominothoracic organ-vessel systems are conserved. Due to abnormal arrangement of organs in situs ambiguus, orientation across the left-right axis of the body is disrupted early in fetal development, resulting in severely flawed cardiac development and function in 50–80% of cases. They also experience complications with [[Systemic circulation|systemic]] and [[pulmonary]] [[blood vessel]]s, significant [[morbidity]], and sometimes [[death]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://www.uptodate.com/contents/anatomy-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-heterotaxy-isomerism-of-the-atrial-appendages?source=search_result&search=situs+ambiguous&selectedTitle=1~150#H10127413|title = Anatomy, clinical manifestations and diagnosis of heterotaxy (isomerism of the atrial appendages)|date = September 26, 2015|access-date = November 4, 2015|website = Up To Date|last = Lowenthal|first = A.|display-authors=etal}}</ref> All [[patient]]s with situs ambiguus lack lateralization and [[Symmetry in biology|symmetry]] of organs in the [[Abdominal cavity|abdominal]] and [[Thoracic cavity|thoracic]] cavities and are [[Clinically significant|clinically]] considered to have a form of heterotaxy syndrome.
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