List of the strongholds or dar al-hijra of the Order of Assassins in Persia (Iran) and Syria.
Most of the Persian Ismaili castles were in the Alborz mountains, in the regions of Daylaman (particularly, in Alamut and Rudbar; north of modern-day Qazvin) and Quhistan (south of Khurasan), as well as in Qumis. Most of the Syrian Ismaili castles were in Jabal Bahra' (Syrian Coastal Mountain Range).
According to Juzjani, before the Mongol invasion the Assassins possessed 70 forts in Quhistan and 35 in Alamut.[1] Overall, they probably had 250 castles.[2]
The Ismaili fortresses in Rudbar of Alamut had been built on rocky heights and were equipped to withstand long sieges; they had storehouses with high capacities and elaborate water supply infrastructure such as cisterns, qanats, and canals.[3]
Persia
edit| Name | Image | Condition | Location | Present-day location | Coordinates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alamut Castle (قلعه الموت) | 
|
destroyed, partially restored | Alamut | Qazvin Province | 36°26′40.63″N 50°35′9.58″E / 36.4446194°N 50.5859944°E | The capital of the Nizari state. |
| Atashgah Castle (قلعه آتشگاه) | 
|
Ruined | Kashmar | Razavi Khorasan Province | 35°18′59″N 58°23′10″E / 35.31639°N 58.38611°E | |
| Lambsar, Lambasar (لمبسر), Lamsar, Lamasar (لمسر), Lanbasar (لنبمسر) | 
|
in ruins | Alamut | Qazvin Province | 36°32′51″N 50°13′38″E / 36.5476°N 50.2273°E | Captured, refortified, and governed by Kiya Buzurg-Ummid. Probably the largest Nizari castle. |
| Rudkhan Castle (قلعه رودخان) | 
|
rebuilt | Daylam | 37°03′52″N 49°14′21″E / 37.064357°N 49.239276°E | ||
| Maymun-Diz (میمون‌دز), Meymundezh (میمون‌دژ) | N/A | destroyed and lost | Rudbar | Qazvin Province | Destroyed by the Mongols in 1256. | |
| Semiran castle (قلعه سمیران) | 
|
in ruins | Tarem | Qazvin Province | ||
| Nevizar Shah Castle (قلعه نویزر شاه), Navisar/Nevisar Shah Castle (قلعه نویسر شاه) | Rudbar | Qazvin Province | ||||
| Mansur Kuh castle (قلعه منصورکوه), | 
|
in ruins | Qumis | Semnan Province | [4] | |
| Mehrnegar Castle (Damghan), Mihrnigar (قلعه مهرنگار), Mihrin/Mehrin Castle (قلعه مهرین) | 
|
in ruins | Qumis | Damghan County | [4] Fell at 1253 to the Mongols. | |
| Gerdkuh/Girdkuh (گردکوه), Dezh-i Gunbadan (دژ گنبدان) | 
|
in ruins | Qumis | near Damghan | 36°09′43″N 54°09′25″E / 36.16194°N 54.15694°E | [4] The last Ismaili castle that surrendered to Mongols. |
| Ustunawand (استوناوند), Ostanavand (استاناوند), Ostanavand Castle of Naruheh (قلعه استاناوند ناروهه) | 
|
Damavand | Garmsar County | [4] | ||
| Saru castles (قلعه سارو), Soru | 
|
mainly intact | Qumis | near Semnan | Two nearby related castles, Greater Saru and Lesser Saru, are recently attributed to the Ismailis. | |
| Mu'minabad/Mo'menabad Castle (قلعه مؤمن‌آباد), locally known as Kal Hasab Sabbah Castle (قلعه کل حسن صباح) | Quhistan | near Taghandik, Darmian County | 32°43′22″N 59°56′29″E / 32.722778°N 59.941389°E | |||
| Dara, Darah, Duruh Castle قلعه درح | Quhistan, near Sistan's border | Doreh, Sarbisheh County, South Khorasan | A dependency of the Mo'menabad Castle. | |||
| Citadel of Takrit (قلعة تكريت) | 
|
in ruins | Tikrit, Iraq | One of the few "open" Ismaili stronghold.[5] | ||
| Kuh Qaen castle (قلعه قائن), Qal'eh Kuh of Qaen (قلعه کوه قائن), Husayn Qa'ini Castle (قلعه جسین قائنی) | 
|
Qaen, Quhistan | ||||
| Kuh Zardan Castle (قلعه کوه زردان) | 
|
in ruins | Quhistan | Zardan, Zirkuh | 33°28′58″N 59°39′30″E / 33.482863°N 59.658299°E | |
| Furg Castle (قلعه فورگ), Furk Castle (قلعه فورک) | 
|
rebuilt | Quhistan | Darmian County | ||
| Ghal'eh Kuh of Ferdows (قلعه کوه فردوس) | in ruins | south of Tun, Quhistan | Ferdows County | 33°32′N 58°05′E / 33.54°N 58.08°E | The biggest fortress of Quhistan, per Tarikh-i Jahangushay. Burned by the invading Mongols. Connected to the Ghal'eh Kuh of Hasanabad. | |
| Ghal'eh Kuh of Hasanabad (قلعه کوه حسن‌آباد), Ghal'eh Dokhtar (قلعه دختر حسن‌آباد) | in ruins | north-west of Tun, Quhistan | Ferdows County | 34°04′21″N 58°05′05″E / 34.072556°N 58.084722°E | Connected to the Ghal'eh Kuh of Ferdows. | |
| Khalanjan Castle (قلعه خالنجان), Khulanjan Castle (قلعه خولنجان), Bazi Castle (قلعه بزی) | destroyed | Khulanjan town, south of Isfahan (the exact location of the town is uncertain)[6] | Isfahan Province | |||
| Anjudan (انجدان) | Anjudan | Anjudan, Markazi Province | ||||
| Sa’adat-kuh (سعادت‌کوه) | Rudbar | |||||
| Mubarak-kuh (مبارک‌کوه) | ||||||
| Firuzkuh castle (قلعه فیروزکوه) (قلعه فیروزکوه [fa]) | 
|
in ruins | Rayy | Tehran Province | A concentric castle | |
| Shah-Dizh (شاهدژ), Shahdez (شاهدز), Dizkuh (دژکوه), Dizhkuh (دژکوه) | 
|
in ruins | near Isfahan | on Nehbandan hill, Isfahan | 32°35′48″N 51°38′38″E / 32.59667°N 51.64389°E | Peacefully captured and refortified by Ahmad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Attash, recaptured and destroyed by the Seljuqs[7] |
| Kafer Ghal'eh (Sangsar) (کافر قلعه سنگسر) | fa:File:Mahdishahr_Kafar_Ghal'e.JPG | Mehdishahr County, Semnan Province | ||||
| Hesaruiyeh (حصاروئیه) | 30°02′37″N 55°12′59″E / 30.04361°N 55.21639°E | |||||
| Ghal'eh Dokhtar of Shurab (قلعه دختر شوراب) | Quhistan | Gonabad County, South Khorasan Province | ||||
| Shir Qal'eh (شیرقلعه) | near Shahmirzad, Semnan Province | |||||
| Gahur Castle (قلعه گهور), Boz Qal'eh (بز قلعه) | 
|
in ruins | Eshtehard County, Alborz Province | |||
| Qal'eh Qela' of Mud (قلعه قلاع مود) | Quhistan | near Mud, Sarbisheh County, South Khorasan Province | ||||
| Chimarud Castle (قلعه چیمارود) | Anbuh, Gilan Province | |||||
| Kalisham Castle (قلعه و پای قلعه کلیشم) | Kalisham, Gilan Province | |||||
| Rostam Castle of Khusf (قلعه رستم خوسف), Qal'eh Dokhtar (Khusf) (قلعه دختر (خوسف)) | [1] | Quhistan | Ganj village, Khusf County | |||
| Labrud Castle (قلعه لبرود) | Qumis | Ahvanu, Semnan Province | ||||
| Arzang Castle (ارزنگ قلعه) | near Pashand in Savojbolagh County, Alborz Province | |||||
| Kolim Fortress (دژ کلیم), Kolim Castle (قلعه کلیم) | Kolim, Poshtkuh Rural District (Semnan Province) | |||||
| Mahtabi Fortress (دژمهتابی) | Arrajan | Behbahan County, Khuzestan Province | ||||
| Gabaran castle (قلعه گبران) | near Hiv, Savojbolagh County | |||||
| Forud castle (قلعه فرود) | 
|
Kalat, Gonabad | ||||
| Arzhang Castle (قلعه ارژنگ or ارژنگ قلعه) | Talaqan | Minavand, Alborz Province | ||||
| Mansur Castle (قلعه منصور) | Talaqan | |||||
| Markuh Castle (قلعه مارکوه), Marku Castle (قلعه مارکو) | Ramsar County | |||||
| Qal'eh Qela' of Sarayan (قلعه قلاع سرایان) | Quhistan | Masabi Rural District | ||||
| Qal'eh Qela' of Nowzad (قلعه قلاع نوزاد) | Quhistan | Darmian County | ||||
| Bamrud Castle (قلعه بمرود) | Quhistan | Bamrud, South Khorasan Province | ||||
| Espahabdan Castle (قلعه اسپهبدان) | Espahabdan | |||||
| Qal'eh Dokhtar (قلعه دختر) | 
|
Kuhsorkh County | Razavi Khorasan Province | |||
| Qal'at al-Jiss (قلعة الجص) | Arrajan | |||||
| Qal'at Halādhān, Dez Kelat (دز کلات) | Arrajan | |||||
| Qal'at al-Nazir (قلعة الناظر) | Arrajan | |||||
| "Mor" | Uncertain | Based on the Ginanic accounts, Mor was a fortress and the place of residence of the Imam who was living in concealment.[1] |
Syria
editThe strongholds in Jabal Bahra' were known as the "Castles of the da'wa" (قلاع الدعوة qilāʿ al-daʿwah).[8]
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See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Virani, Shafique N. (2003). "The Eagle Returns: Evidence of Continued Isma?ili Activity at Alamut and in the South Caspian Region Following the Mongol Conquests". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 123 (2): 351–370. doi:10.2307/3217688. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 3217688.
- ^ Willey, Peter. Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-85043-464-1.
- ^ B. Hourcade, “ALAMŪT,” Encyclopædia Iranica, I/8, pp. 797-801; an updated version is available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/alamut-valley-alborz-northeast-of-qazvin- (accessed on 17 May 2014).
- ^ a b c d Daftary 2007, pp. 320–321
- ^ Daftary 2007, pp. 321–324
- ^ "خولنجان(۱) یا خان لنجان". Retrieved 30 March 2023.
- ^ "DEZKŪH – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
- ^ a b Daftary 2007, pp. 349–350, 352
- ^ Daftary 2007, p. 334
- ^ Gibb, N. A. R., Editor (1932),The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades. Extracted and translated from the Chronicle of ibn al-Qalānisi, Luzac & Company, London, pp.174-177, 179-180, 187-191
- "Nizari Ismaili Castles of Iran and Syria". Institute of Ismaili Studies. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
- Willey, Peter (2005), Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria, Institute of Ismaili Studies, I.B.Tauris, ISBN 9781850434641
- Daftary, Farhad (2007). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines (2nd, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-46578-6.
- «دانشنامهٔ تاریخ معماری و شهرسازی ایران‌شهر»، وزارت راه و شهرسازی (in Persian)
Further reading
edit- Willey, Peter (2001). The Castles of the Assassins. Linden Pub. ISBN 9780941936644.
External links
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ismaili castles.
- "Nizari Ismaili Concept of Castles", The Institute of Ismaili Studies