Wikipedia

List of converts to Judaism

(Redirected from List of notable converts to Judaism)

This article lists nations, groups or tribes, as well as notable individuals, who have converted to Judaism. This article does not differentiate between the different branches of Judaism. See also Who is a Jew? on issues related to the acceptance of conversions throughout the Jewish community.

A number of prominent celebrities, such as Madonna, Demi Moore, and Ariana Grande, have become followers of a "new age" version of Kabbalah (see Kabbalah Centre), derived from the body of Jewish mystical teaching also called Kabbalah, but do not consider themselves – and are not considered – Jewish.[1]

Converted nations, groups or tribes

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Converted nations, groups or tribes from non-Abrahamic religions

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Converted nations, groups or tribes from Christianity

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Converted individuals

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From Christianity

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Former Christian clergy or theologians

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Other Christians who converted to Judaism

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Sammy Davis Jr., entertainer who converted while recovering from an automobile accident
 
Marilyn Monroe
 
Elizabeth Taylor
 
Andre Tippett
 
Nikki Ziering

Not from Christianity

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From atheism and/or agnosticism

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From Black Hebrew Israelitism

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From Islam

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From other Middle Eastern religions

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  • Avtalyon, Sage and vice-president of the Sanhedrin, apparently from a Mideastern religion[123]
  • Sh'maya, Sage and President of the Sanhedrin, apparently from a Mideastern religion[124]

From Greco-Roman religion

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From Samaritanism

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  • Sofi Tsedaka, Israeli actress, singer, television presenter and politician

From Shinto

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  • Setzuso Kotsuji, son of a Shinto priest, and a professor in Japan (converted from Shinto to Christianity and then from Christianity to Judaism)

From Hinduism

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From Buddhism

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  • Angela Warnick Buchdahl, American Reform Jewish Rabbi, converted to Orthodox Judaism at age 21. She was not raised within the Buddhist faith; however, her mother is Buddhist so by Orthodox Jewish law she was not considered Jewish, but she was raised Jewish and so by Reform Jewish law she has always been Jewish.

List of conversions named in the Bible

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Undetermined former religion

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Converts who later left the faith

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  • Cristian Castro, Grammy Award-nominated Mexican pop singer[136] (reverted to Roman Catholicism after divorcing his Jewish wife) [137][136]
  • Bob Denard, French soldier and mercenary. Converted from Catholicism to Judaism, then from Judaism to Islam, then from Islam to Catholicism[138]
  • Polemon II, king of Cilicia, converted to marry the Jewish princess Berenice; later relapsed[139]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Goldstein, Evan R. (8 April 2011). "Is Madonna Jewish?". Wall Street Journal.
  2. ^ Feldman, Louis H. (2003). "Conversion to Judaism in Classical Antiquity". Hebrew Union College Annual. 74. Hebrew Union College - Jewish Institute of Religion: 155. ISSN 0360-9049. JSTOR 23509246. Retrieved 2023-07-08. There is reason to believe, though the matter is certainly subject to scrutiny and though it is not possible to arrive at anything like a precise figure, that there was a great increase in the number of Jews between the time of the Babylonian captivity in 586 b.c.e. and the first century c.e... If there was such an increase in the number of Jews, it may be explained most readily only by assuming a large number of converts to Judaism. Considerable doubt surrounds the alleged forced conversion of the Idumaeans at the end of the second century B.C.E. and of the Ituraeans shortly thereafter. The statements of Philo and Josephus indicate that the Jews were well disposed toward attracting converts and that, indeed, they succeeded in doing so. This aim is likewise reflected in statements in the New Testament, in Strabo, Seneca, Juvenal, and Tacitus, as well as in rabbinic literature. This does not mean that Judaism was a missionary religion. It certainly lacked a central administration and a central bureaucracy capable of carrying on such a mission. What it does mean is that there is evidence, direct and indirect, that there were many converts to Judaism... The fact that we know of no tracts aimed specifically at attracting non-Jews to Judaism may be explained by the hypothesis that the great majority of people in antiquity were illiterate and that most conversions were apparently obtained through oral persuasion. More-over, expulsions of the Jews from Rome on at least two occasions because of proselyting activities may indicate that some Jews were, indeed, eager to accept converts. The generally very positive attitude of the rabbis toward proselytes would accord with this view. We may conjecture that people were attracted to Judaism for various reasons, especially economic advantages and the charitable institutions of the Jews. Women, in particular, were attracted.
  3. ^ Zoossmann-Diskin, Avshalom (2010). "The origin of Eastern European Jews revealed by autosomal, sex chromosomal and mtDNA polymorphisms". Biology Direct. 5 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 57. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-5-57. ISSN 1745-6150. PMC 2964539. PMID 20925954.
  4. ^ Feldman, L. H. (1993). "Proselytism by Jews in the Third, Fourth, and Fifth Centuries". Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period. 24 (1). Brill: 1–58. doi:10.1163/157006393X00097. ISSN 0047-2212. JSTOR 24659643. In sum, Judaism in the third, fourth, and fifth centuries not only showed its vigor through the debates constituting its greatest work since the Bible, namely the Talmud, but also met the twin challenges of paganism and Christianity by winning more than its share of converts and "sympathizers."
  5. ^ Bartal, Israel (July 6, 2008). "Inventing an invention". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 2009-03-03. Retrieved October 22, 2009. My response to Sand's arguments is that no historian of the Jewish national movement has ever really believed that the origins of the Jews are ethnically and biologically "pure." Sand applies marginal positions to the entire body of Jewish historiography and, in doing so, denies the existence of the central positions in Jewish historical scholarship. No "nationalist" Jewish historian has ever tried to conceal the well-known fact that conversions to Judaism had a major impact on Jewish history in the ancient period and in the early Middle Ages. Although the myth of an exile from the Jewish homeland (Palestine) does exist in popular Israeli culture, it is negligible in serious Jewish historical discussions. Important groups in the Jewish national movement expressed reservations regarding this myth or denied it completely.
  6. ^ Goodman, Martin (26 February 2010). "Secta and natio". The Times Literary Supplement. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
  7. ^ Bird, Michael (2004-01-01). "The Case of the Proselytizing Pharisees?—Matthew 23.15". Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus. 2 (2): 117–137. doi:10.1177/147686900400200202. ISSN 1745-5197.
  8. ^ Goodman, M. (1992). Jewish proselytizing in the first century. The Jews among pagans and Christians in the Roman Empire, 53-78.
  9. ^ Marcus, Ralph (1952). "The Sebomenoi in Josephus". Jewish Social Studies. 14 (3). Indiana University Press: 247–250. JSTOR 4465081. We know from Pagan, Christian and Jewish sources that during the Hellenistic and early Roman periods some Gentiles were so strongly attracted to Judaism that they became converts and undertook to observe Jewish laws and customs in the same manner as did the Jews themselves. [...] It is also commonly assumed that there were some Gentiles who did not go so far as to become converts but indicated their belief in monotheism and gave up the worship of Pagan gods. How far they went in openly dissociating themselves from Paganism and in associating themselves with Judaism we do not know. These Gentile sympathizers are commonly thought to be referred by the terms sebomenoi or phoboumenoi ton theon and metuentes in Greek and Latin sources, and yir᾿ê shamayim "fearers of Heaven" (i.e. God-fearers) in some early Rabbinic passages.
  10. ^ Stroup, C. (2020). The Christians Who Became Jews: Acts of the Apostles and Ethnicity in the Roman City. Synkrisis. Yale University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-300-24789-3. Retrieved 2023-09-20.
  11. ^ Levin, Yigal (October 2020). "The Religion of Idumea and Its Relationship to Early Judaism". Religions. 11 (10). From Southern Judah to Idumea to Southern Judea. doi:10.3390/rel11100487. ISSN 2077-1444.
  12. ^ Doak, Brian R. (2020). Ancient Israel's Neighbors. Oxford University Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-19-069061-8. Some sources (such as the first century CE Jewish historian Josephus) suggest that a Jewish leader named John Hyrcanus forcibly "converted" the residents of Idumea to Judaism during the middle of the second century BCE, though others have pointed to natural affinities between Idumea and Judah that would have made the two regions natural allies (not requiring conversion).
  13. ^ John Hyrcanus I at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  14. ^
  15. ^ a b
    • Magness, Jodi (2012). The Archaeology of the Holy Land: From the Destruction of Solomon's Temple to the Muslim Conquest. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-521-12413-3. Idumaeans now were converted to Judaism... forcibly converting to Judaism the native populations, including the Ituracans
    • Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther, eds. (2014). "Jews". The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization. Oxford University Press. p. 420. ISBN 978-0-19-870677-9. The expansion of Jewish territory involved a phenomenon new to Judaism, the conversion of the neighbouring peoples, Idumaeans and Ituraeans, at least partly by force.
    • Levine, Lee I. "Palestine Under Hasmonean Rule". My Jewish Learning. At other times, however, whole populations were converted to Judaism, as was the case with the Idumeans under John Hyrcanus, and the Ituraeans under Aristobulus. [Idumea was an area south of Judea, while the Ituraeans lived in the Galilee. Aristobulus I was Hyrcanus' son, who ruled from 104-103 B.C.E.]
  16. ^ Leibner, Uzi (2009). Settlement and History in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Galilee: An Archaeological Survey of the Eastern Galilee. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 321–324, 362–371, 396–400, 414–416. hdl:20.500.12657/43969. ISBN 978-3-16-151460-9.
  17. ^ Magness, Jodi (2021). Masada: From Jewish Revolt to Modern Myth. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-21677-5. During Aristobulus's brief reign he conquered Galilee and the Golan, perhaps converting to Judaism the Ituraeans, a native Semitic people... Atkinson 2016: 86—97, doubts that the Ituraeans were ever under Hasmonean rule, and suggests that Jewish expansion into Ituraean territory was a gradual process
  18. ^ Aristobulus I at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  19. ^ Myers, E. A. (2010). The Ituraeans and the Roman Near East: Reassessing the Sources. Cambridge University Press. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-1-139-48481-7. In 104 B.C. John Hyrcanus I's sons, Antigonus and Aristobulus l, conquered Mt. Hermon, and probably forced the Ituraeans to convert to Judaism
  20. ^ a b c "IZATES - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com.
  21. ^ "ANANIAS OF ADIABENE - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com.
  22. ^ Khazar at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  23. ^ Stampfer, Shaul (2013). "Did the Khazars Convert to Judaism?". Jewish Social Studies. 19 (3): 1–72. doi:10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.1. ISSN 0021-6704. S2CID 161320785.
  24. ^ Gil, Moshe (2011). "Did the Khazars Convert to Judaism?". Revue des Études Juives. 170 (3): 429–441. doi:10.2143/REJ.170.3.2141801. ISSN 1783-175X.
  25. ^ Feldman, Alex M. (2022). The Monotheisation of Pontic-Caspian Eurasia: From the Eighth to the Thirteenth Century. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 27–28, 199–204. ISBN 9781474478113.
  26. ^ Brook, Kevin (2018). "Chapter 6: The Khazars' Conversion to Judaism". The Jews of Khazaria (3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  27. ^ "Medieval Quotes About Khazar Judaism (Khazar Jews)". www.khazaria.com.
  28. ^ Brook, Kevin (2018). The Jews of Khazaria (3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 84–87.
  29. ^ "Internet History Sourcebooks Project". sourcebooks.fordham.edu.
  30. ^ See e.g Inscription in Khazarian Rovas script
  31. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia "If the contradictory and sometimes legendary accounts of the personality of Dhu Nuwas given by the Arabian writers can be trusted, he was not a Jew by birth, but embraced Judaism after ascending the throne, taking the name of "Joseph."
  32. ^ "A History of the Abuyudaya Jews of Uganda". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
  33. ^ "Rabbi backs India's 'lost Jews'". BBC News. April 1, 2005. Retrieved May 8, 2010.
  34. ^ Kulanu: Bene Ephraim of Andhra Pradesh, South India Archived 2007-11-12 at the Wayback Machine
  35. ^ Converting Inca Indians in Peru Archived 2008-07-08 at the Wayback Machine
  36. ^ "bet-debora.net – Frauenperspektiven im Judentum". 12 June 2013.
  37. ^ Kulanu: Claim Mexico playing host to a Lost Tribe Archived 2007-11-12 at the Wayback Machine
  38. ^ Shanks, Hershel, ed. (April 2007). "Losing Faith: Who Did and Who Didn't - How Scholarship Affects Scholars". Biblical Archaeology Review. 33 (2). Biblical Archaeology Society. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  39. ^ a b Barr, Robert (12 May 2013). "Geza Vermes, renowned Jesus scholar, dies at 88". Times of Israel. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  40. ^ a b Ivry, Benjamin (15 May 2013). "Geza Vermes, Hungarian Bible Scholar Who Returned to Jewish Roots, Dies at 88". The Forward. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  41. ^ Hausman, Tamar (24 August 2001). "Crazy' Ole Becomes an Oleh". Haaretz. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  42. ^ De La Fuente, Susan (1 March 2013). "Under His Wings". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  43. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, art. Aquila of Sinope
  44. ^ "Tom Arnold". IMDb.
  45. ^ Kampeas, Ron (December 10, 2020). "Darrell Blocker, the Black, Jewish 'spy whisperer' who could lead Biden's CIA". The Times of Israel.
  46. ^ Le Figaro Magazine which states "as though his conversion to Judaism in 2002 had paradoxically made him closer to his Pas-de-Calais roots".
  47. ^ Arc Poetry review of "Jacob's Dream" which states "Brewster is fascinated with her newly adopted faith of Judaism—poems about Jewish holy days and heritage are sprinkled throughout"
  48. ^ "May Britt Joins Jewish Faith", The New York Times, October 18, 1960, p. 46
  49. ^ "The New York Times: Best Pictures". archive.nytimes.com.
  50. ^ Chicago Sun Times via "Find Articles." Archived 2015-10-19 at the Wayback Machine: Said of her conversion "I needed to know where God was, and I went back to the basics."
  51. ^ Interview with Croce's Cousin http://www.netporch.com/sa/
  52. ^ "Sammy Davis Jr". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
  53. ^ A Publishers Weekly review of Jacqueline Du Pre: A Biography by Carol Easton [1] Archived 2015-07-21 at the Wayback Machine states she was "the daughter of anti-Semitic parents who herself converted to Judaism and at age 21 married Jewish pianist-conductor Daniel Barenboim."
  54. ^ Dubner, Stephen (September 14, 2022). "When You Pray to God Online, Who Else Is Listening?". Freakonomics (Podcast). Produced by Zack Lipinski. Retrieved 2022-09-21.
  55. ^ Dubner, Stephen (2000). "Stephen Dubner recalls the cardinal . . ". New York Magazine. Retrieved 2022-09-21.
  56. ^ "Democratic Convention Notes: Meet Chinese Jewish candidate Hank Eng".
  57. ^ Gensler, Howard (November 27, 2006). "'Borat' to wed Aussie actress Isla Fisher". Retrieved November 29, 2006.[dead link]
  58. ^ Luke Ford, XXX-Communicated: A Rebel Without a Shul. iUniverse, Inc., 2004. ISBN 0-595-66441-5
  59. ^ Van Biema, David (7 December 2008). "Was Saint Augustine Good for the Jews?". Time. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  60. ^ "AARONFREEMAN.COM". Archived from the original on 2015-10-19. Retrieved 2006-11-06.
  61. ^ "美白肌になる為の紫外線対策: 美白肌になる為の紫外線対策". Archived from the original on 2015-07-21. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
  62. ^ "Compass: COMPASS: THE BLACK JEW OF ROYAL SWAZILAND – ABC TV". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 8 June 2008.
  63. ^ "GORDON, LORD GEORGE - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com.
  64. ^ The movie Shalom y'all
  65. ^ "Contemporary Jewish Writing in Sweden -- Lars Gustafsson Bio". www.swedishenglishtranslation.com.
  66. ^ Hart – [2] "Thought there are no Jewish Republicans in show biz? Well, Bush contributors include... host Mary Hart, who’s a convert to Judaism..."
  67. ^ Her website
  68. ^ a b c d "Converted to Judaism". www.nndb.com.
  69. ^ "Horlen, Joe : Jews In Sports @ Virtual Museum".
  70. ^ The Big Book of Jewish Sports People by Peter Horvitz page 53
  71. ^ "Carolyn Jones (I) - News". IMDb.
  72. ^ "This Rabbi and Rapper Want to Create a JCC for Jews of Color". jewishweek.timesofisrael.com. 22 January 2020.
  73. ^ "Los nuevos conversos... al judaísmo". www.elmundo.es.
  74. ^ Times Online interview[dead link]: She says in the interview "I converted to Judaism in 1983. I am not a deeply religious person but it is a vital part of my life. It shapes my beliefs, and how I look at the world."
  75. ^ "Seattle Times". Archived from the original on May 24, 2011.
  76. ^ "judaism+-wikipedia&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=25 Beth Israel" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-06-21.
  77. ^ Lester, Julius. "Home – Julius Lester". Archived from the original on 2015-07-22. Retrieved 2006-11-06.
  78. ^ a b "Jewish Baseball Players | Baseball Almanac". www.baseball-almanac.com.
  79. ^ O'Toole, Lesley (December 22, 2006). "Ben Stiller : 'Doing comedy is scary'". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on January 8, 2007. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  80. ^ Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco Archived 2012-03-12 at the Wayback Machine states of her marriage, "Adah was not at all interested in home or family; in fact, the only thing she shared sincerely with him was his religion–she adopted the Jewish faith and remained steadfast in it until her death."
  81. ^ "1961: End of the road for Monroe and Miller". bbc.co.uk. 24 January 1961.
  82. ^ The Independent Feb 7, 2005; online here Findarticles Archived 2009-04-14 at the Wayback Machine accessed Dec 11, 2006
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  84. ^ Lawrence Jeffrey Epstein (1989). A treasury of Jewish anecdotes. Jason Aronson. p. 5, 6. ISBN 978-0-87668-890-8. Retrieved April 3, 2010. a treasury of jewish anecdotes.
  85. ^ Interview at Book Browse "I am a Jew by choice and Italian by heritage. Shortly after I converted to Judaism, I came across a book by Alexander Stille called Benevolence and Betrayal: Five Italian Jewish Families Under Fascism."
  86. ^ "Bärbel Schäfer: Knallharte Diskussionen mit Michel Friedmann". Archived from the original on 2015-07-22. Retrieved 2012-07-12.
  87. ^ Ariey Ariley (May 29, 2014). "Yosef the Holy Avreich" (in Hebrew). Jerusalem, Israel: Mishpacha. Retrieved Sep 30, 2014.
  88. ^ Deutsch, Gloria. "Yearning for acceptance". Features. No. 7/26/2012. Jerusalem Post. Joseph Joel Sherman has traveled a long road, from devout Christian to even more devout Jew – and in fact he has not yet arrived at his destination, to be accepted as a fully-fledged Orthodox Jew – although he is well on the way.
  89. ^ "Intelligently and Enthusiastically Crowning Hashem". The Seymour J. Abrams Jerusalem World Center, headquarters of OU Israel. Retrieved Sep 30, 2014.
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  93. ^ "Robin Spark". HeraldScotland. 17 August 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
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  97. ^ Stilley – [3][dead link] "...the former model, raised a Christian in Conway, S.C., recently announced that she is converting to Judaism. Even her rabbi is befuddled.... "The first thing that attracted me to Judaism was the undeniable family strength that has held Jewish people and culture together for 3,000 years. . . Jews, whether religious or not, know where they have come from and what they would wish for their future, and this certainty is based on fact, not faith.... "I will not be a perfect Jew, nor will Judaism make me perfect. But I know that Judaism will give me faith, support, knowledge, and history. I am not Jewish because I choose to be. I am Jewish because there is no other choice for me.""
  98. ^ In her book Elizabeth Takes Off, Taylor writes, "[Conversion to Judaism] had absolutely nothing to do with my past marriage to Mike [Todd] or my upcoming marriage to Eddie Fisher, both of whom were Jewish. It was something I had wanted to do for a long time." [4]
  99. ^ "Profile at Jewishsports.com". Archived from the original on 2008-10-14. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
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  102. ^ Pfefferman, Naomi (24 June 2004). "Journey to Judaism". Retrieved 18 July 2018. After Winningham observed her first Yom Kippur that year, she knew she had to convert, and did so March 3, 2003, accompanied by an entourage of friends and relatives.
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  110. ^ "Finding My Religion". In 1962, she married Hilary Putnam, a Harvard philosopher. He, too, had a Jewish mother and non-Jewish father and was raised as an atheist... In 1994, Hilary Putnam celebrated his belated bar mitzvah, and four years later, his wife did the same.
  111. ^ Broderick, Damien (1 January 2000). Transrealist Fiction: Writing in the Slipstream of Science. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-31121-5.
  112. ^ Cohen, Mike. TV’s Lost Girl converts to Judaism, Jewish Tribune, August 23, 2011. Accessed October 18, 2011.
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  120. ^ "Basma Al-Kuwaiti Converts from Islam to Judaism, Stirs Controversy".
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  122. ^ "Two men 'planning to kidnap and murder woman who renounced Islam' arrested". The Independent. 2019-09-05. Retrieved 2024-04-16.
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  124. ^ "SHEMAIAH (SAMAIAS, SAMEAS) - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com.
  125. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia "He was by birth a Gentile from Pontus, and is said by Epiphanius to have been a connection by marriage of the emperor Hadrian and to have been appointed by him about the year 128 to an office concerned with the rebuilding of Jerusalem as "Ælia Capitolina." At some unknown age he joined the Christians, but afterward left them and became a proselyte to Judaism."
  126. ^ "ONḲELOS - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com.
  127. ^ Seow 2003, p. 85-86.
  128. ^ Book of Daniel 6:25-28
  129. ^ "USA Religious News". Archived from the original on 2007-10-08. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
  130. ^ "SHEBA, QUEEN OF - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com.
  131. ^ "BBC - Religions - Judaism: Converting to Judaism". www.bbc.co.uk.
  132. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia "Obadiah was a proselyte of Edomite origin."
  133. ^ Q&A with Sarah Brown "Judaism, for me, is more a spiritual thing than a religion, but I feel that I have a Jewish soul. I didn't convert because of my marriage; I just always felt like there was a Jewish soul inside of me just dying to get out."
  134. ^ "The Nation".
  135. ^ "Annamie Paul, candidate for leadership of the Green Party, had a surprising Winnipeg connection - unknown to her until recently". Archived from the original on 2020-10-04. Retrieved 2020-10-04.
  136. ^ a b EsMas.com Archived 2012-03-29 at the Wayback Machine
  137. ^ "Verónica Castro y 'El Loco' Valdés unidos por bautismo de hija de Cristian Castro". Diario La Prensa.
  138. ^ ["Robert Young Pelton's The World's Most Dangerous Places: 5th Edition", Robert Young Pelton, Collins Reference, 2003, p.270: "Denard has seven wives and has at various times converted to Judaism (in Morocco) and Islam (in the Comoros) and then back to Catholicism."]
  139. ^ (Josephus, Jewish Antiquities xx. 7, § 3
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Bibliography

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