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'''SIMEC Atlantis Energy Ltd''' (SAE) is a renewable energy company which is developing the [[MeyGen]] tidal array in the [[Pentland Firth]] between the Scottish mainland and Orkney. Since 2017, this has operated with 4× 1.5&nbsp;MW tidal turbines, making it the largest tidal-stream array worldwide. The next phases could see a further 50&nbsp;MW installed by 2028.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MeyGen |url=http://saerenewables.com/tidal-stream/meygen/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=SAE Renewables |language=en-GB}}</ref>
'''SIMEC Atlantis Energy Ltd''' (SAE) is a renewable energy company which is developing the [[MeyGen]] tidal array in the [[Pentland Firth]] between the Scottish mainland and Orkney. Since 2017, this has operated with 4× 1.5&nbsp;MW tidal turbines, making it the largest tidal-stream array worldwide. The next phases could see a further 50&nbsp;MW installed by 2028.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MeyGen |url=http://saerenewables.com/tidal-stream/meygen/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=SAE Renewables |language=en-GB}}</ref>


The company was founded as '''Atlantis Resources''', and developed the 1.5&nbsp;MW AR1500 turbine, a three-bladed horizontal-axis seabed mounded device, three of which are installed at [[MeyGen]]. They also built a smaller 500&nbsp;kW AR500 turbine in Scotland, which was shipped to [[Japan]] and installed off [[Naru Island (Japan)|Naru Island]], part of the [[Gotō Islands]]. It reportedly generated 10&nbsp;MWh in the first 10 days of operation in early 2021.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Frangoul |first=Anmar |date=2021-02-15 |title=A tidal turbine built in Scotland is now producing power in Japan |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/15/a-tidal-turbine-built-in-scotland-is-now-producing-power-in-japan.html |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>
The company was founded as '''Atlantis Resources''', and developed the 1.5&nbsp;MW AR1500 turbine, a three-bladed horizontal-axis seabed mounded device, three of which are installed at [[MeyGen]]. They also built a smaller 500&nbsp;kW AR500 turbine in Scotland, which was shipped to [[Japan]] and installed off [[Naru Island (Japan)|Naru Island]], part of the [[Gotō Islands]]. It reportedly generated 10&nbsp;MWh in the first 10 days of operation in early 2021.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Frangoul |first=Anmar |date=2021-02-15 |title=A tidal turbine built in Scotland is now producing power in Japan |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/15/a-tidal-turbine-built-in-scotland-is-now-producing-power-in-japan.html |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>


=== Sustainable Marine Energy ===
{{Clear}}
'''Sustainable Marine Energy Ltd''' (SME) was a developer of floating tidal stream turbines, founded in 2012 but went into administration in August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2023-08-10 |title=Sustainable Marine Energy sinks into administration |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/sustainable-marine-energy-sinks-into-administration/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref> Originally based in London, it moved to [[East Cowes]], [[Isle of Wight]] in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barrass |first=Christopher |date=2013-05-31 |title=Sustainable Marine Energy opens new HQ on the Isle of Wight |url=https://onthewight.com/sustainable-marine-energy/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Isle of Wight News from OnTheWight |language=en-GB}}</ref> The company then moved to Edinburgh in XXX

Their first platform, '''PLAT-O''', was a submerged mid-water-column device, with two 50&nbsp;kW [[Schottel (company)|Schottel]] SIT turbines, mounted between three buoyant hulls. It was initially tested in [[The Solent]], before being tested at [[European Marine Energy Centre|EMEC]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2016 |title=SME wets Plato head |url=https://renews.biz/42313/sme-wets-plato-head/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=ReNEWS.biz}}</ref>

The floating '''PLAT-I''' '''4.63''' was developed for community-scale deployments in inshore waters. It had four 6.3&nbsp;m diameter turbines mounted on a floating boat-like structure. It was first tested at the [[Falls of Lora]], western Scotland in November 2017,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable Marine Energy’s Inshore Platform PLAT-I Powers Up |url=https://www.schottel.de/medien-events/presseinfos/press-detail/sustainable-marine-energys-inshore-platform-plat-i-powers-up |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=www.schottel.de |language=en}}</ref> before being shipped to Canada and tested at Grand Passage, [[Nova Scotia]] in 2018.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-02 |title=Sustainable Marine Floats Out 'Next-Gen' Tidal Energy Platform in Canada |url=https://www.oedigital.com/news/485009-sustainable-marine-floats-out-next-gen-tidal-energy-platform-in-canada |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Offshore Engineer Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

An upgraded '''PLAT-I''' '''6.4''', with six 4&nbsp;m diameter rotors, totaling 420&nbsp;kW, was built by A.F. Theriault & Son Ltd. in Meteghan, Nova Scotia in 2021.<ref name=":16" /> It was tested in Grand Passage.

SME developed the Pempa’q project at the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE), which was to comprise an array of the PLAT-I turbines, with up to 9&nbsp;MW installed.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-09-30 |title=Sustainable Marine Energy reveals plans for 9-MW Pempa’q Tidal Energy Project |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/hydro-industry-news/oceantidalstream-power/sustainable-marine-energy-reveals-plans-for-9-mw-pempaq-tidal-energy-project/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Hydro Review |language=en-US}}</ref> The project received C$28.5million in funding from the Government of Canada,<ref name=":16" /> however it was cancelled in 2023, citing federal red tape.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Logan |first=Cloe |date=2023-05-05 |title=Tidal power company tanks Bay of Fundy project over federal red tape |url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2023/05/05/news/tidal-power-company-tanks-bay-fundy-project-over-federal-red-tape |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Canada's National Observer |language=en}}</ref> One of the turbines broke it's moorings and washed ashore in November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoffman |first=Josh |date=Nov 17, 2023 |title=Tidal power turbine owned by bankrupt company washes ashore on Brier Island |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/tidal-power-turbine-washes-ashore-brier-island-1.7031737 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=CBC News}}</ref>

In October 2022, the company split out it's anchoring solutions as Swift Anchors, with the aim to focus on different technologies including [[Floating wind turbine|Floating offshore wind]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-19 |title=Sustainable Marine sells Swift Anchors to SCHOTTEL |url=https://www.offshore-mag.com/business-briefs/company-news/article/14284424/sustainable-marine-sells-swift-anchors-to-schottel |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Offshore}}</ref>


== List of grid-connected tidal stream generators ==
== List of grid-connected tidal stream generators ==
Over the years, many different tidal stream turbines have been deployed and tested at sea, and have delivered power to the local electricity grid. A non-exhaustive list is given in the table below.
Over the years, many different tidal stream turbines have been deployed and tested at sea, and have delivered power to the local electricity grid. A non-exhaustive list is given in the table below. {{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Manufacturer & Turbine
!Manufacturer & Turbine

Revision as of 21:01, 22 December 2023

Many tidal stream generators (also called tidal stream turbines, tidal energy converters) have been developed of the years to harness the power of tidal currents flowing around coastlines. Note that these operate on a different principal to tidal barrages or lagoons, that generate power by impounding the rising and falling tide.

Lots of different technology variants have been tested, and unlike wind turbines there has not been convergence on a predominant typology. Most have been horizontal-axis, like wind turbines, but with 2, 3, or more blades and either mounted on a seabed fixed foundation or on a floating platform. In addition, vertical-axis turbines and tidal kites are also being developed. Some

Historically, development has largely been focused around Europe, but devices have been built and tested in North America, and Japan (and others). The European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) in Orkney was granted a license in 2016 to test up to 10 MW of tidal stream device in the Fall of Warness, to the west of the island of Eday, and has since hosted the testing of many of these devices.

There have been various acquisitions of technology developers over the years. Many of the companies are no longer trading, or have ceased development of tidal-stream turbines. However, the first pre-commercial array demonstration projects have been operating since around 2016. Building on this, commercial arrays are expected to be operational by around 2027, at EMEC, Morlais and elsewhere.

Development timeline

Key historical milestones in the development of tidal-stream turbines are summarised below:

  • The 300 kW Marine Current Turbines (MCT) SeaFlow turbine was installed in summer 2003 and tested off the coast of Lynmouth, Devon, England.[1]
  • In 2004, the world’s first tidal-stream turbine was connected to an electricity grid, the 300 kW Hammerfest Strøm HS300, located in the waters of Kvalsundet, Finnmark, Norway.[2]
  • The significantly more powerful, 1.2 MW MCT SeaGen turbine was installed in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland, in May 2008 and grid connected in July.[3]
  • In May 2008, OpenHydro was the first tidal turbine connected to the National Grid in Great Britain (GB). The 250 kW device was tested in the Fall of Warness, Eday, Orkney.[4]
  • In August 2016, Nova Innovation installed a second 100 kW turbine in the Bluemull Sound, Shetland, creating the worlds first tidal array.[5]
  • A dedicated site for testing tidal stream turbines was pre-consented at the European Marine Energy Centre in 2016, to simplify the process for developers.
  • Phase 1 of the MeyGen project was commissioned in 2017, with four turbines totaling 6 MW installed.[6]

Key companies and turbines

Many companies have focused on the development of technology to harness tidal stream energy. A non-exhaustive list of key companies is given below.

Andritz Hydro Hammerfest

Hammerfest Strøm AS was a Norwegian developer of tidal stream turbines, based in Hammerfest. In 2010, Austrian hydropower company Andritz AG bought one third of the shares.[7] In 2012, Andritz became the majority stakeholder and rebranded the company Andritz Hydro Hammerfest.[8]

In November 2003, Hammerfest Strøm installed their HS300 turbine in Kvalsundet, Norway.[9] This 300 kW prototype was a 20 m diameter three-bladed horizontal-axis turbine. It sat on a monopile foundation in 50 m deep water. In 2003, the project was reported to have cost US$11m.[10] The HS300 turbine was connected to the grid in 2014, and operated for over 16,000 hours before it was decommissioned in 2011 and removed in 2012.[2][11]

A more powerful 1MW device was then tested at EMEC from 2012. The HS1000 was also a 20 m diameter three-bladed horizontal-axis turbine, installed at the Fall of Warness test site in December 2011.[12][13]

Three Andritz Hydro Hammerfest AH1000 MK1 turbines were installed as part of phase 1 of the MeyGen project in 2016. These turbines are still three-bladed, but with an 18 m diameter rotor and each rated at 1.5 MW.[14]

Magallanes Renovables

Magallanes Renovables, S.L. is a Spanish developer of floating tidal energy devices, set up in 2009.[15] The company's head office is in Redondela, with a UK subsidiary Magallanes Tidal Energy Ltd. based in Kirkwall.

Their second-generation 1.5 MW[note 1] ATIR device has two three-bladed counter-rotating 19 m diameter rotors at either end of a common driveshaft, mounted below the 45 m long hull.[16][17] It was constructed in Spain in the Ria de Vigo and launched in 2017 followed by a period of tow testing. The device was then towed to Orkney where it was deployed at the Fall of Warness and grid-connected in 2019. In 2020, it was towed to Edinburgh for maintenance, before returning to site in April 2021.[18][19] The company previously tested a smaller scale version of the ATIR device at the EMEC nursery test site in Shapinsay Sound, although this was not grid-connected.[19]

In 2022, Magallanes Tidal Energy was awarded a contract for difference (CfD) to supply subsidised electricity to the GB National Grid, from a 1.5 MW device at Morlais expected to be operational by 2025/26.[20] The following year, they were awarded a further 3 MW at Morlais, and 1.5 MW at EMEC.[21]

Marine Current Turbines

See also: Marine Current Turbines and SeaGen

Marine Current Turbines (MCT) was a Bristol-based company that developed seabed mounted tidal-stream turbines. In June 2003, MCT installed the 300 kW Seaflow turbine in Lynmouth, Devon.[22] The larger 1.2 MW SeaGen turbine was installed in Strangford Lough in May 2008, and connected tot the Irish electricity grid in July. It was decommissioned in stages between May 2016 and July 2019, having exported 11.6 GWh of electricity.[23]

Nova Innovation

See also: Draft:Nova Innovation

Nova Innovation Ltd is an Edinburgh-based developer of small bed-mounted tidal-stream turbines. They deployed their first 30 kW turbine in the Bluemull Sound, Shetland,[24] and have operated an array of up-to 6 of their 100 kW turbines in the Bluemull Sound since 2016.[25][26]

Orbital Marine Power

See also: Orbital O2

Orbital Marine Power Ltd is an Orkney-based developer of floating tidal stream turbines that have twin rotors either side of a long tubular hull. Their third-generation turbine, the 2 MW Orbital O2 has been deployed at the Fall of Warness since 2021.[27] The company was founded in 2002 as Scotrenewables Tidal Power Ltd, but rebranded in 2019.[28]

The Sabella D03 turbine. Painted bright yellow, a steel frame tripod supports the nacelle containing the generator. To the right, painted blue is the 6-bladed rotor, the tips of the blade connected by a metal band. The turbine is sat on a quayside with metal barriers around it.
Sabella D03 turbine, with 3m rotor

Sabella

Sabella SA is a French SME based in Quimper,Brittany that has been developing tidal turbines since 2008, however the company was placed into receivership in October 2023. [29][30] The company had developed two main variants of their technology.

The D03 was a 30 kW horizontal-axis turbine, with a six-bladed rotor 3 m in diameter, hence the name.[31] It was tested in the Odet estuary in 2008, but not grid connected. The turbine weighed 7 tonnes, and sat on a gravity base in around 25 m deep water.

Looking up at the Sabella D10 turbine from ground level. At the top of the image are 6 large blades around a bulbous hub, all painted bright blue. The cylindrical nacelle behind is supported on a pile with tubular steel bracing forming a tripod. The Nacelle and foundation are painted bright blue.
Sabella D10 turbine

The larger 1 MW D10 turbine was then developed, and tested in the Fromveur Passage, Brittany from June 2015. After hackers interrupted the communications link with the turbine, it began supplying power to the grid in Ushant on 5 November 2015.[32] The device was periodically removed for maintenance, for example in April 2019 after having been re-deployed in October 2018.[33] It was redeployed for a third test campaign in April 2022,[34] and in September 2023, it was reported the turbine was supplying around 25% of the electricity used on Ushant Island.[35]

The D10 turbine is also a horizontal-axis turbine, with a six-bladed rotor and a direct drive permanent magnet generator. It is mounted on a tubular steel tripod foundation approximately 23 m wide, with the turbine 12.5 m above the seabed.[36]

Sabella announced in January 2022 joint plans with Nova Innovation to each develop 6 MW of a 12 MW berth at Morlais.[37]

SIMEC Atlantis Energy

See also: SIMEC Atlantis Energy and MeyGen

SIMEC Atlantis Energy Ltd (SAE) is a renewable energy company which is developing the MeyGen tidal array in the Pentland Firth between the Scottish mainland and Orkney. Since 2017, this has operated with 4× 1.5 MW tidal turbines, making it the largest tidal-stream array worldwide. The next phases could see a further 50 MW installed by 2028.[38]

The company was founded as Atlantis Resources, and developed the 1.5 MW AR1500 turbine, a three-bladed horizontal-axis seabed mounded device, three of which are installed at MeyGen. They also built a smaller 500 kW AR500 turbine in Scotland, which was shipped to Japan and installed off Naru Island, part of the Gotō Islands. It reportedly generated 10 MWh in the first 10 days of operation in early 2021.[39]

Sustainable Marine Energy

Sustainable Marine Energy Ltd (SME) was a developer of floating tidal stream turbines, founded in 2012 but went into administration in August 2023.[40] Originally based in London, it moved to East Cowes, Isle of Wight in 2013.[41] The company then moved to Edinburgh in XXX

Their first platform, PLAT-O, was a submerged mid-water-column device, with two 50 kW Schottel SIT turbines, mounted between three buoyant hulls. It was initially tested in The Solent, before being tested at EMEC in 2016.[42]

The floating PLAT-I 4.63 was developed for community-scale deployments in inshore waters. It had four 6.3 m diameter turbines mounted on a floating boat-like structure. It was first tested at the Falls of Lora, western Scotland in November 2017,[43] before being shipped to Canada and tested at Grand Passage, Nova Scotia in 2018.[44]

An upgraded PLAT-I 6.4, with six 4 m diameter rotors, totaling 420 kW, was built by A.F. Theriault & Son Ltd. in Meteghan, Nova Scotia in 2021.[44] It was tested in Grand Passage.

SME developed the Pempa’q project at the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE), which was to comprise an array of the PLAT-I turbines, with up to 9 MW installed.[45] The project received C$28.5million in funding from the Government of Canada,[44] however it was cancelled in 2023, citing federal red tape.[46] One of the turbines broke it's moorings and washed ashore in November 2023.[47]

In October 2022, the company split out it's anchoring solutions as Swift Anchors, with the aim to focus on different technologies including Floating offshore wind.[48]

List of grid-connected tidal stream generators

Over the years, many different tidal stream turbines have been deployed and tested at sea, and have delivered power to the local electricity grid. A non-exhaustive list is given in the table below.

Manufacturer & Turbine Power

(MW)

Country Location Coordinates Comm Decom Ref
MCT, SeaFlow 0.3  UK,  England Lynmouth, Devon 51°15′22″N 3°47′14″W / 51.25611°N 3.78722°W / 51.25611; -3.78722 2003-06 2006-01 [22]
Hammerfest Strøm, HS300 0.3  Norway Kvalsund 70°30′40.32″N 23°56′38.4″E / 70.5112000°N 23.944000°E / 70.5112000; 23.944000 2004-01 2011-01 [2][9][11]
MCT, SeaGen 1.2  UK,  Northern Ireland Strangford Narrows 54°22′7.2″N 5°32′45.8″W / 54.368667°N 5.546056°W / 54.368667; -5.546056 2008-12 2018-08 [23]
Orbital, SR250 0.25  UK

 Scotland

EMEC 59°8′39.48″N 2°48′55.68″W / 59.1443000°N 2.8154667°W / 59.1443000; -2.8154667 2011-01 2013-08
Hammerfest Strøm, HS1000 1 EMEC 2012-02 2015-01 [2][12]
Sabella D10 1  France Fromveur Passage 48°26′54″N 5°1′48″W / 48.44833°N 5.03000°W / 48.44833; -5.03000 2015-04 Operational [note 2]
Nova Innovation, Nova 30 0.03  UK

 Scotland

Bluemull Sound, Shetland 60°41′59.6″N 0°58′58.1″W / 60.699889°N 0.982806°W / 60.699889; -0.982806 2014-04 2016 [24]
Nova Innovation, M100 0.1 Bluemull Sound, Shetland 60°41′59.6″N 0°58′58.1″W / 60.699889°N 0.982806°W / 60.699889; -0.982806 2016-03 2023-06 [5][26]
Nova Innovation, M100 0.1 Bluemull Sound, Shetland 60°41′59.6″N 0°58′58.1″W / 60.699889°N 0.982806°W / 60.699889; -0.982806 2016-07 2023-06 [5][26]
Orbital, SR2000 2 EMEC 59°8′39.48″N 2°48′55.68″W / 59.1443000°N 2.8154667°W / 59.1443000; -2.8154667 2016-10 2018-08 [26]
Andritz Hydro Hammerfest, HS1000 Mk1 ×3 1.5 Meygen 58°39′30″N 3°7′30″W / 58.65833°N 3.12500°W / 58.65833; -3.12500 2016-12 Operational [49]
SIMEC Atlantis, AR1500 1.5 Meygen 58°39′30″N 3°7′30″W / 58.65833°N 3.12500°W / 58.65833; -3.12500 2017-02 Operational [6]
Nova Innovation, M100 0.1 Bluemull Sound, Shetland 60°41′59.6″N 0°58′58.1″W / 60.699889°N 0.982806°W / 60.699889; -0.982806 2017-07 2023-06
Magallanes Renovables, ATIR 1.5 EMEC 59°8′29.08″N 2°49′6.5″W / 59.1414111°N 2.818472°W / 59.1414111; -2.818472 2019-02 Operational

[note 3]

[16][18]
Nova Innovation, M100-D 0.1 Bluemull Sound, Shetland 60°41′59.6″N 0°58′58.1″W / 60.699889°N 0.982806°W / 60.699889; -0.982806 2020-10 Operational [50]
SIMEC Atlantis, AR500 0.5  Japan Naru Island 2021-02 [39]
Orbital, O2 2  UK

 Scotland

EMEC 59°8′39.48″N 2°48′55.68″W / 59.1443000°N 2.8154667°W / 59.1443000; -2.8154667 2021-10 Operational [27]
Nova Innovation, M100-D x2 0.1 Bluemull Sound, Shetland 60°41′59.6″N 0°58′58.1″W / 60.699889°N 0.982806°W / 60.699889; -0.982806 2023-01 Operational [51]
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