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#REDIRECT [[Indigenous response to colonialism]]



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=== Atrocity acknowledgement ===
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During colonization, many European officials expressed concerns, enacted laws to protect Indigenous peoples, and even punished a few colonial agents for some of their atrocities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nettelbeck |first=Amanda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XW2MDwAAQBAJ |title=Indigenous Rights and Colonial Subjecthood: Protection and Reform in the Nineteenth-Century British Empire |date=2019-03-28 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-47175-6 |pages=3, 195–196 |language=en}}</ref> Widely known examples are the [[Laws of Burgos]] and the [[New Laws]] in the [[Spanish Empire]], which were poorly implemented.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sánchez-Arcilla Bernal |first=José |date=2021-09-17 |title=Las Leyes de Burgos de 1512: una falacia de los Derechos Humanos. Revisión historiográfica |url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CUHD/article/view/77969 |journal=Cuadernos de Historia del Derecho |volume=28 |pages=41–90 |doi=10.5209/cuhd.77969 |issn=1988-2521 |s2cid=240759142 |quote=Imposition of a new religion, uprooting from their lands and loss of ownership thereof, restriction of freedom of movement, acculturation... The 'Burgos Laws': a complete fallacy of human rights...}}</ref> However, in some cases, the same government agencies that were supposed to protect Indigenous people committed atrocities, as is the case of the [[Indian Protection Service]] in Brazil as described in the [[Figueiredo Report]],<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Watts |first1=Jonathan |last2=Rocha |first2=Jan |date=2013-05-29 |title=Brazil's 'lost report' into genocide surfaces after 40 years |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/29/brazil-figueiredo-genocide-report |access-date=2023-12-09 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1968-03-24 |title=Arsen und Zuckerstückchen |language=de |work=Der Spiegel |url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/arsen-und-zuckerstueckchen-a-23fa92a8-0002-0001-0000-000046093905 |access-date=2023-12-09 |issn=2195-1349}}</ref> or the Office of Indigenous Affairs in the United States who acknowledged its systemic shortcomings.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buck |first=Christopher |date=2006 |title="Never Again": Kevin Gover's Apology for the Bureau of Indian Affairs |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4140301 |journal=Wíčazo Ša Review |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=97–126 |doi=10.1353/wic.2006.0002 |issn=0749-6427 |jstor=4140301 |s2cid=159489841}}</ref>
}}

In recent times, some governments have acknowledged past atrocities or apologized for the policies of previous governments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Blatz |first1=Craig W. |last2=Schumann |first2=Karina |last3=Ross |first3=Michael |date=2009 |title=Government Apologies for Historical Injustices |journal=Political Psychology |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=219–241 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00689.x |jstor=25655387}}</ref> This has been the case in Argentina,<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-03-27 |title=Sentencia Napalpí |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/derechoshumanos/sentencia-napalpi |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=Argentina.gob.ar |language=es}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> Australia,<ref name="Australian Government Official Website">{{cite web |title=Official Australian Government Website – Sorry Day and the Stolen Generation |url=http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sorry-day-stolen-generations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512054900/http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sorry-day-stolen-generations |archive-date=12 May 2012 |access-date=21 February 2012 |publisher=Australian Government}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 2022 |title='Keating told the truth': Stan Grant, Larissa Behrendt and others remember the Redfern speech 30 years on |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/dec/10/paul-keating-redfern-speech-30-year-anniverary |access-date=2023-03-28}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lightfoot |first=Sheryl |date=2015 |title=Settler-State Apologies to Indigenous Peoples: A Normative Framework and Comparative Assessment |journal=Native American and Indigenous Studies |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=15–39 |doi=10.5749/natiindistudj.2.1.0015 |s2cid=156826767}}</ref> Belgium,<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2022 |title=Belgian king expresses 'deepest regrets' for wounds inflicted in Congo |url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/06/08/belgian-king-reiterates-regrets-for-colonial-past-in-congo |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=30 June 2020 |title=Belgian king expresses regrets for colonial abuses |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53232105 |accessdate=2 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Picheta |first=Rob |date=1 July 2020 |title=Belgium's King sends 'regrets' to Congo for Leopold II atrocities – but doesn't apologize |work=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/30/europe/belgium-drc-leopold-ii-regrets-scli-intl/index.html |accessdate=1 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 April 2019 |title=Belgium apology for mixed-race kidnappings in colonial era |language=en |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47817530 |accessdate=4 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Schreuer |first=Milan |date=4 April 2019 |title=Belgium Apologizes for Kidnapping Children From African Colonies |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/04/world/europe/belgium-kidnapping-congo-rwanda-burundi.html |accessdate=4 July 2021}}</ref> Britain,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dixon |first=Robin |date=6 June 2013 |title=British government apologizes for colonial abuses in Kenya |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2013-jun-06-la-fg-britain-kenya-compensate-20130607-story.html |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-11-05 |title=Prince Charles acknowledges UK role in horror of slave trade |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-royals-charles-slavery-idUSKCN1NA1QD |access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-24 |title=Prince William expresses sorrow for slavery in Jamaica visit |url=https://apnews.com/article/queen-elizabeth-ii-business-prince-william-slavery-barbados-bbd2d86c14f9636c6feeb1e0ad11a658 |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Furness |first=Hannah |date=2021-11-30 |title=Atrocity of slavery stains our history, Prince Charles tells Barbados as it ends royal rule |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2021/11/30/atrocity-slavery-stains-history-prince-charles-tell-barbados/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hogan |first=Patrick |date=2023-11-01 |title=King Charles acknowledges Kenya's colonial-era suffering but stops short of apologizing |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/01/africa/king-charles-kenya-colonial-suffering-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Canada,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2008 |title=Text of Stephen Harper's residential schools apology |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/text-of-stephen-harper-s-residential-schools-apology-1.301820 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=CTVNews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2017 |title=Trudeau apologizes to Newfoundland residential school survivors left out of 2008 apology, compensation |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/11/24/trudeau-to-apologize-to-newfoundland-residential-school-survivors-left-out-of-2008-apology-compensation.html |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=thestar.com |language=en}}</ref> California,<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2019 |title=Governor Newsom Issues Apology to Native Americans for State's Historical Wrongdoings, Establishes Truth and Healing Council |url=https://www.gov.ca.gov/2019/06/18/governor-newsom-issues-apology-to-native-americans-for-states-historical-wrongdoings-establishes-truth-and-healing-council/ |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=California Governor |language=en}}</ref> Chile,<ref name=":0" /> El Salvador,<ref name=":0" /> Germany,<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 May 2021 |title=Germany apologizes for colonial-era genocide in Namibia |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/germany-officially-calls-colonial-era-killings-namibia-genocide-2021-05-28/ |access-date=2023-03-28}}</ref> Guatemala,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Corntassel |first1=Jeff |last2=Holder |first2=Cindy |date=2008-12-01 |title=Who's Sorry Now? Government Apologies, Truth Commissions, and Indigenous Self-Determination in Australia, Canada, Guatemala, and Peru |journal=Human Rights Review |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=465–489 |doi=10.1007/s12142-008-0065-3 |s2cid=53969690}}</ref> Mexico,<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2021 |title=Mexico marks end of last Indigenous revolt with apology |url=https://apnews.com/article/mexico-lifestyle-travel-1e4d21e35f1d35d434b6bd5ccf9145b0 |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> Netherlands,<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2022 |title=Dutch PM Mark Rutte apologises for country's role in the slave trade |url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/12/19/dutch-pm-mark-rutte-apologises-for-countrys-role-in-the-slave-trade |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sterling |first=Toby |date=2023-07-01 |title=King apologises for Netherlands' historic role in slavery |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/king-apologises-netherlands-historic-role-slavery-2023-07-01/ |access-date=2023-07-03}}</ref> New Zealand,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cineas |first=Fabiola |date=17 January 2023 |title=New Zealand's Māori fought for reparations — and won |url=https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/23518642/new-zealand-reparations-maori-settlements |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Eleanor Ainge |last2=Jong |first2=Eleanor de |date=2020-02-14 |title=After more than 150 years, New Zealand recognises 'extinct' Moriori people |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/14/after-more-than-150-years-new-zealand-recognises-extinct-moriori-people |access-date=2023-11-30 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Norway,<ref>{{Cite web |date=1997-10-08 |title=King apologizes for minority repression |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1997-10-08-9710080098-story.html |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> and United States.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2012 |title=Jan. 17, 1893 {{!}} Hawaiian Monarchy Overthrown by America-Backed Businessmen |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/17/jan-17-1893-hawaiian-monarchy-overthrown-by-america-backed-businessmen/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=The Learning Network |quote=In 1993, Congress issued an apology to the people of Hawaii for the U.S. government's role in the overthrow and acknowledged that 'the native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty'.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A sorry saga: Obama signs Native American apology resolution; fails to draw attention to it {{!}} Indian Law Resource Center |url=https://indianlaw.org/node/529 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=indianlaw.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gover |first=Kevin |date=2000 |title=Remarks of Kevin Gover, Assistant Secretary Indian Affairs: Address to Tribal Leaders |journal=Journal of American Indian Education |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=4–6 |jstor=24398427}}</ref> In their apologies, state officials do not always agree with [[Human rights organizations|human rights organizations']] and scholars' characterization of the atrocities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Davidson |first=Helen |date=22 September 2014 |title=John Howard: there was no genocide against Indigenous Australians |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/22/john-howard-there-was-no-genocide-against-indigenous-australians |access-date=2023-03-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Janna |date=May 2009 |title=Apology, historical obligations and the ethics of memory |journal=Memory Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=195–210 |doi=10.1177/1750698008102052 |s2cid=145294135}}</ref> No country has ever voluntarily acknowledged committing genocide.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last1=Leach |first1=Colin Wayne |last2=Zeineddine |first2=Fouad Bou |last3=Čehajić ‐ Clancy |first3=Sabina |date=March 2013 |title=Moral Immemorial: The Rarity of Self-Criticism for Previous Generations' Genocide or Mass Violence |journal=Journal of Social Issues |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=34–53 |doi=10.1111/josi.12002 |quote= |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In the United States, the [[Apology Resolution]] of 1993 acknowledged the [[overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii]] in which the [[Native Hawaiian people]] never directly relinquished to the [[United States]] their claims over their national territory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-07 |title=Nations try saying, 'We're sorry'; Trend: Increasingly, leaders are apologizing for horrendous wrongs committed by earlier generations. |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2000-05-07-0005140269-story.html |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Baltimore Sun}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trask |first=Haunani-Kay |date=2000 |title=Native Social Capital: The Case of Hawaiian Sovereignty and Ka Lahui Hawaii |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4532510 |journal=Policy Sciences |volume=33 |issue=3/4 |pages=375–385 |doi=10.1023/A:1004870517612 |issn=0032-2687 |jstor=4532510 |s2cid=152872242}}</ref>
[[File:Selknam_Isla_Dawson.jpg|thumb|250x250px|In the late 19th century, Europeans began to settle in [[Dawson Island]], Chile. This is a photo of an internment camp for the [[Selk'nam people|Selknam]] and other native people. Armed men hunted down the Indigenous peoples for bounty in the [[Selk'nam genocide]].]]
[[Pope Francis]] apologized for the [[Catholic Church]]'s role in colonization and for "crimes committed against the native peoples during the so-called conquest of America".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yardley |first1=Jim |last2=Neuman |first2=William |date=10 July 2015 |title=In Bolivia, Pope Francis Apologizes for Church's 'Grave Sins' |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/10/world/americas/pope-francis-bolivia-catholic-church-apology.html}}</ref> He has also apologized for the Church's role in the operation of [[Canadian Indian residential school system|residential schools in Canada]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2022 |title=Pope apologizes for 'catastrophic' school policy in Canada |url=https://apnews.com/article/pope-francis-canada-apology-visit-137ad23719603e9d370257f257ec0163 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> qualifying it as genocide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2022 |title=Pope Francis: It was a genocide against indigenous peoples – Vatican News |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2022-07/pope-francis-apostolic-journey-inflight-press-conference-canada.html |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=www.vaticannews.va |language=en |quote=It's true, I didn't use the word because it didn't come to my mind, but I described the genocide and asked for forgiveness, pardon for this activity that is genocidal. For example, I condemned this too: taking away children, changing culture, changing mentality, changing traditions, changing a race, let's put it that way, an entire culture. Yes, genocide is a technical word. I didn't use it because it didn't come to my mind, but I described it... It's true, yes, yes, it's genocide. You can all stay calm about this. You can report that I said that it was genocide.}}</ref> In 2023, the Vatican rejected the [[Discovery doctrine|Doctrine of Discovery]], which formed the basis of territory [[Original appropriation|appropriation]] by others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-30 |title=Vatican rejects doctrine that fueled centuries of colonialism |url=https://apnews.com/article/vatican-indigenous-papal-bulls-pope-francis-062e39ce5f7594a81bb80d0417b3f902 |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, the [[Bank of England]] apologized for the role of directors in the [[Atlantic slave trade]] and pledged to remove pictures and statues of any of the 25 bank leaders that owned or traded in slavery.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-19 |title=Bank of England says sorry for slave links as UK faces past |url=https://apnews.com/article/england-london-ap-top-news-slavery-international-news-c2b6149374a9532a748fd9cf0fbcc8e4 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jolly |first=Jasper |date=2020-06-18 |title=Bank of England apologises for role of former directors in slave trade |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/jun/18/bank-of-england-apologises-for-role-of-former-directors-in-slave-trade |access-date=2023-07-10 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

In 2022 [[Justin Welby]], the [[Primate (bishop)|Primate]] of the [[Church of England]], apologized to the Indigenous peoples in Canada, adding to similar apologies by other churches in Canada such as the [[Anglican Church of Canada]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanders |first=Leanne |date=2 May 2022 |title='I am ashamed, I am horrified': Archbishop of Canterbury expresses remorse over church's role residential schools |url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/i-am-ashamed-i-am-horrified-archbishop-of-canterbury-expresses-remorse-over-churchs-role-residential-schools/ |website=APTN News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bush |first=Peter G. |date=2015 |title=The Canadian Churches' Apologies for Colonialism and Residential Schools, 1986–1998 |journal=Peace Research |volume=47 |issue=1/2 |pages=47–70 |jstor=26382582}}</ref>

Revision as of 15:32, 19 December 2023


Atrocity acknowledgement

During colonization, many European officials expressed concerns, enacted laws to protect Indigenous peoples, and even punished a few colonial agents for some of their atrocities.[1] Widely known examples are the Laws of Burgos and the New Laws in the Spanish Empire, which were poorly implemented.[2] However, in some cases, the same government agencies that were supposed to protect Indigenous people committed atrocities, as is the case of the Indian Protection Service in Brazil as described in the Figueiredo Report,[3][4] or the Office of Indigenous Affairs in the United States who acknowledged its systemic shortcomings.[5]

In recent times, some governments have acknowledged past atrocities or apologized for the policies of previous governments.[6] This has been the case in Argentina,[7] Australia,[8][9][10] Belgium,[11][12][13][14][15] Britain,[16][17][18][19][20] Canada,[10][21][22] California,[23] Chile,[10] El Salvador,[10] Germany,[24] Guatemala,[25] Mexico,[26] Netherlands,[27][28] New Zealand,[10][29][30] Norway,[31] and United States.[10][32][33][34] In their apologies, state officials do not always agree with human rights organizations' and scholars' characterization of the atrocities.[35][36] No country has ever voluntarily acknowledged committing genocide.[37]

In the United States, the Apology Resolution of 1993 acknowledged the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii in which the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims over their national territory.[38][39]

In the late 19th century, Europeans began to settle in Dawson Island, Chile. This is a photo of an internment camp for the Selknam and other native people. Armed men hunted down the Indigenous peoples for bounty in the Selk'nam genocide.

Pope Francis apologized for the Catholic Church's role in colonization and for "crimes committed against the native peoples during the so-called conquest of America".[40] He has also apologized for the Church's role in the operation of residential schools in Canada,[41] qualifying it as genocide.[42] In 2023, the Vatican rejected the Doctrine of Discovery, which formed the basis of territory appropriation by others.[43]

In 2020, the Bank of England apologized for the role of directors in the Atlantic slave trade and pledged to remove pictures and statues of any of the 25 bank leaders that owned or traded in slavery.[44][45]

In 2022 Justin Welby, the Primate of the Church of England, apologized to the Indigenous peoples in Canada, adding to similar apologies by other churches in Canada such as the Anglican Church of Canada.[46][47]

  1. ^ Nettelbeck, Amanda (2019-03-28). Indigenous Rights and Colonial Subjecthood: Protection and Reform in the Nineteenth-Century British Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3, 195–196. ISBN 978-1-108-47175-6.
  2. ^ Sánchez-Arcilla Bernal, José (2021-09-17). "Las Leyes de Burgos de 1512: una falacia de los Derechos Humanos. Revisión historiográfica". Cuadernos de Historia del Derecho. 28: 41–90. doi:10.5209/cuhd.77969. ISSN 1988-2521. S2CID 240759142. Imposition of a new religion, uprooting from their lands and loss of ownership thereof, restriction of freedom of movement, acculturation... The 'Burgos Laws': a complete fallacy of human rights...
  3. ^ Watts, Jonathan; Rocha, Jan (2013-05-29). "Brazil's 'lost report' into genocide surfaces after 40 years". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  4. ^ "Arsen und Zuckerstückchen". Der Spiegel (in German). 1968-03-24. ISSN 2195-1349. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  5. ^ Buck, Christopher (2006). ""Never Again": Kevin Gover's Apology for the Bureau of Indian Affairs". Wíčazo Ša Review. 21 (1): 97–126. doi:10.1353/wic.2006.0002. ISSN 0749-6427. JSTOR 4140301. S2CID 159489841.
  6. ^ Blatz, Craig W.; Schumann, Karina; Ross, Michael (2009). "Government Apologies for Historical Injustices". Political Psychology. 30 (2): 219–241. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00689.x. JSTOR 25655387.
  7. ^ "Sentencia Napalpí". Argentina.gob.ar (in Spanish). 2023-03-27. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
  8. ^ "Official Australian Government Website – Sorry Day and the Stolen Generation". Australian Government. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
  9. ^ "'Keating told the truth': Stan Grant, Larissa Behrendt and others remember the Redfern speech 30 years on". The Guardian. 9 December 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Lightfoot, Sheryl (2015). "Settler-State Apologies to Indigenous Peoples: A Normative Framework and Comparative Assessment". Native American and Indigenous Studies. 2 (1): 15–39. doi:10.5749/natiindistudj.2.1.0015. S2CID 156826767.
  11. ^ "Belgian king expresses 'deepest regrets' for wounds inflicted in Congo". euronews. 8 June 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  12. ^ "Belgian king expresses regrets for colonial abuses". BBC News. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  13. ^ Picheta, Rob (1 July 2020). "Belgium's King sends 'regrets' to Congo for Leopold II atrocities – but doesn't apologize". CNN. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  14. ^ "Belgium apology for mixed-race kidnappings in colonial era". BBC News. 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  15. ^ Schreuer, Milan (4 April 2019). "Belgium Apologizes for Kidnapping Children From African Colonies". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  16. ^ Dixon, Robin (6 June 2013). "British government apologizes for colonial abuses in Kenya". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  17. ^ "Prince Charles acknowledges UK role in horror of slave trade". Reuters. 2018-11-05. Retrieved 2023-05-09.
  18. ^ "Prince William expresses sorrow for slavery in Jamaica visit". AP NEWS. 2022-03-24. Retrieved 2023-05-09.
  19. ^ Furness, Hannah (2021-11-30). "Atrocity of slavery stains our history, Prince Charles tells Barbados as it ends royal rule". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2023-05-09.
  20. ^ Hogan, Patrick (2023-11-01). "King Charles acknowledges Kenya's colonial-era suffering but stops short of apologizing". CNN. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
  21. ^ "Text of Stephen Harper's residential schools apology". CTVNews. 11 June 2008. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  22. ^ "Trudeau apologizes to Newfoundland residential school survivors left out of 2008 apology, compensation". thestar.com. 24 November 2017. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  23. ^ "Governor Newsom Issues Apology to Native Americans for State's Historical Wrongdoings, Establishes Truth and Healing Council". California Governor. 18 June 2019. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
  24. ^ "Germany apologizes for colonial-era genocide in Namibia". Reuters. 28 May 2021. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  25. ^ Corntassel, Jeff; Holder, Cindy (2008-12-01). "Who's Sorry Now? Government Apologies, Truth Commissions, and Indigenous Self-Determination in Australia, Canada, Guatemala, and Peru". Human Rights Review. 9 (4): 465–489. doi:10.1007/s12142-008-0065-3. S2CID 53969690.
  26. ^ "Mexico marks end of last Indigenous revolt with apology". AP NEWS. 3 May 2021. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
  27. ^ "Dutch PM Mark Rutte apologises for country's role in the slave trade". euronews. 19 December 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  28. ^ Sterling, Toby (2023-07-01). "King apologises for Netherlands' historic role in slavery". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-07-03.
  29. ^ Cineas, Fabiola (17 January 2023). "New Zealand's Māori fought for reparations — and won". Vox. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  30. ^ Roy, Eleanor Ainge; Jong, Eleanor de (2020-02-14). "After more than 150 years, New Zealand recognises 'extinct' Moriori people". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
  31. ^ "King apologizes for minority repression". Chicago Tribune. 1997-10-08. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
  32. ^ "Jan. 17, 1893 | Hawaiian Monarchy Overthrown by America-Backed Businessmen". The Learning Network. 17 January 2012. Retrieved 2023-03-28. In 1993, Congress issued an apology to the people of Hawaii for the U.S. government's role in the overthrow and acknowledged that 'the native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty'.
  33. ^ "A sorry saga: Obama signs Native American apology resolution; fails to draw attention to it | Indian Law Resource Center". indianlaw.org. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  34. ^ Gover, Kevin (2000). "Remarks of Kevin Gover, Assistant Secretary Indian Affairs: Address to Tribal Leaders". Journal of American Indian Education. 39 (2): 4–6. JSTOR 24398427.
  35. ^ Davidson, Helen (22 September 2014). "John Howard: there was no genocide against Indigenous Australians". The Guardian. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  36. ^ Thompson, Janna (May 2009). "Apology, historical obligations and the ethics of memory". Memory Studies. 2 (2): 195–210. doi:10.1177/1750698008102052. S2CID 145294135.
  37. ^ Leach, Colin Wayne; Zeineddine, Fouad Bou; Čehajić ‐ Clancy, Sabina (March 2013). "Moral Immemorial: The Rarity of Self-Criticism for Previous Generations' Genocide or Mass Violence". Journal of Social Issues. 69 (1): 34–53. doi:10.1111/josi.12002.
  38. ^ "Nations try saying, 'We're sorry'; Trend: Increasingly, leaders are apologizing for horrendous wrongs committed by earlier generations". Baltimore Sun. 2000-05-07. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
  39. ^ Trask, Haunani-Kay (2000). "Native Social Capital: The Case of Hawaiian Sovereignty and Ka Lahui Hawaii". Policy Sciences. 33 (3/4): 375–385. doi:10.1023/A:1004870517612. ISSN 0032-2687. JSTOR 4532510. S2CID 152872242.
  40. ^ Yardley, Jim; Neuman, William (10 July 2015). "In Bolivia, Pope Francis Apologizes for Church's 'Grave Sins'". The New York Times.
  41. ^ "Pope apologizes for 'catastrophic' school policy in Canada". AP NEWS. 25 July 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  42. ^ "Pope Francis: It was a genocide against indigenous peoples – Vatican News". www.vaticannews.va. 30 July 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-30. It's true, I didn't use the word because it didn't come to my mind, but I described the genocide and asked for forgiveness, pardon for this activity that is genocidal. For example, I condemned this too: taking away children, changing culture, changing mentality, changing traditions, changing a race, let's put it that way, an entire culture. Yes, genocide is a technical word. I didn't use it because it didn't come to my mind, but I described it... It's true, yes, yes, it's genocide. You can all stay calm about this. You can report that I said that it was genocide.
  43. ^ "Vatican rejects doctrine that fueled centuries of colonialism". AP NEWS. 2023-03-30. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
  44. ^ "Bank of England says sorry for slave links as UK faces past". AP News. 2020-06-19. Retrieved 2023-07-10.
  45. ^ Jolly, Jasper (2020-06-18). "Bank of England apologises for role of former directors in slave trade". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-07-10.
  46. ^ Sanders, Leanne (2 May 2022). "'I am ashamed, I am horrified': Archbishop of Canterbury expresses remorse over church's role residential schools". APTN News.
  47. ^ Bush, Peter G. (2015). "The Canadian Churches' Apologies for Colonialism and Residential Schools, 1986–1998". Peace Research. 47 (1/2): 47–70. JSTOR 26382582.
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