}}</ref>

 

|{{harvnb|Shillony|2012|p=88|ps=:"[Zionism] arose in response to and in imitation of the current national movements of Central, Southern, and Eastern Europe"}}

|{{harvnb|LeVine|Mossberg|2014|p=211|ps=: "The parents of Zionism were not Judaism and tradition, but anti-Semitism and nationalism. The ideals of the [[French Revolution]] spread slowly across Europe, finally reaching the [[Pale of Settlement]] in the [[Russian Empire]] and helping to set off the [[Haskalah]], or Jewish Enlightenment. This engendered a permanent split in the Jewish world, between those who held to a halachic or religious-centric vision of their identity and those who adopted in part the racial rhetoric of the time and made the Jewish people into a nation. This was helped along by the wave of [[pogrom]]s in [[Eastern Europe]] that set two million Jews to flight; most wound up in [[United States|America]], but some chose Palestine. A driving force behind this was the [[Hovevei Zion]] movement, which worked from 1882 to develop a Hebrew identity that was distinct from [[Judaism]] as a religion."}}

|{{harvnb|Gelvin|2014|p=93 |ps=: "The fact that [[Palestinian nationalism]] developed later than Zionism and indeed in response to it does not in any way diminish the legitimacy of Palestinian nationalism or make it less valid than Zionism. All nationalisms arise in opposition to some "other". Why else would there be the need to specify who you are? And all nationalisms are defined by what they oppose. As we have seen, Zionism itself arose in reaction to anti-Semitic and exclusionary nationalist movements in Europe. It would be perverse to judge Zionism as somehow less valid than European anti-Semitism or those nationalisms. Furthermore, Zionism itself was also defined by its opposition to the indigenous Palestinian inhabitants of the region. Both the "conquest of land" and the "conquest of labor" slogans that became central to the dominant strain of Zionism in the [[Yishuv]] originated as a result of the Zionist confrontation with the Palestinian "other""}}

|{{cite book |last=Cohen |first=Robin |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgesurveyo00robi |title=The Cambridge Survey of World Migration |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-521-44405-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgesurveyo00robi/page/504 504] |quote=Zionism Colonize palestine. |url-access=registration}}

|{{cite book |last=Gelvin |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5FwAT5fx03IC&q=the%20Basel%20program%20colonisation%20of%20Palestine&pg=PA52 |title=The Israel–Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-88835-6 |edition=2nd |page=51 |access-date=February 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220003633/https://books.google.com/books?id=5FwAT5fx03IC&lpg=PA52&dq=the%20Basel%20program%20colonisation%20of%20Palestine&pg=PA52 |archive-date=February 20, 2017 |url-status=live}}

|{{harvnb|Pappé|2006|pp=10–11}}

 

As a nationalist movement and ideology, the primary goal of the Zionist movement from 1897 to 1948 was to establish the basis for a Jewish homeland in Palestine, and thereafter to consolidate and maintain it. The movement itself recognized that Zionism's position, that an extra-territorial population had the strongest claim to Palestine, went against the commonly accepted interpretation of the principle of [[self-determination]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Butenschøn |first=Nils A. |date=2006 |title=Accommodating Conflicting Claims to National Self-determination. The Intractable Case of Israel/Palestine |journal=International Journal on Minority and Group Rights |volume=13 |issue=2/3 |pages=285–306 |doi=10.1163/157181106777909858 |jstor=24675372 |issn=1385-4879 |quote=[T]he Zionist claim to Palestine on behalf of world Jewry as an extra-territorial population was unique, and not supported (as admitted at the time) by established interpretations of the principle of national self-determination, expressed in the Covenant of the League of later versions), and as applied to the other territories with the same status as Palestine ('A' mandate).}}</ref> In 1884, proto-Zionist groups established the [[Lovers of Zion]], and in 1897 the [[World Zionist Congress|first Zionist congress]] was organized. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a large number of Jews immigrated first to [[Ottoman Palestine|Ottoman]] and later to [[Mandatory Palestine]]. The support of a Great Power was seen as fundamental to the success of Zionism and in 1917 the [[Balfour Declaration]] established Britain's support for the movement. In 1922, the British Mandate for Palestine would explicitly privilege the Jewish settlers over the local Palestinian population. The British would assist in the establishment and development of Zionist institutions and a Zionist quasi-state which operated in parallel to the British mandate government. After over two decades of British support for the movement, Britain restricted Jewish immigration with the [[White Paper of 1939]] in an attempt to ease local tensions. Despite the White Paper, Zionist immigration and settlement efforts continued during [[WWII]]. While immigration had previously been selective, once the details of the [[Nazi Holocaust]] reached Palestine in 1942, selectivity was abandoned. The Zionist war effort focused on the survival and development of the [[Yishuv]], with little Zionist resources being deployed in support of European Jews. The [[State of Israel]] would be established in 1948 over 78% of mandatory Palestine following a [[1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine|civil war]] and the first [[1948 Arab-Israeli War|Arab-Israeli war]]. Primarily due to expulsions by Zionist forces, and later the Israeli army, only a Palestinian minority would remain in the land over which Israel was established.